Important events during the Board of Catherine 1. Conclusion on the Board of Catherine I. Family and Heritage Problems
Ekaterina I Romanova (1684-1727) - Empress, who ruled the Russian Empire after Peter I in 1725-1727. Since 1721, she had accounted for his wife to the reigning emperor. In 1723, the empress was crowned in the Assumption Cathedral of Moscow. In the history of the Russian state, it was the second coronation of the wife of the sovereign. The first was held in 1606, and the Crown laid on the head of Mnishek - False Deadmithria I.
Portrait of Catherine
(artist Jean-Mark Natsey, 1717)
The origin of Catherine
With the origin of the reigning person a lot of unclear. The name of Her Martha Samuel Svavronskaya (in the marriage of Cruz). It is believed that she was born in the peasant family. By nationality, it was Latvka, or Lithuanian, or Estonian. In 6 months, the Napoy remained, as parents died from the plague. Brought up in the house of the Lutheran priest Ernst Glitka. Performed the duties of the maid.
At 17, the girl married the Swedish dragoon of Johann Cruz. With her husband she lived in Marienburg. Two days after the wedding, the spouse left for the war with the current army, and the wife had never seen his own narrowed.
At the end of August 1702, the Fortress Marienburg was taken by Russian troops under the command of Field Marshal Sheremetyeva. The city was plundered, and many residents were arrested. Among the arrested was Martha. Soon she was noticed by Sheremetyev and made his mistress. In the summer of 1703, she saw her favorite of the sovereign of the sovereign Prince A. Menshikov. He took the woman to himself and also made his mistress.
In the autumn of 1703, Marta saw Peter I. He took her from his favorite and made his mistress. Apparently in this young woman there was something special, time of high-ranking men was drawn to her.
The king began to call her Katerina. In 1704, she gave birth to the lover of the firstborn, who was called Peter. In total, there were 8 children: 6 girls and 2 boys. Of these 6 died in childhood. Anna's daughter died at 20 years old, but he managed to give birth to a son, who later became Emperor Peter III. The daughter of Elizabeth became the Russian Empress Elizabeth Petrovna.
In 1707, Katerina was baptized and adopted Orthodoxy. She changed her name, and Ekaterina Alekseevna Mikhailov began to be magnificently. Patronymic she received from his shaft father of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, and she came up with the surname.
In 1710, a solemn parade on the occasion of victory in a Poltava battle took place in Moscow. Swedish prisoners were held at this parade. Among them were the husband Martha Johann Cruz. He saw his legitimate spouse near the Russian king and began to tell everyone about it. He was immediately referred to a deaf Siberian village, where the cruise and died in 1721.
In February 1712, Peter and Catherine were married. After that, they began to be considered legitimate husband and wife. They lived well, since the spouse knew how to adapt to the hot-tempered and unmanaged nature of the sovereign. But in 1724 there was a confusion. The empress was suspected of treason. Her lover was Mons Chamber. Her executed, however, found another occasion for this.
The emperor after that moved away from his wife. He reconciled his wife only when he was at death. A farewell wife all the time spent near the bed of the dying sovereign, and he died, practically, she had in her arms.
Ekaterina's Board I Romanova (1725-1727)
The sovereign died, without calling the name of the successor. Immediately 2 groups were formed. One ratified for the construction of the grandson of his sovereign Peter Alekseevich's grandson - the son of the executed Tsarevich Alexei, and the other group ran around Catherine.
The Empress was supported by A. Menshikov, other comrades of Peter and Guard. It was the Guards Shelves who came to Senate, where the fate of the throne was solved. Notable boyars did not have anything, how to recognize the power of the wife of the entertainment emperor over himself.
So, with the support of the Guards bayonies, for which A. Menshikov stood, Ekaterina I Romanova was asked to the Russian throne. But she reigned formally. Real power possessed Supreme Secret Council led by Field Marshal and Menshikov. He began to function in February 1726.
In addition to Feldmarshal, the council includes Counts Apraksin, Golitsyn, Tolstoy, Prince Golitsyn, Baron Osterman. Of all members, only Golitsyn belonged to the born facilities. This authority also included the son-in-law of the Empress of the Duke of the Holstein Karl Friedrich.
Portrait of A. Menshikova (Unknown Artist)
With this state of affairs, the role of the Senate fell. All important cases were solved in the Supreme Council, and the sovereign only signed the paper. Almost all his time was dedicated to the Balam, festivities, fireworks that continuously followed in her yard.
Meanwhile, the prices of bread jumped in the country because of the crawling. There were dissatisfaction among people. The activities of the new rulers were limited only to small issues. At the same time, embezzlement, corruption, abuse, arbitrariness flourished. There were no serious steps to improve the situation in the country.
The only thing that was made positive was discovered by the Academy of Sciences and organized the expedition of V. Bering. In foreign policy, a Vienna Union Agreement with the Emperor of the Sacred Roman Empire Karl VI in 1726 was concluded. He marked the beginning of the Russian-Austrian military-political union.
Death of Empress
The Board of Catherine I Romanova continued only 2 years. Health woman possessed weak, and a rampant life was even more weakened. In early April 1727, the sovereign was seriously ill. She began to overcome cough and fever. Woman weaker with each day and died on May 6, 1727 at the age of 43. It is assumed that it died from abscessive pneumonia.
According to the legend, a few days before the death of Empress dreamed of a dream that she would fly to the cloud on which Peter stands. And on Earth, the hostile crowd surrounds her daughters Anna and Elizabeth. But the mother can no longer help them.
This ended the board of another representative of the Romanov dynasty. But this government did not show himself. She managed only to achieve huge personal success, but he did not bring any benefit to society.
Alexey Starikov
Ekaterina I Alekseevna
(March Skavron)
Years of Life: 1684-1727
Former servant and porto, who became the wife of Tsar Peter I, and after the Russian queen and the empress.
Biography Ekaterina Alekseevna
Catherine was born 5 (15) April 1684 in Lithuania in the family of Latvian peasant Samuel Skavronsky (for other information - the Swedish apartment of Alvental, the Swedish apartment and the nobleman von Alvental) from the presumably (Anna) Dorota Gan. Before the adoption of Orthodoxy, Catherine was named after Martha (her godfather became Tsarevich Alexey Petrovich, hence her patronymic). It did not receive education and until the end of the days could only put a signature. Its youth spent in the house of Pastor Glitka in Marienburg (Latvia), where there was a wrapping and a kitchen. The pastor issued Marta to marry the Swedish dragoon -Trubach Kruz, who disappeared soon in the war.
On August 25, 1702, when taking Marienburg, the Russian military troops first became a military trophy - a mistress of some university officer, and later he fell into a capacity of B.P. Sheremetyev, who gave her port line (i.e., A.D. Voshikov , friend Peter I.
Peter and Ekaterina Alekseevna - Meeting
Soon in 1703, Menshikova, Marta saw the King Peter, and this meeting decided the fate of 18-year-old barerad finally. Although according to modern ideas, she was not a beauty, the features of her were wrong, still Peter she smelled into the soul. Martha became one of his mistresses; And in 1704, baptized according to the Orthodox custom under the name of Catherine Alekseevna, waited for children from Peter, in March 1705 they had 2 sons - Paul and Peter. But Catherine continued to live in Menshikov's house in St. Petersburg.
Gradually, Petra's relations and Catherine Alekseevna became closer. She knew how to adapt to the royal whims, put up with his outbreaks of anger, helped during epilepsy attacks, shared the difficulties of hiking life with him, imperceptibly becoming an actual wife of the king. Direct participation in the decision of state issues, Catherine did not try to take, but had an impact on the king. Was a constant intercession of Menshikov. Peter - and it was extremely important - recognized the children who gave birth to him Catherine.
Before that, the family life of Peter was bad. From the first wife, Evdokia was 3 sons, of which only Tsarevich Alexey survived. But since 1692, a quarrel went to the family, as Peter understood that he needs a completely different companion of life nearby. And returning from abroad, in 1698 Peter ordered to send his wife to the monastery.
At the end of December 1706, Ekaterina gave birth to the king daughter Catherine. In 1708, the daughter of Anna was born, and next year Elizabeth.
From 1709, Catherine accompanied Peter in all hikes and trips. In the Protian campaign of 1711, when Russian troops were surrounded, she saved her husband and the army, giving his jewelry to the Turkish visiting and bowing him to signing the truce.
Ekaterina Alekseevna - Wife Peter I 
Upon returning to St. Petersburg on February 20, 1712, Peter married Catherine. Wedding was secret and committed in the chapel, which belonged to the KN. Menshikov.
Since that time, Catherine acquired the yard, took foreign ambassadors, met with European monarchs. The wife of the Tsar reformer on the power of will and endurance was not inferior to her husband Peter: from 1704 to 1723, she gave birth to him 11 children, most of whom died in infancy. Frequent pregnancies did not prevent her to accompany her husband in his campaigns, she could sleep on a tough bed, live in a tent. In 1714, in memory of the pruth campaign, King Peter established the Order of St. Catherine and awarded his wife Ekaterina on her day.
During persian hike The 1722-1723 of Ekaterina Alekseevna saw his head and wore the Grenaderian cap. Together with her husband made a review of the troops, driving before the battle.
Recognition of Ekaterina Alekseevna Empress
On December 23, 1721, the Senate and Synod recognized Ekaterina Empress. For her coronation in May 1724, the crown was made, which was superior to the magnificence of the king's crown, and Peter himself placed her on his wife's head. There are versions that he was going to officially proclaim Ekaterina with his successive, but did not do this, having learned about the treason of Catherine with a chamber of Willie Mons, which was executed soon.
The relations of Tsar Peter and Catherine Alekseevna became stretched. Only in early January 1725, their daughter Elizaveta was able to reconcile the father and mother. Less than in a month, King Peter died (on the night of January 28-27, 1725).
After the death of Peter, the crowd of courtiers and generals shared on 2 main "parties" - supporters of Peter Alekseevich junior and supporters of Catherine. The split was inevitable.
With the help of Menshikova, I.I. Beturlin, P.I. Yaguzhinsky and, with a support on the guard, she was erected to the throne under the name of Catherine I. In court with Menshikov, Ekaterina did not deal with state affairs, and on February 8, 1726 passed the country's office Supreme Secret Council (1726-1730).
From the first steps queen Ekaterina I and her advisers sought to show 
all that the banner in safe hands is that the country is confidently on the way, a presenter great reformer. The slogan of the beginning of the Ekaterininsky reign was the words of the decree in 1725: "We wish all things conceived by the emperor's hands, with the help of God to do."
Having become a self-catering, Catherine discovered craving for entertainment and spent a lot of time on the balas and various holidays. It fell into the health of the empress. In March 1727, the Empress had a tumor, which quickly crossed the hips. In April 1727 she slotted, and on May 6, 1727 Ekaterina 1 Alekseevna Died in the 43-year-old.
It is said that a few hours before death, Catherine Alekseevna dreamed that she was sitting at the table surrounded by the courtesy, suddenly saw the shadow of Peter, who enaning her, his "heart of the heart" behind him, and they flew away as if in the clouds.
Ekaterina wanted to pass the throne of his daughter, Elizabet Petrovna, but a couple of days before his death under pressure, Menshikova signed the testament on the transfer of the throne of the grandson of Peter I - Peter II Alekseevich, for whom also representatives of the birth nobility (D.M.Golitsyn, V.V. Dolgruki ) When it is entry into the throne. And in the event of the death of Peter Alekseevich, to her daughters or their descendants.
Despite the enormous influence of Menshikov, many good deeds were made during the reign of Ekaterina Alekseevna. Among the most significant events during the Board of Catherine - the opening of the Academy of Sciences on November 19, 1725, sending an expedition to Vitus Bering to Kamchatka (February 1725), as well as the improvement of diplomatic relations with Austria. Shortly before his death, he returned from the reference to P.Shafirov, entrusted to him to write the story of the acts of his husband Peter. Catherine, following the Christian custom of all apartments, freed many political prisoners and exiles - victims of the autocratic wrath of Peter. Catherine approved a decrease in grade and some benefits for preferential. The Order of Alexander Nevsky was established. According to her decree, it was ordered from the colleges and the office to deliver information about all the "noble affairs to be hosted by the Folk" to the printing house. She did not cancel any of the underestimated detention.
In total, Ekaterina Alekseevna with Peter was 11 children:
- Peter (1704 - 1707)
- Paul (1705 - 1707)
- Catherine (1706 - 1708)
- Anna (1708-1728) is the mother of the Russian emperor Peter III (1728-1762). In 1725, he married the German Duke Carla Friedrich.
- Elizabeth (1709 - 1761) - Russian Empress (1741-1762). In 1744, he concluded a secret marriage with A. G. Romaumovsky, from which several children gave birth.
- Natalia (1713 - 1715g.)
- Margarita (1714 - 1715)
- Peter (1715 - 1719) - was considered the official heir of the crown from 1718 to death.
- Paul (born and died in 1717)
- Natalia (1718 - 1725)
- Peter (1719 - 1723)
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Ekaterina I. Board General characteristics and basic events.
Every self-respecting scientist will say that the role of the case in history is minimal. However, it is worth recognizing that it was thanks to the occasion of Catherine the first could not only approach the royal throne, but also to take it. Even despite the short-term bureait, this woman entered the Russian history as the first empress of Russia.
Early years before the eared of the throne. March Skavron.
March Skavron (real name and surname Catherine), the future sovereign and chosen by Peter of the First Great was born fifteenth of April 1684. Modern researchers of the life of the Empress and historians are reliably not aware of the exact place of her birth, but most of them suggest that her homeland was Latvia. Opponents of this theory argue that, judging by the name of the girl - she was from Poland. Her childhood was not easy.
Ekaterina herself later said that her parents died from the plague, after which she fell into the house of Pastor Glitka (also, there is a lot of versions on how the girl came to him in the family). For the first time, she married when she was barely seventeen years old, and the Swedish military walnie became his spouse, who soon died in the war, leaving her widow.
In 1702, during the rapid offensive of Russian detachments to the city of Marienburg Marta, he captures. Later in the same city, the Emperor Peter is welcomed by the First Great, and then takes her as a court lady for the prini Natalia. In the same period, Martha takes her baptism as a result of which she receives the name of Ekaterina Alekseevna. It is worth noting that, apparently, the king himself was attended during this rite. Attentive, cheerful and educated Catherine has since spend a lot of time with the emperor, who after a couple of months no longer represents himself without her society. Unlike his first wife, this girl fully supports his ideas and praises the European path of development of the state, which was scheduled to Peter. Moreover, Catherine accompanies the emperor in his Prussian campaigns, after which the couple decides to legalize the relationship.
Wedding Peter I and Catherine Alekseevna
In 1712, Peter First and Ekaterina Alekseevna married. It is worth noting that at that time they had already had common children (Elizabeth and Anna), in addition to which the Empress gave birth to the ruler for nine children, most of whom died in early childhood. In the same historical period, Peter insists on the coronation of Catherine in the ruling queen.
Death of Peter I. End of Ekaterina I.
In 1725, Peter is the first to go to bed with an unknown disease from which he soon and died and not submitting his successor. As usual happens, immediately after the death of the king began the struggle for the throne. However, Catherine came out the winner, setting the actual first palace coup in history Russian Empire.
Thus, not counting the princess Olga, which only "replaced the Son only", Ekaterina became the first woman who became at the head of Russia. Although, as modern historians assure us, she only performed all that she was dictated by the Supreme Secret Council, who at that time was supervised by the chief associate emperor Menshikov.
Internal Policy Catherine I
Since the Empress was not strong in the state of government's management and did not strive for this, most often, she was engaged own deeds. The contemporaries of the Tsaritsa note that she could not live and the day, without visiting the Assembly and points, where only did that they led secular conversations, evading questions that concerned politics in general and the Russian Empire, in particular.
Long wars who led the emperor Peter, practically exhausted the country's economy. In addition, the people were dissatisfied with the rise in price of bread, which occurred due to the disadvantaged years. In order to stop social excitements and avoid Catherine's rebellion was forced to reduce the trick.
However, not all in internal politics Russia during the reign of Catherine was so sad. It is worth noting that at that time the Academy of Sciences was opened, as well as the first expedition of Berenga to Kamchatka. In addition, the number of bureaucratic institutions were reduced, which only duplicated each other's functions. Catherine allowed the nobles builds manufactory and sell their goods, and the merchants were canceled by a stateless monopoly and customs duties were reduced.
Foreign policy Catherine I
The foreign policy of the first empress of the Russian Empire for the most part was aimed at expanding the borders of the state. With Catherine of Russia, the Shirvan region was departed, and attempts were made to repel the Persian lands in the Caucasus.
Despite such concluded plans of the Queen, the Russian state was able to enlist the support of some Western countries. For example, friendly relations with Austria, Prussia, Spain, with whom Russia entered the Viennese Union was built.
In early 1727, Empress Catherine The first died.
Table: The main events of the period of the rule of Empress Catherine I
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Events of the Board of Catherine ICatherine 1 is the only Russian Empress who fell out of the dirt in the prince. " Martha Skavron - so actually called the sovereign, born in the family of peasants, and with his future spouse Peter 1, met, being a maid of Menshikov.
After the sudden death of Peter the Great, having enlisted with the support of the Inrigan Menshikov, Catherine enters the power. However, it is nothing more than formality.
Taking advantage of the situation, a group of people dreaming of power created the Supreme Secret Council. It entered several dignitaries, who began to fill everything. In the state in state affairs, the empress, presiding out there, played the most minor role. Soon, seeing the threat emanating from Menshikov, Catherine included in the Council of his son-in-law, Duke of Golucket.
As it was possible to assume, the Senate stopped playing any role. A small bunch of people accepted all important decisions, and Catherine first only put a signature on documents.
Long wars could not but affect the economic state of the country. Because of the fault, the product of the first need was jumped in the price - bread began to grow. To prevent the excitement, it was decided to reduce the cuisine tax on which big arrears gathered.
But not everything in domestic policy was so sad. It is under Catherine 1 that the Academy of Sciences was opened and the first expedition to Kamchatka headed by Bereng was opened. The number of bureaucratic institutions has decreased, and accordingly, and Darmotov. The nobles of the Empress allowed their products everywhere and even build manufactory for raw materials processing. Did not care and merchants. For them, she overturned a government monopoly and lowered customs duties for some goods. Despite the obvious lobbying of the interests of the wealthy part of the population, the simple people treated the Empress and even walked to her with their needs.
The foreign policy of Catherine 1 was mainly aimed at the perspective - expansion of borders. So, for example, Russia managed to "take to the hands" of the Shirvan region. In addition, the Caucasus was a separate building led by Prince Dolgorukov. The goal was to bring off Persian territories. Despite such concrete aspirations, with some Western countries, the same Austria, the Empress managed to establish a good relationship, which would not say about Denmark and England. The reason for the support of the Catherine species of the Duke of Holstein in the territory of these countries. Of course, the sovereign can be understood: as - in no way, and the duke had to be a son-in-law. As a result, Russia together with friendly countries: Austria, Spain, Prussia entered the Viennese Union. In contrast to them France, England, Denmark, Sweden, Holland formed a Hannover Union.
Russian Empress Ekaterina I Alekseevna (Born Martha Skavron) was born 15 (5 on old style) April 1684 in Liflandia (now the territory of Northern Latvia and South Estonia). According to one information, she was the daughter of Latvian peasant Samuel Skavronsky, along the other, the Swedish apartment officer on the surname Rabiv.
March did not receive education. Her youth passed in the house of Pastor Glitka in Marienburg (now the city of Aluksne in Latvia), where it was simultaneously launching and a cook. According to some sources, a short time of March was married to the Swedish dragoon.
In 1702, after the capture of Marienburg, Russian troops, she became military trophy and turned out to be at first in the way General Field Marshal Boris Sheremeteva, and then from Favorite and the companion of Peter I Alexander Menshikov.
Around 1703, a young woman was noticed by Peter I and became one of his mistresses. Soon Martha was baptized according to the Orthodox rite under the name of Catherine Alekseevna. Over the years, Catherine has acquired a very big impact on the Russian monarch, which depended on the testimony of contemporaries, partly from her ability to calm him in minutes of anger. It did not try to take direct participation in solving political issues. Since 1709, Catherine has no longer left the king, accompanying Peter in all campaigns and trips. According to legend, she saved Peter I during the Prut tool (1711), when Russian troops were surrounded. Catherine passed the Turkish visiting all his jewels, bowing him to signing a truce.
Upon returning to St. Petersburg, on February 19, 1712, Peter was marked with Catherine, and their daughter Anna (1708) and Elizabeth (1709) received the official status of Zesarer. In 1714, in memory of the Protian campaign, the king established the Order of St. Catherine, who awarded his wife on her day.
In May 1724, Peter I, for the first time in the history of Russia, Catherine crowned as an empress.
After Peter's death in 1725, the efforts of Menshikov and the support on the guardian and St. Petersburg garrison of Catherine I were erected to the throne.
In February 1726, the Supreme Secret Council (1726-1730) was created for Empress, which included Princes Alexander Menshikov and Dmitry Golitsyn, Count Fyodor Apraksin, Gabriel Golovkin, Peter Tolstoy, and Baron Andrei (Heinrich Johann Friedrich) Osterman. The Council was created as a deliberative body, but in fact he managed the country and solved the most important state issues.
During the reign of Catherine I 19, 1725, the Academy of Sciences was opened, equipped and sent an expedition of the officer of the Russian fleet of Vitus Bering Bering on Kamchatka, the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky.
In the foreign policy of deviations from Petrovsky traditions almost there was almost no. Russia improved diplomatic relations with Austria, from Persia and Turkey made confirmation of concessions made under Peter in the Caucasus, and acquired the Shirvan region. A friendly relationships were established through the Count Raguzinsky through the Count Raguzinsky. Russia and in Kurlenia acquired the exceptional influence.
Having become an autocratic sovereign, Catherine discovered craving for entertainment and spent a lot of time on feasts, balas, a variety of holidays, which had fallen on her health. In March 1727, the Empress had a tumor, rapidly developed, and in April she slightly.
Before his death at the insistence of Menshikov, Catherine signed the will, according to which the throne should have moved to the Great Prince Peter Alekseevich - the grandson of Peter, the son of Alexei Petrovich, and in the case of his death - to her daughters or their descendants.
17 (6 by old style) May 1727 Empress Ekaterina I died at the age of 43 and was buried in the tomb of Russian emperors in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg.
Empress Catherine and
