Modern geography is connected with other sciences. Extracurricular activity in geography. Economics and geography
Geography is an ancient and at the same time eternally young science. It combines the romance of distant wanderings and a scientific approach to the problems of interaction between nature and man. There are few disciplines that would equally study the relief of the earth, the atmosphere, nature, soil chemistry and the organization of human life. It organizes knowledge about natural phenomena and processes of socio-cultural development of society.
In contact with
General development trends
Modern geographical science has developed gradually, for many centuries. Its development went along with the development of civilization and is inextricably linked with it. An ancient traveler described the world as he saw it: the night sky, mountains, forests, seas, people, their customs and ways of doing business. This information gave impetus to the development of other sciences.
Medicine, physics, astronomy, economics, history were enriched with new knowledge. Knowledge gradually accumulated, white spots became less and less. And when the era of the Great Discoveries passed, such sciences related to geography appeared:
- Geomorphology. The doctrine of shaping earth surface.
- Glaciology. The science that studies the formation and development of various forms of ice (glaciers, permafrost, etc.).
- Climatology. The science of the nature of air masses and their interaction with other components that shape the weather.
- Soil science. The science of soil as a manifestation of the interaction of all elements of the earth's shell.
In general, applied topics pose questions of natural science to those who study natural processes. Geography itself has long studied issues directly related to natural processes and human impact on nature. But over time, the study of the other side of the coin also developed - the influence of nature on man and on the development of social relations.
Gradually developed theory of natural and social complexes. Considering in aggregate the processes of interaction between nature and social groups of the population, economic geography has developed. Thus, the connection of modern geography with other disciplines was directly reflected in the development of economic science. Within the framework of socio-economic geography, there are:
- Economic.
- Demographic.
- Political and military.
Medicine was supplemented by such an important subject as medical geography. It studies the centers of occurrence of epidemics and epizootics, ways of spreading diseases, regions with a predominance of various forms of diseases. Many dangerous pandemics in the past could be neutralized thanks to knowledge about other countries of the world.
Historical and paleogeography - sciences about the past of the Earth in its geological, natural and social aspect of the development of culture and social relations. The connection between geography and history is clearly visible in regional studies. This scientific direction, studying the state as a single system with characteristic features development, political orientation, economic and geographical potential, features of historical and cultural development.
The era of scientific and technological revolution
The scientific and technological revolution has given a new impetus to the development of many branches of knowledge. The more descriptive direction of earth science is gradually moving towards quantitative methods. Mathematics was the structural beginning of geography new time. All processes in nature could be translated into the language of formulas and numbers thanks to the development of computer technology. In our time, it is unthinkable to imagine meteorology or seismology without computers. The era of new technologies has taken cartography to a whole new level. Hydrology, glaciology and climatology have received serious development. These examples give a clear answer to the question "how is geography related to other sciences".
Space exploration
The spacewalk opened a new direction - space geography. Images from space have become a valuable source of information. Geo-preparation occupies a prominent place in the system of cosmonaut training. It turned out that from space the seabed is visible through hundreds of meters of water column. Satellites record the birth of typhoons and dust storms, volcanic eruptions, the movement of sea currents, and much more.
Interscientific connections and narrow specialization
How closely is modern geography related to other sciences? Messages about this can be seen in any scientific journal, and from many branches of knowledge:
This is an incomplete list of topics where knowledge from ancient science about the earth. Modern geography is a complex, branched system of knowledge, a real fusion of natural, humanitarian and exact sciences. Its teaching is included in the list of compulsory disciplines not only in high school and specialized institutes, but also in other institutions of higher education. Interacting, in related aspects, scientists bring knowledge about the earth's surface into the fundamental area. That is why their role will only increase with time.
1.2. The connection of the methodology of teaching geography with other sciences.
Any academic subject is a pedagogical "projection" of science, built taking into account the age characteristics of schoolchildren and their previous training, as well as the specifics of the social and natural environment in which schoolchildren live.
The connections of the methods of teaching geography with the geographical sciences are especially great importance when developing the content of school geography, i.e. in resolving the issue of what is the range of scientific geographical knowledge and skills that schoolchildren should master in the process of teaching geography. Designing and improving the content of geographical education is a task of enduring importance and significance. It is significant that one of the central tasks of improving the content of geographical education is to more fully reflect in it the current level of development and achievement of the system of geographical sciences. In the modern school, the basics of geographical science are studied, and not scientific geography itself. The teaching aids and methods of working with them are also largely determined by the methods of research in geographical science. For example, the cartographic method of research, which is most specific to geography, is widely used in school education in the form of a system for working with maps. In the upper grades, work with economic and demographic statistics occupies a prominent place, which corresponds to the statistical method of research, which is so important for economic geography. Field methods for studying scientific geography in school education are represented by educational excursions and observations. In all courses of school geography, the territorial, spatial approach inherent in geographical science to the consideration of objects and phenomena of nature and society is widely used.
Relationships between teaching methods and didactics. Didactics forms the general scientific basis of the methodology of all academic subjects. The methodology of teaching geography is developing in accordance with the laws, patterns and principles justified by didactics. The content of school geography is developed on the basis of the theory of the content of general and polytechnic education in a modern general education school, and the system of methods for teaching geography and the requirements for them correlate with didactic classifications of teaching methods in general. The geography lesson implements the most important provisions of didactics concerning this main form of organization of education in a modern general education school, etc. The connection between methodological science and didactics is dialectically complex: the methodology of teaching geography not only relies on the general provisions of didactics, but also enriches the latter, revealing the features and ways of successfully forming knowledge and skills, developing and educating students in the process of teaching geography. Didactics as a general theory of the learning process cannot develop successfully without generalizing the specific patterns of teaching in all academic subjects. Didactics, for example, included such results of research on the methodology of teaching geography as 1) methods for objectively testing and evaluating students' knowledge and skills, 2) conditions and ways of developmental education, 3) general approaches to determining the system of worldview ideas and ways of their formation among schoolchildren etc.
Relationships between the methods of teaching geography and psychology. The methodology of teaching geography has close ties with psychology. These connections are due to the fact that the patterns discovered by psychology help to find the most effective means, methods and techniques for teaching, educating and developing the child's personality, to construct a pedagogically competent process of forming the foundations of geographical thinking in students. Indeed, teaching geography will not be successful if the teacher fails to use the latest achievements of psychology in studying the cognitive activity of children. In recent years, methodological research is increasingly based on data from general, psychological and developmental psychology as a result of increasing attention to how the student learns. Methodological science uses the data of psychology both indirectly, through the laws and principles of didactics, and directly. The psychological theories of N.A. Menchinskaya, D.I. Bogoyavlensky, P.Ya. Galperin, N.F. Talyzina, E.N. Kabanova-Meller and others. The ideas and principles of the theory of developmental education put forward by L.S. Vygotsky, as well as his students and followers. According to this theory, teaching should focus not on yesterday, but on the future of the student's development; properly organized training should always stay ahead of development, go ahead of it and serve as a source of new development.
As the methodology for teaching geography develops, its connections with logic, cybernetics, and neurophysiology deepen.
1.3. Goals of teaching geography.
A strict definition of learning objectives is of fundamental importance for solving the whole complex of problems of methodology and psychology of any educational subject, including geography. The objectives, content, methods and techniques, organizational forms, means, as well as the general orientation of the process of teaching geography depend on the goals of teaching.
In terms of the breadth and variety of learning objectives, geography occupies one of the leading places among other subjects in the modern general education school. The goals of teaching geography are traditionally grouped into the following three groups:
1.EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES:
To give students knowledge of the basics of modern geographical science, cartography, geology, etc., to reveal scientific foundations nature protection and rational nature management;
Contribute to the environmental, economic and polytechnic education of schoolchildren;
To equip schoolchildren with methods available to them for studying natural and social objects and phenomena;
To form a geographical culture among students, to prepare students for self-education in the field of geography and related sciences.
2. EDUCATIONAL GOALS:
to form students' dialectical views on nature as an objective reality that is in continuous formation, change, transformation and development;
To promote the moral and environmental education of schoolchildren, the formation of a humane, careful and responsible attitude towards the natural environment;
Contribute to labor education and career guidance, help in choosing a future profession and choosing a life path;
3. DEVELOPING GOALS:
Develop cognitive interests in geographical knowledge and problems of the state of the natural environment;
To promote the development in schoolchildren of such higher mental functions as meaningful perception, creative imagination, thinking in concepts, arbitrary memory, speech, etc.
To instill in schoolchildren a system of mental actions and operations (analysis, synthesis, comparison, classification, generalization, etc.), which allow them to successfully solve various problems of real life.
In foreign literature on the problems of methods of teaching geography, the formation of spatial representations, skills, or a set of geographical reactions is considered as the main goal of geographical education.
In our opinion, the formation of geographical thinking as a certain way of solving problems of the "man-nature-society" type in their territorial or spatial aspect should be considered as a strategic goal of geographical education. Geographical thinking in this sense is systemic, complex, spatial, scientific, dialectical, generalized thinking. It develops as children grow and gain experience about the world around them. From the point of view of the cultural-historical approach, geographical thinking is one of the highest mental functions
The goals of teaching geography are of an activity nature, that is, they can be achieved only in the process of educational and cognitive activity of the students themselves. The definition of learning objectives is directly related to the development of programs and the creation of textbooks, as well as to the organization of the process of teaching geography in the real conditions of a modern general education school.
Chapter 2. Studying the regional studies course in school geography.
... (in the territories at the place of residence, study), i.e. their locality within the framework of the so-called "small motherland". Therefore, in this study, at the forefront of environmental education and upbringing in the system of school geographical education is the local history principle, that is, a comprehensive comprehensive study of the “small motherland” 47, 49. In general, the regional focus of education ... 
Schoolchildren practically lack material on the significance of scientific prediction of possible changes in nature. Chapter 2. Methodological conditions for using the basics of geographic forecasting in the process of environmental training of schoolchildren in the course "Geography of Russia". 2.1. A model of the methodology for using geographic forecasting in the process of environmental training of schoolchildren with ...
Russia"). The material increases students' interest in geography, has a certain career guidance potential, and also instills in students an interest in reading books. 3. Methodology for the formation of knowledge about Russian explorers-travelers in the school course of geography 3.1 Guidelines for the week of geography “In memory of the famous polar explorer - G.Ya. Sedov" Geography Week in...
Geography is a whole system of sciences, which includes both natural sciences and social sciences.
The concept of geography as a science
The set of sciences about the planet Earth is called geography. The question of delimiting geography from geology is difficult, since the latter science is in the field of physical geography and sometimes takes its place.
But historical data show that it was geography that began to investigate physical and geographical issues earlier. The complexity of defining geography as a specific science is confirmed by the geographical congresses that geographers hold together with ethnographers, geologists, physicists and astronomers. More and more projects are emerging that reveal geography as a science in a more complete way.
Geography: system of sciences
It is customary to talk about geography as a whole system of sciences, each of which studies natural, territorial and industrial complexes and the components that they include. Geography implies a comprehensive and detailed study of nature, population and economy, and the unification of various disciplines into one system is dictated by their close relationship.
The study of such objects is carried out with the aim of the most effective application of all natural resources, creating a favorable environment for the population to live and placing production in rational parameters. The system of geographical sciences was formed in the process of differentiation and development of geography itself, as a science of knowledge about the economy, nature and population of different territories of the Earth.
The very process of development of science has led to the study of individual components of the natural environment - such as soil, climate and topography, or components of the economy, for example, industry and agriculture. Over time, there was a need for a synthetic study of territorial combinations of components.
In the system of science, geography is distinguished:
Natural sciences - physical geography, geomorphology, oceanology, soil geography, climatology, geocrylogy, biogeography, land hydrology and others;
Social sciences of geography, which include general economic and regional geography, geography of various branches of the economy (for example, industry or transport), geography of agriculture, geography of population or political geography;
Country studies;
Cartography, a special technical science, which is included in the system of modern geography sciences due to the commonality of the main tasks with other geographical sciences.
Initially, like any of the scientific disciplines, at the initial stage of its development, geography was merged with other branches of social life (syncretism) - with philosophy, mythology, etc. Gradually, its isolation as scientific knowledge takes place. However, in the early stages of its development, Geography was also closely connected with other scientific knowledge: travelers described new lands in terms of nature, agriculture, ethnography, etc. Those. geography developed together with biology, zoology, ethnography, etc., and the scientists of that time were "encyclopedic scientists." Transitional disciplines emerged as geobotany, biogeography, historical geography, etc. Thus, the processes of differentiation of science (reverse integration processes at the present time) received their development.
In our time, due to the progressive complication of the system of scientific knowledge, both geography in general and each geographical discipline in particular interact with huge amount various sciences.
All the views of geographers have always been influenced by the methodological guidelines of other sciences. In general, three sources of the strongest impacts can be identified:
1. Natural sciences, where physics has come to the fore in terms of developing the most convincing paradigm of scientific explanation (the most high level theorizing knowledge).
2. Sociology and related sciences.
3. History - which had a significant impact on the thinking of geographers (an introduction along with spatial thinking and temporal or historical).
The nature of the Earth is organized at least at three levels simultaneously: complex, component and elementary.
The latter, the level of material bodies and processes, is also studied by other natural sciences. The geographer studies a certain component as if by itself, in interconnection with other components of the geographic shell, while other natural sciences study their patterns of functioning and development. However, in the future, it became necessary to have information about the nature and pace of the processes, to establish the relationship between them and the factors that affect them. There was a change from the descriptive nature of geography to the essential one, in which the need arose for in-depth knowledge specifically about the processes (example: not just describe the leveling surface as a result of abrasion, but know the nature and pace of development of coastal destruction processes).
Geography enriches the social sciences with new materials and ideas. The study of specific manifestations of the interactions of society and nature, both on a regional and global scale, is of general methodological significance, although geographers will play the main role in the study here. The geomethod is considered by the philosopher B.M. Kedrov as a methodological role of geography.
The peculiarity of the interaction of geography with other sciences was as follows. Almost until the middle of the 20th century, there was a close connection between geography and history. This connection was displayed at many levels of teaching geographical disciplines. Recently, the links between geography and environmental knowledge have grown markedly, more and more attention is being focused on the interaction of society with the environment.
Recently, there has also been an active mathematization of geographical disciplines. Important incentives here are the development of space geography and the need for geographic monitoring. environment, the development of international statistical systems and the relevance of integrating demographic, socio-economic and political information. The need to build complex mathematical and cartographic models for the development of the NTC and socio-economic territorial complexes also requires the use of a mathematical apparatus.
There is a close connection between geography and computer science - the development of GIS is a vivid example of this. It was at the intersection of ethical sciences that the possibility arose of automating cartography, processing space information, creation of geoportals and spatially distributed geographic databanks.
The most important result of the informatization of geographical knowledge is the gradual consolidation, and in the future, the integration of geographical disciplines based on the information paradigm. Modern research must certainly be carried out on a general scientific basis, which is directly related to computer science, and through it to mathematics, cybernetics, a systematic approach and synergetics.
The creation of databanks and GIS acquires basic significance for such integration of geographical knowledge. It is the generality of the construction of the latter for any theory that can become a new common program for all geographical disciplines.
At the same time, computer science in a number of cases makes it necessary to seriously correct the very methodological principles of geographical knowledge. Geographical problems of classification, taxonomy, zoning, when solving them on an information basis, require rethinking and further improvement of the methodological and theoretical coverage of geography.
New approaches closely related to the theory of informatization, system analysis and synergetics have led to the awareness of interrelated geographical processes: spatial organization, spatial management and self-management or self-organization of systems. These processes can be found in any geographical process - population migration, land use, location of industries, etc.
It must be emphasized that geography is a science with a high ideological potential, closely connected with the entire system of culture. Geography largely forms the public consciousness (geographical picture of the world).
