Who invented television and in what year? Who Invented the Internet What Year Was Invented
A person constantly needs communication. For the exchange of information and just for the soul. And it is not enough for him to communicate with people who are nearby. There is always something to say even to those who are on the next street, in another city or overseas. It has always been that way. But only at the end of the nineteenth century did we have such an opportunity. In this article, we will trace the history of the emergence of the telephone, find out who invented the telephone and what difficulties scientists faced.
Over the years, there have been many different ways of transmitting information. Our ancestors sent letters with messengers and carrier pigeons, burned fires, used the services of heralds.
In the 16th century, the Italian Giovanni della Porta invented a system of communication pipes, which were supposed to "permeate" all of Italy. This fantastic idea was never implemented.
In 1837, American inventor Samuel Morse created the electric telegraph and developed the telegraph alphabet, which was called " morse code».
In the 1850s, an unexpected discovery was made by the Italian Antonio Meucci, who lives in New York. Confident in the positive effects of electricity on human health, he assembled a generator and opened a private medical practice. Once, having connected the wires to the patient's lips, Meucci went into a distant room to turn on the generator. As soon as the device is working, the doctor heard a patient scream... He was so loud and clear, as if the poor fellow were nearby.
Meucci began to experiment with the generator, and by the beginning of the 70s the drawings of the apparatus were already ready " telephone". In 1871, the inventor tried to register his creation, but something prevented him. Either the Italian did not have enough money for the registration procedure at the patent office, or the papers were lost during shipment, or, perhaps, they were stolen.
Who was the first to invent the telephone and in what year
In 1861, a scientist from Germany, Philip Rice, invented a device that could transmit all kinds of sounds through a cable. This was the first telephone... (It is worth familiarizing yourself with the fact and its history of creation) Rice was not able to register a patent for his invention, therefore he did not become as widely known as the American Alexander Bell.
On February 14, 1876, Bell took the application to the Patent Office in Washington to patent " A telegraphic device with which human speech can be transmitted". Two hours later, Elijah Gray, an electrical engineer, showed up. Gray's invention was called "A device for transmitting and receiving vocal sounds by telegraph." He was denied a patent.
This device consisted of a wooden stand, an ear tube, a battery (a vessel of acid), and wires. The inventor himself called it the gallows.
The first words spoken on the phone were: “Watson, this is Bell! If you can hear me, then go to the window and beckon with your hat. "
In 1878, a series of lawsuits against Alexander Bell began in America. About thirty people tried to take away the laurels of the inventor from him. Six claims were dismissed immediately. The claims of the remaining inventors were divided into 11 points and were considered separately. Bell's primacy was recognized on eight of these points, the other three were won by inventors Edison and McDonough. Gray has not won a single case. Although a study of Bell's diaries and documents filed by Gray with the Patent Office many years later showed that the inventor is Gray.
Development and improvement of the phone
The further fate of Bell's invention was taken up by Thomas Edison. In 1878, he made some changes to the structure of the telephone: he introduced a carbon microphone and an induction coil into the circuit. Thanks to this modernization, the distance between the interlocutors could be significantly increased.
In the same year, the first telephone exchange in history began operating in the small American town of New Chaven.
And in 1887 in Russia the inventor K. A. Mostsitsky created a self-acting switchboard - the prototype of automatic telephone exchanges.
Who invented the mobile (cell) phone
It is generally accepted that the birthplace of a mobile phone is the United States. But first mobile phone the device appeared in the Soviet Union. 11/04/1957 radio engineer Leonid Kupriyanovich received a patent for " Calling and switching device for radiotelephone communication channels". His radiotelephone could transmit audio signals to the base station at a distance of up to 25 kilometers... The device was a box with a dial for dialing, two toggle switches and a tube. He weighed half a kilo and worked up to 30 hours in standby mode.
The idea of creating a cellular telephone communication appeared back in 1946 at the American company AT&T Bell Labs. The company was engaged in the rental of car radio stations.
In parallel with AT&T Bell Labs, Motorola also conducted research. For nearly ten years, each of these companies has been striving to get ahead of the competition. The victory was won by Motorola.
In April 1973, one of the employees of this company, engineer Martin Cooper, "shared his joy" with colleagues from a competing enterprise. He called the AT & T Bell Labs office, invited the head of the research department, Joel Engel, to the phone and said that he was currently on a New York street talking on the world's first mobile phone. Cooper then went to a press conference on the miracle of technology that he held in his hands.
The "firstborn" of Motorola was named Motorola DynaTAC 8000X. He weighed about a kilogram, and reached a height of 25 cm... The phone could work in talk mode for about 30 minutes, and it took about 10 hours to charge. And ten years later, in 1983, it finally went on sale. The new car cost a lot of money - $ 3500 - a little cheaper than a brand new car. But even so, there were plenty of potential buyers.
In 1992 Motorola released a mobile phone that could fit in the palm of your hand.
At the same time, the Finnish company Nokia presented the first mass-produced GSM phone Nokia 1011.
In 1993, thanks to BellSouth / IBM, the first communicator appeared - a telephone connected to a PDA.
And 1996 is the year of the creation of the first clamshell phone. This is the merit of the same Motorola.
At this time, Nokia delighted the world with the first smartphone with an Intel 386 processor and a full QWERTY keyboard - Nokia 9000.
On average, a person makes almost one and a half thousand phone calls a year.
Who invented the touchscreen phone
The great-grandfather of the famous iPhone is IBM Simon, released in 1994. It was the world's first touchphone. Simon cost a lot - $ 1090. But it was no longer just a telephone. It combined the qualities of a telephone and a computer, and it could also be used as a pager or fax. It was equipped with a calculator, calendar, notepad, to-do list, a couple of games, and even an email agent.
The device had a monochrome display with a resolution of 160 × 293 pixels with a diagonal of 4.7 inches. Instead of the usual keys, a virtual keyboard appeared. The battery lasted for an hour of talk time or 12 hours of standby time.
Too high a price did not allow the model to become popular among users, but it was "Simon" went down in history as the first touchphone.
In 2000, the world saw the first telephone, officially named smartphone- Ericsson R380. The touchscreen of the R380 was hidden under a hinged cover with the usual buttons. The screen was monochrome, with a diagonal of 3.5 inches and a resolution of 120 × 360.
The smartphone was based on the new Symbian OS for mobile devices. R380 supported WAP, browser, notepad, e-mail client, games were installed.
In 2007, IBM released the first phone with a sensor that responded to the touch of a finger rather than a stylus. It was the LG KE850 Prada. This model was also remembered for its unusual design and wide functionality.
In the same year, Apple introduced its famous iPhone to the general public.
The telephone was created in the period that was considered the era of the telegraph. This device was in demand everywhere and was listed as the most advanced means of communication. The ability to transmit sound over distances has become a real sensation. In this article, let's remember who invented the first telephone, what year it happened, and how it was created.
Breakthrough in the development of communications
The invention of electricity was an important milestone in the development of telephony. It was this discovery that made it possible to carry out the transmission of information over a distance. In 1837, after Morse introduced his telegraph alphabet and broadcasting apparatus to the general public, the electronic telegraph began to be used everywhere. However, at the end of the 19th century, a more perfect device came to replace it.
What year was the telephone invented?
The telephone owes its appearance, first of all, to the German scientist Philip Rice. It was this person who was able to design a device that allows a person's voice to be transported over long distances using galvanic current. This event took place in 1861, but there were still 15 years before the creation of the first telephone set.
Alexander Graham Bell is considered the creator of the telephone, and the year of the invention of the telephone is 1876. It was then that the Scottish scientist presented his first device at the World Exhibition, and also applied for a patent for the invention. Bell's phone worked at a distance of no more than 200 meters and had strong sound distortions, but after a year the scientist improved the device so much that it was used unchanged for the next hundred years.
The history of the invention of the telephone
Alexander Bell's discovery was made by chance in the course of experiments to improve the telegraph. The goal of the scientist was to obtain a device that could transmit more than 5 telegrams at the same time. For this, he created several pairs of records, tuned to different frequencies. During the next experiment, a small accident occurred, as a result of which one of the plates got stuck. The scientist's partner, seeing what had happened, began to swear. During this time, Bell himself was working on the receiving device. At some point, he heard faint sounds of disturbance from the transmitter. This is how the history of the invention of the telephone begins.
After Bell's demonstration of his device, many scientists began work in the field of telephony. Thousands of patents were issued for inventions to improve the first apparatus. Among the most significant discoveries are:
- the invention of the bell - the device created by A. Bell did not have a bell, and the subscriber was alerted with a whistle. In 1878
T. Watson made the first bell for the telephone; - creation of a microphone - in 1878 the Russian engineer M. Makhalsky designed a carbon microphone;
- creation of an automatic station - the first station with 10,000 numbers was developed in 1894 by S.M. Apostolov.
Bell's patent became one of the most profitable not only in the United States, but in the world. The scientist became extremely wealthy and world famous. However, in fact, the first person to create the telephone was not Alexander Bell at all, and in 2002 the US Congress recognized this.
Antonio Meucci: the discoverer of telephone communications
An inventor and scientist from Italy in 1860 created an apparatus capable of transmitting sound through wires. When answering the question of what year the telephone was invented, you can safely call this date, since the true discoverer is Antonio Meucci. He called his "brainchild" a telelectrophone. At the time of his discovery, the scientist lived in the United States of America, he was already aged and was in a very deplorable financial situation. Soon a large American company, Western Union, became interested in the development of an unknown scientist.
Representatives of the company offered the scientist a substantial amount for all the drawings and developments, and also promised to assist in the registration of the patent. The difficult financial situation forced the talented inventor to sell all the material of his research. The scientist had been waiting for help from the company for a long time, however, having lost patience, he applied for a patent himself. His request was not granted, and the message about the great invention of Alexander Bell was a real blow to him.
Meucci tried to defend his rights in court, but he did not have enough funds to fight a large company. The Italian inventor managed to obtain the right to a patent only in 1887, by the time of its expiration. Meucci was never able to exercise the rights to his invention and died in obscurity and poverty. Recognition for the Italian inventor came only in 2002. According to the resolution of the US Congress, it was he who invented the telephone.
In what year was the famous lie detector invented and tested?
The problem of detecting lies has existed for as long as there is a person himself. Even in ancient times, the rulers of nations and their courts resorted to various ways to catch a liar and, thereby, establish the truth. Historical chronicles and literary monuments indicate that complex rituals were developed for these purposes, based on the fact that it was already noticed in ancient times that when a person who committed a crime was interrogated, his fear of possible exposure was accompanied by certain changes in his physiological functions.
The know-how in the invention of the polygraph belongs to the Italian Cesare Lambroso, who already in 1895 showed pictures from the crime scene to the suspects for the first time. Then it was determined that changes in blood pressure and pulse may well indicate the involvement or non-involvement of a person in the commission of any action. And draw the appropriate conclusions. The results of the then research were published and made public.
The first mechanical lie detector, applied in practice, was created in 1921 by a professor at the University of California at Berkeley, Dr. John Larson. He called it "cardio-pneumo-psychograph." The device noted involuntary changes in several body functions: increased blood pressure, increased heart rate, interruptions in breathing. Larson's colleagues were delighted and tried to use the device to catch the thief who was operating in the hostel.
In The History of American Obsession with Lie Detectors, its author, Chicago historian Adler, recounts how America was delighted with this invention:
It was the time of worship of science, the time of the introduction of scientific management of everything: industry, medicine, the army, the police, education, the time of the introduction of the IQ test. Therefore, at the very first mentions of the new device in the press, it was dubbed “the instrument of the future”. What a grand idea to separate the truth from the lie using blood pressure and heart rate measurements! According to the then enthusiasts, the main area of application of the device was to be the work of the police, where the device could replace all other methods of inquiry. And the lie detector, in his infancy, took a dizzying tour of America, making stops at universities and prisons, in research laboratories and police stations in Chicago, where he was watched by writer Chester Gould, and then used these observations in the popular comic book about detective Dick Tracy ...
The polygraph detector does not detect a lie, as such, since lie is an abstract concept. A polygraph detector only records the body's response to external stimuli - in the case of a polygraph, external stimuli are the questions asked. However, such a fixation is sufficient to reveal false answers to the questions asked. Almost any person experiences natural excitement when undergoing an examination (only those persons for whom the result of the examination cannot have any effect on their future life or work, i.e. to conduct a survey and try to reveal false answers from the owners of the enterprise, customers of the survey or just curious is absolutely pointless). The degree of excitement is individual and cannot distort the final result, because the end result is obtained by comparing the intensity and type of response to different types of questions. The polygraph cannot be fooled because a living organism always reacts to external stimuli, and the fixed parameters are chosen in such a way as to make conscious control as difficult as possible
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It is difficult to answer the question in what year the first wooden bicycle was invented. And who exactly can be considered the father of the "miracle of the machine." After all, the history of the creation of a bicycle is quite diverse. It took more than a dozen years for it to become the way we know it now. But it all started back in 1817.
When and by whom was it created
The year preceding this significant event was considered a “year without summer”. Abnormal cold weather, due to a volcanic eruption, was recorded in the western hemisphere in 1816. Almost the entire crop was destroyed. The number of livestock, including horses, has declined significantly. Therefore, people tried to find an alternative way of getting around.
Perhaps this is what prompted Karl von Drez to resume work on the bicycle. His first attempt to demonstrate a vehicle in 1814 was unsuccessful. And in 1817, this German baron created the first semblance of a bicycle. The design was two-wheeled, had a steering wheel holder above the front wheel and consisted entirely of wood.
The wooden bicycle was called a "running machine". Since they moved on it with the help of their legs, pushing them off the ground. In this case, it was necessary to balance on the front wheel. It looked more like a scooter than a bicycle. It could accelerate to 12 km / h.
A year later, Drez patented his invention. It became so popular by the end of 1918 that it began to be produced in French and English carriage factories. But the "bicycle boom" did not last long, and did not bring Karl Drez a lot of money. In 1851 the professor died penniless. Work on bicycles was resumed only 20 years later.
Interesting to know! The creation of the bicycle played an important role in the development of cars and aircraft in the future.
The path to a real bike
In 1840, the Scottish blacksmith Kirkpatrick Macmillan attached the first pedals and saddle to the "running machine." The transmission of this design was a system of connecting rods that transmitted force from a person to the front wheel. Like a classic sewing machine.
In 1863, a young engineer Pierre Lallemand, who designed baby carriages, attached pedals to a long-forgotten railcar. The entire structure was attached to the front axle. Lilman demonstrated his invention in Paris and attracted the attention of many. Including three rich Olivier brothers. They highly appreciated the new bike and offered to cooperate with Lalman.
Pierre Michaud, a famous French engineer who also works with the Olivier brothers, improved the Lalman model: he replaced the wooden frame with an iron one. However, the wheels were still wooden with metal tires. Michaud also proposed to name the new vehicle “ vélocipède "(bicycle).
Interesting to know! Only in 1866, Pierre Lallemant managed to obtain a patent for his invention. This year is considered the beginning of mass production of bicycles.Legends about the invention
There are several other theories about where and by whom the first bicycle was invented. But they are more likely to be classified as patriotic legends that have not received enough evidence.
According to some sources, Leonardo da Vinci is considered the creator of the bicycle. Sketches of a primitive bicycle were found, subsidized in 1493. They were supposed to belong to him. But subsequent examination showed that this was not the case. Perhaps the sketch was made by his student when the original was lost, but this data is also considered false.
Others say that in 1801 the Russian serf Efim Artamanov constructed an iron bicycle. On it he made his way from the city of Verkhoturye to Moscow. This is evidenced by only one entry in the "Dictionary of the Verkhotursky district of the Perm province". The very same design was transferred to the royal collection, and was soon lost.
Almost no modern person can imagine their life and work without a telephone.
However, more recently, on a historical scale, there were times when the telephone was considered a luxury. Who invented and introduced the telephone to the general public?
Content:Fixed connection
As everyone knows, the era of telephone communication began with wired telephones that could transmit voice messages using technologies that were significantly different from modern ones.
Such a device was the most important breakthrough and the first "bell" of the active scientific and technological revolution, which began almost immediately from the moment such an innovative device was created.
Story
The first telephone was created in an era when the only way to more or less quickly transmit a message over long distances was the telegraph.
At that time, the telegraph was considered a perfect and fully functional means of communication with distant regions.
Nevertheless, the invention of the telephone revolutionized, and it quickly began to be introduced into use.
It is worth noting that the invention of the telephone was not even possible until the moment when electricity was discovered.
When electricity became more or less widely used, the telegraph appeared - Morse presented to the public in 1897 not only his alphabet, but also his broadcasting apparatus.
The emergence of the world's first device capable of rapidly transmitting information without a physical carrier over a greater distance, proved that such a transmission method is, in principle, possible, and gave the scientists of that time an impetus to develop methods for its improvement.
The first apparatus
And at the end of the 19th century, scientists managed to significantly improve the transmission method, give it a new format. It is believed that the telephone was invented by Alexander Bell, but this is not entirely true.
The device would have been impossible without the participation of Philip Rice- a German scientist.
It was Rice who created the very foundation of the future telephone set.- a device capable of transmitting a recording of a human voice over some (rather large for that time) distances using galvanic current conductors. Rice's development saw the light of day in 1861, and during this period Bell took it as the basis for his future invention - the telephone, in the form in which it is known to us now.
So, 15 years later, namely in 1876, the first telephone based on galvanic current appeared, the inventor of which was considered Alexander Graham Bell.
At this year's World's Fair, the Scottish researcher unveiled his device for transmitting voice messages at a distance, and also applied for a patent.
Specifications
What technical characteristics did this first device have?
It was significantly inferior not only to devices that spread in the 20th century, but also to subsequent models created by Bell a few years later.
However, at that time, its characteristics were considered premium.
The distance the device could transmit sound was 200 m, which was a lot.
Initially, it had a strong sound distortion, but with the next improvement, Alexander Bell eliminated this problem.
And in this form the device, invented and improved by him, existed for almost 100 years.
History of creation
Like many famous inventions that changed not only the course of scientific and technological progress, but also the course of history, this was created by accident.
Initially, the goal of Alexander Bell was not to create a device that transmits a voice message, but to create a telegraph apparatus capable of transmitting several telegrams simultaneously.
In the process of experiments on such an improvement of the telegraph apparatus, the telephone was created.
The telegraph worked using pairs of records, and for their experience Bell and his assistant prepared several pairs of such records that were tuned to work at different frequencies.
As a result of a slight violation of the technology of the experiment, one of the plates got stuck.
The assistant to the inventor began to express his opinion on what happened, while Bell himself at that moment was carrying out some manipulations with the receiving device of the telegraph apparatus.
A few seconds later, scientists heard sounds coming from the transmitter and resembling a voice recording, albeit with very strong distortion. From this moment the history of telephone communication began. After Alexander Bell presented his device to the public, many eminent scientists began work to improve the existing device.
The Patent Office issued hundreds of patents for devices that could modernize and improve the created phone. The most significant of them are:
1 T. Watson's call, replacing the whistle that was originally installed on the Bell apparatus, which appeared in 1878;
2 Coal microphone M. Mikhalskiy, which made it possible to improve the quality of transmission, and created in 1878;
3 Automatic telephone exchange for 10,000 numbers S. Apostolov, which appeared in 1894.
The importance of Alexander Bell's invention can be assessed in terms of financial parameters.
This patent became one of the most profitable in the world, it was he who made Bell a world famous and very rich man. But was it deserved?
Meucci's contribution
In 2002, the US Congress recognized that this patent was issued unfairly, and the true discoverer of telephone communications should not be considered the Scottish scientist Alexander Graham Bell, but the Italian inventor Antonio Meucci, who created his device for many years from Bell's phone.
In 1860, he really created the first apparatus capable of transmitting sound through wires. Meucci's device was called a telextrophone.
At the time of the creation and improvement of the invention, Meucci lived in the United States, was already almost an elderly man and was in a very poor financial situation.
At this stage, his invention and interested in a large company Western Union.
Its representatives offered the scientist to sell all his developments for a substantial sum, and also promised to assist in obtaining a patent.
The poor financial situation forced Meucci to give in to the company's demands. He received his money, but did not receive any help in obtaining a patent, so he applied himself, but was refused. And in 1876, Alexander Bell received a patent for an almost completely similar device.
This was a serious shock for Meucci, and he tried to challenge the decision to award Bell's patent in court.
During the first stages of the proceedings, Meucci did not have enough funds to fight the huge corporation.
As a result, the right to a patent was nevertheless returned to him in court, but only when the term of this patent had already expired.
Important! Only in 2002 was the resolution of the United States of America Congress issued, according to which it was Meucci who was officially recognized as the inventor of the telephone.
Twentieth Century
Apparatuses similar to those invented by Meucci were used for much of the twentieth century.
They were constantly being improved, and if the first models, which received mass distribution, could communicate with the called subscriber only through a telephone exchange, where manual connection was necessary, then later these stations became automatic, subscribers were able to communicate almost directly.
The emergence of such an automatic communication system was a big step towards the invention of the telephone in the form in which users know it today.
The first telephone that brought scientists closer to the invention of cellular communication was the radiotelephone.
After that, the first cell phone appeared, and relatively recently - and satellite telephony.
The newest of the existing developments can be called, which has little in common directly with the phone, but performs the same functions.
mobile connection
The history of cellular communication began with radiotelephones, the first tests of which were carried out in 1941 by G. Shapiro and I. Zakharchenko in the USSR, and AT&T Bell Laboratories in the USA.
The system worked on the basis of radio communication and was supposed to be used for communication between cars (in the modern sense, it looked more like a walkie-talkie than a telephone).
In both superpowers, the tests were successful and the system fully met the expectations of the inventors.
And already in 1947, the concept of using hexagonal cells for communication was first proposed in the United States. It was proposed for use by Douglas Ring and Ray Young, inventors employed by Bell. The tests were also successful, and it was on the basis of this technology that mobile communications were further developed (and it was on the basis of this technology that it got its name).
But the real homeland of mobile communications is still not the United States or the USSR, but Sweden.
Here, in 1956, a communication system between cars was put into operation and successfully operated, which became the first such system in the world.
Initially, the project was implemented in the three largest cities of the state - Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmo.
Telephone sets of Kupriyanovich
The first telephone set that could be truly mobile and used in field devices was invented in the USSR.
The subscriber could carry it with him, it did not need to be built into cars and transported like earlier models.
The device was presented to the public by L. I. Kupriyanovich, a Soviet engineer, in 1957.
The weight of the device was 3 kg, which was very small by the standards of that time, while it operated over rather long distances - up to 30 km, depending on the terrain.
The operating time of this device without replacing the batteries was 20-30 hours, depending on the operating conditions. The inventor received a patent for the engineering solutions of the apparatus in 1957.
This engineer continued to work in this direction until 1958.
This year he created a more compact mobile phone that works on the same principles as the previous device.
The new device weighed only half a kilogram and was no larger than a cigarette box.
Kupriyanovich did not stop working in 1961 either.
This year he creates a device with the same principles of operation as the previous two, but weighing only 70 grams and fits in a pocket. It is capable of communicating over a distance of 80 km.
According to the inventor, this device could well be adapted for serial production with the aim of mass equipping the heads of departments and enterprises with it. Some time later, in one of his interviews with periodicals, he announced his readiness to design 10 automatic television stations for portable telephones across the country. But this project was never implemented in reality.
Bulgarian developments
Although Kupriyanovich himself will soon cease his work, his system, in various variations, continues to be improved by other companies.
So, in 1965, the Radioelectronica company from Bulgaria presented at the Inforga-65 technology festival a system consisting of a main telephone exchange for 15 subscribers and 15 telephones themselves.
At the same time, they mention that the project was developed precisely on the principle of Kupriyanovich's equipment.
Work on such technology in this organization continues in 1966. At the scientific exhibition Interorgtechnika-66, they present a set of mobile phones and a station designed to work with six devices. An industrial model is presented, ready, to a greater or lesser extent, for mass production.
In the future, the company is working with this particular model, which is already significantly different from Kupriyanovich's devices.
They create first a station with 69 numbers, and then 699.
The system became widespread, became a substitute for the intercom and was widely produced by industrial enterprises to equip departmental institutions with communications, was actively used in the country until the beginning of the 90s.
Car Phones
At the same time, the development of radiotelephones for automobiles is being actively pursued.
They are implemented using a different technology, different from that of Kupriyanovich, but are relatively popular and widely distributed in the USSR and the world at the beginning of the second half of the twentieth century.
In 1958, work began on the design and creation of mobile phones designed to equip civilian departmental vehicles.
These phones were called Altai and could only be operated in a car.
In 1963, Altai was already introduced into more or less mass production and is relatively widely exploited, the technology is so far widespread only in Moscow, and then it begins to be exploited in St. Petersburg.
Only by 1970 did it come into operation in another 30 large cities of the Soviet Union.
Commercial cellular
The first steps towards widespread adoption of cell phones and the commercialization of the industry were taken in 1982 by a British company Pye Telecommunications.
They demonstrated an automatic mobile phone that works as a set-top box for a walkie-talkie. Pocketphone 70... In theory, the device could be implemented everywhere.
Motorola
In 1983, Motorola introduced the first model of a truly commercial mobile phone, intended not only for organizations and departments, but also for individual users who simply could afford to buy a device.
The model of the device was called the DynaTAC 8000X, and it took the company almost 16 years to create it.
At the same time, a huge amount of money was invested in it, according to some sources - more than $ 110 million.
The device weighed almost 800 grams, was 33 cm long, 4.5 cm thick, and almost 9 cm wide.
The battery could work autonomously for up to 9 hours in standby mode or 1 hour in talk mode, and this was the first phone with a battery charged from a mobile network.
The device was sold for almost $ 4,000.
Spreading
The technology quickly became popular despite the fact that the first devices were very expensive for the average user.
But already in 1984 more than 300,000 subscribers were using such phones (and mobile communication format).
In 2003, this figure surpassed one billion two hundred million subscribers - it is generally believed that it was in this year that the technology really became widespread throughout the world, and firmly entered the life of an ordinary user.
On July 1, 1991, the first GSM call was made in Finland. And it is this date that is considered the birthplace of the widespread format that we use to this day. Even with the introduction of other wireless communication technologies and other types of networks, this particular communication format is still the most widespread and is characterized by the most significant coverage area on the globe.
In 1998, a prototype of the first device of this type with a touch-sensitive screen appeared.
This was an important step towards a qualitatively new type of mobile communication devices, including smartphones.
This first touchscreen phone, in fact, became the progenitor of the devices that we use today.
Throughout the 80s and 90s, the price of mobile phones fell, and by the early 2000s, although they are still expensive, they still became available to most users.
And after 7-8 years, mobile communication almost completely replaces the stationary one.
