Part of the earth's surface visible to the eye of an observer in an open area

First letter "g"

Second letter "o"

Third letter "p"

The last beech letter "t"

Answer to the question "Part of the earth's surface visible to the eye of an observer in an open area", 8 letters:
horizon

Alternative crossword questions for the word horizon

Paul Anderson's film "Through ..."

Poem by V. Vysotsky

The visible boundary of the sky and the earth's surface

Trilogy of the Portuguese writer Antonio Redola "Closed ..."

Circle of knowledge, ideas

Definition of horizon in dictionaries

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998 The meaning of the word in the dictionary Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998
HORIZON (from the Greek. Horizon, genus. Horizontos, literally. Limiting) curve, limiting the part of the earth's surface accessible to the eye (visible horizon). The visible horizon increases with the height of the observation site and is usually located below the true (in mathematics) ...

Wikipedia Definition of a word in the Wikipedia dictionary
Horizon is a 1932 Soviet black-and-white drama directed by Lev Kuleshov. The film premiered on January 30, 1933.

Dictionary Russian language. S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova. The meaning of the word in the dictionary Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova.
-a, m. Visible boundary (line of apparent contact) of the sky and the earth or water surface, as well as the heavenly space above this boundary. The ship disappeared behind the horizon. The sun is on the horizon. Appear on smb. horizon (ref .: in the sphere of someone else's activity, ...

Examples of the use of the word horizon in literature.

Everything can change at any moment, - said the avatar dully, studying the line the horizon.

There is not much time left, '' the avatar pursed his lips, peering into the fake horizon.

Ahead of them, huge mountains stood out through the haze, on the left abeam merged with horizon ultramarine surface of Avacha Bay.

The shores of Kamchatka slowly merged with horizon, but for a long time the snowy peaks of Avachinskaya and Klyuchevskoy hills shone in the distance over the gray sea.

I rushed to the door, noticing the appearance on horizon, at the gates of a motor vehicle fleet, a whole group of men in camouflage.

Only 29.2% of the Earth is occupied by continents, most of the earth's surface is covered with water. (2 \ 3). The real surface of the Earth's solid body has complex outlines. In relation to the level of the world's oceans, the continents are located higher, and the bottom of the oceans is lower. A hypsometric curve is used to characterize the relief of the Earth.

The highest mountain on Earth is called Everest in the Himalayas (8848 km). High mountains not much on Earth. Plains occupy a huge area on the continents (300 m above sea level).

In the structure of the ocean floor up to 200m, a shelf stands out, up to 3000m a continental slope, up to 6000m - the bed of the world ocean, deep-sea depressions or trenches up to 11000m deep.

Study methods internal structure Of the earth

The methods of direct observation include the study of the depths of the Earth with the help of mine workings - mines, tunnels and wells. There are many of them on Earth, especially wells drilled in the search for oil and gas. The depth of such wells does not exceed 5 km. There are already several superdeep wells drilled to study the upper parts of the Earth: on the Kola Peninsula, in Azerbaijan and elsewhere. The depth of ultra-deep wells is within the limits of modern technical capabilities and does not yet exceed 15 km. And this is very little to judge the structure of the Earth.

Data on what is inside the Earth is obtained by studying volcanic eruptions and lava pouring from the depths. But even here, even if the depth of the foci of some eruptions is taken to be 100 km, the data is extremely insufficient.

Geophysical methods, studying the physical parameters of the Earth - electrical conductivity and gravity, can judge the internal state of the Earth, practically without limiting the depth of research. Geophysical methods are so far the only ones that bring scientifically substantiated information about what is happening inside the Earth. Especially a lot of interesting data was obtained when studying the propagation velocities in the Earth of elastic vibrations, which are called seismic waves. The branch of science that studies these waves is called seismology.

The study of the propagation velocity of seismic waves showed that with depth their velocity changes either abruptly (seismic sections of the 1st order), or gradually (seismic sections of the 2nd order), revealing a stable tendency to increase towards the center of the Earth.

A wave is the propagation of some deformation in an elastic medium, i.e. a change in the volume or shape of a substance. During deformation, a stress arises in the substance, which tends to return it to its original shape or volume. There are two types of seismic waves: bulk and surface.

Body waves are longitudinal and transverse (Fig. 2).

Longitudinal- These are compression waves propagating in the direction of the wave movement. They are denoted by the Latin letter "P" (primary), since their propagation speed is higher than other waves and they are the first to arrive at the seismic receivers. The longitudinal wave changes the shape of the body.

Transverse S waves (secondary) are shear waves, in which deformations in a substance occur across the direction of wave motion.

Superficial waves propagate in the surface layer of the earth's crust. Distinguish between Love and Rayleigh waves. In the first of them, oscillations are carried out only in the horizontal plane across the direction of wave movement. Rayleigh waves are like waves on water, in which particles of matter make circular motions.

Fig. 2. Types of seismic waves. A - body waves: a - longitudinal, b - transverse. B - surface waves: c - Love, d - Rayleigh.

The arrows show the direction of movement of the water.

A change in the velocities of seismic waves on the surfaces of sections can be associated with a change in the density of the substance or its phase state, or both. The surfaces of the sections limit the sphere-like shells and its core inside the Earth. Such shells were named internal geospheres. TO external Geospheres include the biosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Consider the outer geospheres first.

Outer geospheres

Atmosphere - located from the surface of the Earth to an altitude of 1300 km. The main components that make up the atmosphere are nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide and water vapor. Gases are present in small quantities in the atmosphere and have great importance in her life. Thus, industrial gases create a noticeable greenhouse effect, leading to a warming up of the atmosphere due to the absorption of a significant part of the infrared radiation of the Earth's surface heated by the Sun. Ozone, concentrating at an altitude of 10-15 km, forms ozone layer, protects all living things from the harmful ultraviolet radiation of the Sun. This layer can be destroyed due to the entry into the atmosphere of substances that destroy ozone, and, in particular, technogenic freon.

The atmosphere is composed of several layers:

Troposphere up to an altitude of 8 km above the pole and 17 km above the equator;

Stratosphere up to an altitude of 55 km;

Ionosphere, in which rarefied air is ionized by ultraviolet radiation from the Sun and is capable of conducting electric current.

Hydrosphere, or the water shell of the Earth, includes the water of the seas and oceans, rivers, lakes, swamps, as well as the ice of glaciers. Groundwater should also be referred to the hydrosphere.

Biosphere forms a zone on the border of the atmosphere and the lithosphere, which includes the hydrosphere, and is characterized by the fact that it contains organic life. Organic life in the biosphere is widespread almost everywhere, but most of all in the seas and oceans. An important role in the study of the biosphere belongs to V.I. Vernadsky.

Internal geospheres.

Earth's crust- the upper stony shell of the Earth is composed of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks ranging from 7 to 70-80 km. The Earth's crust is limited from below by a very clear surface of the jump in the velocities of the P and S waves, first established by the Yugoslav geophysicist A. Mohorovicic in 1909 and named after him: the surface of Mohorovicic (Moho or simply M). This is the most active layer of the solid earth. Here, vertical and horizontal heterogeneity is especially pronounced, created by a variety of sedimentary, metamorphic, intrusive rocks.

Mantle- the largest intermediate shell of the Earth. The mass of the Earth contained in this layer is about 2/3 of the mass of the planet. The second global seismic interface is located at a depth of 2900 km, was identified in 1913 by the German geophysicist B. Gutenberg and also received his name.

Top mantle. The lower boundary on the continents is located at a depth of 80 - 120 km, in the oceans it does not exceed 50 km. The structure of this layer under the continental and oceanic structures is significantly different. On the continents it is a conditionally granite layer, in the oceans - basalt, with an average density of 2.7 g / cm 3. The surface separating the granite and basalt layers is called the Konrad boundary. Basalt rocks contain less flint and aluminum in comparison with granites and have a higher density of 2.8 - 2.9 g / cm 3.

Lower mantle in the interval of 2900-120 km it is characterized by a density of 5.5-6.0 g / cm 3, where, along with oxygen, silicon, magnesium, heavy elements such as iron and nickel are present. Temperature - 1000 0. The substance is in a glassy (amorphous) state. This state is maintained by high pressure.

The central, inner, most dense part of the Earth is called core. According to geophysical data, the core is in a state close to liquid with a temperature of 2500 - 3000 0 С. The density of the substance reaches 13 g / cm 3 .

At a depth of 5120 km, an abrupt increase in the velocity of longitudinal waves occurs again, and by applying a special method it is shown that shear waves also appear there, i.e. this part of the core is solid (fig. 3).

Fig. 3. Seismic wave velocities and density inside the Earth. Seismic waves: 1 - longitudinal, 2 - transverse, 3 - density.

The emergence of the earth's crust

The earth's crust arose in the process of geological evolution. In the pre-geological history, the core and mantle were heated, the melt was mixed with the upper, lighter components. The first volcanic-plutonic ring structures made of basalts appeared on the planet's surface. Meteorite craters complemented this lunar landscape. With the degassing of the mantle, gases were released and the atmosphere was formed: methane, ammonia, and, to a lesser extent, hydrogen, water vapor, and carbon dioxide. Thus, by the end of the lunar stage on Earth, basal layer Earths, primary atmosphere and hydrosphere.

Further evolution of the Earth is associated with the formation granite layer Earth. Atmospheric processes contributed to the destruction and processing of volcanic mountainous terrain. Compaction and metamorphism created a thick layer of metamorphic rocks (gneisses, quartzites, etc.). Ongoing processing of gaseous and liquid solutions of alkalis and silica emanating from the bowels of the Earth contributed to the metasomatic granitization of sediments. These changes initially occurred in limited, oval-shaped areas - nucleoids. The "nuclear" (growing) stage in the development of the earth's crust lasted 3.5-4.0 billion years ago. The widespread development of granitization zones led to the creation of the granite layer of the Earth.

Approximately 3.5 billion years ago, the stage of formation of the strata began and is now continuing sedimentary rocks. This stage is associated with endogenous (internal) and exogenous (external) processes.

The structure of the earth's crust

The structure of the earth's crust, the thickness of which varies from 0 to 75 km and has a clear lower boundary everywhere - the Moho surface, is fundamentally different on the continents and in the oceans (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4. Diagrams of the structure of the earth's crust.

I - continental crust, layers: 1 - sedimentary, 2 - granite-metamorphic, 3 - basaltic, 4 - upper mantle peridotites.

II - oceanic crust, layers: 1 - sedimentary, 2 - basalt, 3 - complexes of parallel dikes, 4 - gabbro, 5 - upper mantle peridotites

Bark continents has a significant thickness and consists of layers - sedimentary, granite-metamorphic, basaltic and peridotite of the upper mantle.

Oceanic the crust, with a much smaller thickness, consists of layers - thin sedimentary, basaltic, a complex of parallel dikes, gabbro, peridotite of the upper mantle.

Control questions:

1. Give a basic diagram of the birth, life and death of stars.

2. On what theoretical concepts and experimental data is the theory of the "Big Bang" built.

3. Compare the oceanic and continental types of the earth's crust.

4. List the methods for studying the internal structure of the Earth.

5. Name the outer and inner geospheres of the Earth.

6. What is the earth's crust?

Earth crust - Topics oil and gas industry Synonyms Earth crust EN outer crust of the earth ... Technical translator's guide

sedimentary layer of the earth's crust- The upper part of the earth's crust up to 15 km thick, consisting of sedimentary and volcanic rocks ... Geography Dictionary

Gases of the earth's crust- gases found in the earth's crust in a free state, in the form of a solution in water and oil, and in a state sorbed by rocks, especially fossil coals. The amount of gases in the geospheres of the Earth increases deeper into the planet (Table 1). V… …

Earth- Earth Photo of the Earth from the Apollo 17 spacecraft Orbital characteristics Aphelios 152 097 701 km 1.0167103335 a. e ... Wikipedia

Upper mantle- (a. upper mantle, outer mantle, peridotite shell; n. oberer Mantel, Peridotit Schale; f. manteau superieur; and. manto superior) geosphere, located between the Earth's crust and the lower mantle of the Earth. Separated from the bark by the Mokhorovich surface ... Geological encyclopedia

Mountains elevation earth surface- this is the name for significant elevations of the earth's surface, more or less steeply rising above the plains or highlands (plateaus). G. sometimes rise separately, these are mostly hills (volcanoes), but much more often they join in mountain ranges and ... ...

WEATHERING AREA- the upper part of the earth's crust, in which weathering processes take place. The depth, some researchers (Poland) define it as equal to 0.5 km, but intense weathering processes reach a depth of only a few tens of meters ... Dictionary of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology

Planet Earth)- Earth (from the common Slavic earth floor, bottom), the third in order from the Sun planet of the solar system, astronomical sign Å or, ♀. I. Introduction Z. ranks fifth in size and mass among major planets, but from the planets of the so-called. terrestrial group, in ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Land- I Earth (from the common Slavic earth floor, bottom) is the third in order from the Sun planet of the solar system, astronomical sign ⊕ or, ♀. I. Introduction Z. ranks fifth in size and mass among the major planets, but among the planets, t ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Land- (Earth) Planet Earth The structure of the Earth, the evolution of life on Earth, animal and vegetable world, Land in solar system Contents Contents Section 1. General about the planet earth. Section 2. The Earth as a planet. Section 3. The structure of the Earth. Section 4. ... ... Investor encyclopedia

Freezing- (physical. geographer. and meteorol.) Physicists and chemists are investigating the transition of a wide variety of bodies from a liquid to a solid state at very different temperatures. For physical. geography and meteorology only water matters (with aqueous solutions of salts), ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

part of the earth's surface visible to the eye of an observer in an open area

Alternative descriptions

The height of the water in the reservoir

The visible border of the sky and the earth or water surface, as well as the celestial space above this border

Circle of Future Opportunities

Russian artificial satellite

Paul Anderson's film "Through ..."

... "The edge is visible, but you won't get there" (riddle)

Sky border

Poem by V. Vysotsky

Collection of the Russian poet M. Svetlov

Circle of knowledge, ideas

The visible boundary of the sky and the earth's surface

Barley variety

Rock layer

The line along which the sky appears to border the earth's surface

Great circle of the celestial sphere

Moscow cinema

The line where the sky ends

Soviet TV brand

Curve limiting visibility

The edge is visible, but you won't get there

Escaping line

The sun "sets" behind him

Edge of visible space

The visible border of heaven and earth

Far "edge" of the landscape

The place of "connection" of heaven and earth

Unreachable end of the Earth

The sun hides behind it

The visible border of heaven and earth

Circle of knowledge and ideas

Curve limiting visibility

Height of water in a river or body of water, in soil

... "the edge is visible, but you won't get there" (riddle)

Far "edge" of the landscape

The sun "sets" behind him

M. the edge of the earth's surface, around the observer, where the sky adjoins; sky, horizon, sky, sky, sunset; with an eye, vividly; curtain, curtain, close the cusp. mischief, ovid arch. look around the eagle. a line that separates the part of heaven and earth that we see from the invisible. Astronomer. an imaginary plane passing through the center of the earth, perpendicular to the axis of the observer; this is astronomical, true mischief; sensual, visible, determined by the line of sight, from the eye of the observer to the slope or to the visible outskirts of the globe, and further, to the firmament; everything below this line we do not see; what is higher, we see. Forests, mountains and other objects constrain and shorten our ovid, which forms a regular circle only in the open sea. The countries of the world, winds or rumbas (see wind, compass) are indicated by the circumference of the lake, which represents the compass card (s), and at the poles there are no cardinal points. * The circle of a person's concepts, the limits of what he can embrace with his mental eye, according to the degree of his education, according to his knowledge and mind. Horizontal, lying on the ground, sea level; on which the free plumb line falls at a right angle; water right, water straight, plantar, lying, level, left, suspended. Horizontal railway a state or property is it; water rightness, water straightness, plantarity, levelness, leewiness, sublimity

Place of "connection" of heaven and earth

Paul Anderson's film "Through ..."

The concept of a land plot is central to land legislation.

Abroad (USA, England, Sweden, etc.), a land plot is understood as a cone with a top in the center of the Earth, a cross-section in the earth's crust along the border of the plot, and a base extending upward. Everything that is in the cone: subsoil, minerals, buildings, structures, utilities, belongs to the land plot.

In Russian legislation, there are several definitions of a land plot, the issue of the relationship between the concepts of “land” and “land plot” is not regulated, there is no precise indication of when the concept of “land” should be applied, and when - “land plot”.

Everything below the soil (fertile layer) belongs to the state, and its use is regulated by the Law of the Russian Federation "On Subsoil". Everything that is above the earth's surface and the buildings, structures and structures located on it also belongs to the state, and its use is regulated by the Air Code of the Russian Federation.

Above one point on the earth's surface, there can be several land plots at different levels (above-ground, above-ground, underground), which can have several different owners and users.

The Economic and Legal Dictionary does not define the concept “ land", And the concept" se mli»:

Ze mli- a resource used for the production of agricultural products, for the construction of houses, cities, railways, one of the main components of production (other components: labor, capital, natural resources).

Article 9 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes that land and other natural resources are used and protected in the Russian Federation as the basis of the life and activities of the peoples living in the corresponding territory. Exercising powers of authority on its territory, the state establishes environmental requirements that are binding on all land users in the interests of society, controls the use of land, defines protected zones, public easements, etc.

Land is an object of real estate, and any other property firmly associated with it is real estate only by virtue of its connection with the land, has a certain legal status that determines the form of legal ownership, purpose and permitted use.

When we talk about land as an object of land legal relations, we mean land not in its natural state, but land, in respect of which a certain legal regime has been established, by virtue of which it becomes an object of law - an object of land legal relationship.

Article 6 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation distinguishes 3 types objects land relations:

Land as a natural object and natural resource;

Land;

Parts of land plots.

Subjects(participants in) land relations are citizens, legal entities, the Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, municipalities.

However, in most cases, the object of land relations is not land as an object of nature or a resource, but a land plot - a part of the earth's surface that is individualized in accordance with the established procedure.

The Legal Glossary of Terms defines:

« Land plot- the spatial border of state sovereignty, the territory to which the powers of the state extend ”.

Here are the definitions of a land plot from land legislation.

Article 11.1 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation (Federal Law of October 25, 2001 No. 136-FZ) gives the concept of a land plot:

« Land plot is a part of the earth's surface, the boundaries of which are determined in accordance with federal laws. "

Article 130 "Immovable and movable things" of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation classifies land plots as immovable things (immovable property, real estate).

Thus, having studied these definitions, we can name the main feature of a land plot, which distinguishes between the concepts of "land" and "land plot". This feature is individualization on the surface of the Earth, that is, the boundaries of the land plot are uniquely described and certified in the prescribed manner. In general, the definition of a land plot may look like this:

Land plot- This is a part of the land that has a certain legal regime and intended purpose (permitted use), the boundaries of which are determined.

The boundaries of this part of the land are established and fixed in the course of cadastral work and are certified by entering information about the land plot in the State Real Estate Cadastre.

When we do not individualize a specific piece of land, we can use the concept of "land" or "land", this concept is also used in relation to lands that make up the fund of natural resources. And if there is a legal relationship with respect to a certain plot with an indication of its characteristics, the concept of "land plot" should be used.

Legally significant features of a land plot, its spatial sphere as an object of ownership are reflected in Art. 261 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Thus, the territorial boundaries of a land plot are determined in the manner prescribed by land legislation, on the basis of documents issued to the owner by state bodies.

In accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the elements of a land plot that are subject to the right of ownership include the surface (soil) layer located within the boundaries of the land plot, enclosed bodies of water, forests and plants (Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Art. 261).

Each land plot belongs to one of the seven categories of land defined by the Land Code of the Russian Federation. Lands in the Russian Federation for their intended purpose are subdivided into the following categories:

1) agricultural land;

2) lands of settlements;

3) lands for industry, energy, transport, communications, radio broadcasting, television, informatics, lands for the provision of space activities, lands for defense, security and lands for other special purposes;

4) lands of specially protected areas and objects;

5) lands of the forest fund;

6) lands of the water fund;

7) reserve lands.

The procedure for using land within a particular category is determined by the owner, user, owner, tenant of land plots in accordance with land and town planning legislation, natural and agricultural land zoning, their zoning, territorial use planning and land management documentation.

The category of land is mandatory indicated in acts of federal executive bodies, acts of executive bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and acts of local self-government bodies on the provision of land plots; as well as in contracts, the subject of which is land.

The transfer of land from one category to another must be carried out in full compliance with the Land Code of the Russian Federation by the following authorized bodies:

1) the transfer of federal land - by the Government of the Russian Federation;

2) transfer of land owned by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and agricultural land owned by municipal ownership - by the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

3) transfer of land in municipal ownership, with the exception of agricultural land, - by local governments;

4) transfer of privately owned land:

Agricultural land - by the executive authorities of the constituent entities Russian Federation;

Lands for other designated purposes - by local governments.

Land plots are formed upon division, consolidation, redistribution of land plots or allotment from land plots, as well as from land in state or municipal ownership. The procedure for the formation of land plots is established by Chapter I.1 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation.

Education land plots from land plots in state or municipal ownership is carried out on the basis of decisions of the executive bodies of state power or local self-government bodies.

At section of the land plot, several land plots are formed, and the land plot, from which land plots are formed during the division, ceases to exist.

Highlighted a land plot is carried out in the case of the allocation of a share or shares from a land plot that is in shared ownership. When a land plot is allocated, one or more land plots are formed. At the same time, the land plot from which the allotment was made remains within the changed boundaries (changed land plot).

At amalgamation of adjacent land plots, one land plot is formed, and the existence of such adjacent land plots ceases.

At redistribution of several adjacent land plots, several other adjacent land plots are formed, and the existence of such adjacent land plots ceases.

The boundaries of the formed land plots should not cross the boundaries of municipalities and (or) the boundaries of settlements.

Newly formed land plots must comply with the established maximum minimum and maximum sizes of land plots determined by the Town Planning Regulations. In addition to the maximum size of land plots, the town planning regulations establish the types of permitted use of land plots and capital construction objects; restrictions on the use of land plots and capital construction projects established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The legal regime of land plots is determined based on their belonging to one category or another and the permitted use in accordance with the zoning of territories.

Definitions of certain types of land plots are enshrined in the legislation. So, according to Art. 1 of the Federal Law of 15.04.1998, No. 66-FZ "On horticultural, vegetable gardening and dacha non-profit associations of citizens":

garden plot- a land plot provided to a citizen or acquired by him for the cultivation of berries, vegetables, melons or other crops and potatoes (with or without the right to erect a non-capital residential building and utility buildings and structures, depending on the permitted use of the land plot determined during the zoning of the territory) ...

With hell land represents a land plot provided to a citizen or acquired by him for the cultivation of fruits, berries, vegetables, melons and other crops and potatoes, as well as for recreation (with the right to erect a residential building without the right to register residence in it and economic buildings and structures).

suburban land a land plot provided to a citizen or acquired by him for recreation purposes is recognized (with the right to erect a residential building without the right to register residence in it or a residential building with the right to register residence in it and household buildings and structures, as well as with the right to grow fruit, berries, vegetables, melons or other crops and potatoes.

From a legal point of view, a land plot can be recognized divisible or indivisible.

Divisible a site is recognized that can be divided into parts, each of which, after the division, forms an independent site, the permitted use of which can be carried out without transferring it to land of a different category, with the exception of cases established by federal laws. If these requirements are not met, then the land plot is indivisible.

Together with the concepts “ land" and " land plot"The law uses the concept" land". Land holdings are the main element of state land registration and are subdivided into:

Farmland;

Non-agricultural land.

TO agricultural land include arable land, fallow lands, hayfields, pastures, perennial plantations.

Non-agricultural land- these are lands under surface water bodies, including swamps, forest lands and lands under trees and shrubs, building lands, lands under roads, disturbed lands, other lands (ravines, sands, etc.).

Land plots can be withdrawn from circulation or limited in circulation. Land plots classified as land withdrawn from circulation cannot be provided for private ownership, as well as be objects of transactions provided for by civil legislation. Land plots classified as land restricted in circulation are not provided for private ownership, with the exception of cases established by federal laws.

Features of the legal status of a land plot . The land is a real estate object. This means that land plots are subject to civil rights and transactions can be made with them. The emergence and retention of ownership of the newly formed or changed land plots are carried out in accordance with Articles 11.4 - 11.7 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation.

The land plot can be either in private ownership, or in state ownership, or in municipal ownership. Land ownership is considered one of the oldest and most fundamental human rights. The full realization of this right is ensured not only by the right to use the land plot, but also by the ability to transfer it to other persons in order to receive other necessary property in return, as well as to transfer it to their children by inheritance or to other persons - by will, that is, to fully implement all the elements property rights (ownership, use and disposal). The ownership right to a land plot extends not only to the surface (soil) layer located within the boundaries of this plot, but also to enclosed bodies of water located on the land plot, forest and plants, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The owner of the land plot has the right to use at his own discretion everything that is above and below the surface of the land plot, unless otherwise provided by the laws on subsoil, on the use of airspace, other laws and does not violate the rights of other persons.

Foreign citizens, stateless persons and foreign legal entities may not own land plots of the Russian Federation located in border areas and other specially established territories of the Russian Federation in accordance with federal laws.

The land plot can also be on the right permanent (perpetual) use, life-long inherited possession, on the right of limited use of someone else's site ( easement), on the right lease and on the right gratuitous fixed use.

All persons who are owners, owners, tenants of land plots or use land plots under any other right are called land users and copyright holders land plots .

Citizens are not provided with land plots for permanent (unlimited) use, they also cannot dispose of such plots. For permanent (indefinite) use, land plots are provided only to state and municipal institutions, state-owned enterprises, centers of the historical heritage of the presidents of the Russian Federation who have ceased to exercise their powers, as well as to state authorities and local governments.

Right lifetime inheritance a land plot in state or municipal ownership, acquired by a citizen before the entry into force of the new Land Code of the Russian Federation, remains, but the provision of land plots to citizens on the basis of inherited life ownership after the entry into force of the Code is not allowed. Disposal by citizens of a land plot under such a right is not allowed, except for the transfer of rights to a land plot by inheritance. A person who has been granted the right of permanent (perpetual) use, the right of life-long inheritable possession or the right of gratuitous fixed-term use of a land plot, from which land plots are formed upon division, merger or redistribution, has the right of permanent (unlimited) use, the right of life-long inherited possession, respectively. , the right of gratuitous fixed-term use to the formed land plots.

Servitudes established in relation to land plots, of which land plots are formed upon division, merger, redistribution or allotment, are retained in relation to the formed land plots within the former boundaries. Encumbrances (restrictions) of rights, with the exception of encumbrances (restrictions) of rights arising on the basis of contracts, remain in relation to the formed land plots, changed land plots within the former boundaries. If such encumbrances (restrictions) of rights to land plots are established on the basis of agreements, the rules on the conclusion of agreements, on amendments to agreements shall apply.

One of the most important characteristics of a land plot is its area. Distinguish physical and geodetic land area. Physical area a land plot is the area of ​​the earth's surface within the boundaries of the plot, taking into account the irregularities of the physical surface of the earth (slopes, ravines, cliffs, etc.), i.e. what can be measured in kind. Geodetic area of the land plot is determined by the coordinates of the angles of the turning points of the border. In fact, the area of ​​a land plot is the area of ​​a polygon resulting from the projection of the boundaries of the plot onto the plane in which the geodetic coordinate system is installed. When describing a plot in cadastral documents, its geodetic area is indicated.