Which one is the land. We study the names of the planets of the solar system in order. Features of the terrestrial planets

On March 13, 1781, English astronomer William Herschel discovered the seventh planet in the solar system - Uranus. And on March 13, 1930, American astronomer Clyde Tombaugh discovered the ninth planet in the solar system - Pluto. By the beginning of the 21st century, it was believed that the solar system included nine planets. However, in 2006, the International Astronomical Union decided to strip Pluto of this status.

Known for 60 natural satellites Saturn, most of which were discovered using spacecraft. Most satellites are made up of rocks and ice. The largest satellite, Titan, discovered in 1655 by Christian Huygens, is larger than the planet Mercury. The diameter of Titan is about 5200 km. Titan orbits Saturn every 16 days. Titan is the only satellite to have a very dense atmosphere, 1.5 times the size of Earth's, and consisting mostly of 90% nitrogen, with a moderate amount of methane.

The International Astronomical Union officially recognized Pluto as a planet in May 1930. At that moment, it was assumed that its mass was comparable to the mass of the Earth, but later it was found that the mass of Pluto is almost 500 times less than the Earth's, even less than the mass of the Moon. The mass of Pluto is 1.2 times 1022 kg (0.22 Earth masses). The average distance of Pluto from the Sun is 39.44 AU. (5.9 by 10 to the 12th degree km), the radius is about 1.65 thousand km. The period of revolution around the Sun is 248.6 years, the period of rotation around its axis is 6.4 days. The composition of Pluto supposedly includes rock and ice; the planet has a thin atmosphere composed of nitrogen, methane and carbon monoxide. Pluto has three moons: Charon, Hydra and Nyx.

In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, many objects were discovered in the outer solar system. It has become clear that Pluto is only one of the largest Kuiper belt objects known to date. Moreover, at least one of the objects of the belt - Eris - is a larger body than Pluto and 27% heavier than it. In this regard, the idea arose to no longer consider Pluto as a planet. On August 24, 2006, at the XXVI General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union (IAU), it was decided to henceforth call Pluto not a "planet", but a "dwarf planet".

At the conference, a new definition of the planet was developed, according to which planets are considered to be bodies that revolve around a star (and are not themselves a star), have a hydrostatically balanced shape and have "cleared" the area in the region of their orbit from other, smaller, objects. Dwarf planets will be considered objects that revolve around a star, have a hydrostatically equilibrium shape, but have not "cleared" the nearby space and are not satellites. Planets and dwarf planets are two different classes of solar system objects. All other objects revolving around the Sun and not being satellites will be called small bodies of the solar system.

Thus, since 2006, there have been eight planets in the solar system: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. Five dwarf planets are officially recognized by the International Astronomical Union: Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris.

On June 11, 2008, the IAU announced the introduction of the concept of "plutoid". It was decided to call plutoids celestial bodies that revolve around the Sun in an orbit whose radius is greater than the radius of Neptune's orbit, whose mass is sufficient for gravitational forces to give them an almost spherical shape, and which do not clear the space around their orbit (that is, many small objects revolve around them ).

Since it is still difficult to determine the shape and thus the relation to the class of dwarf planets for such distant objects as plutoids, scientists recommended temporarily assigning to plutoids all objects whose absolute asteroid magnitude (brilliance from a distance of one astronomical unit) is brighter than +1. If it later turns out that the object assigned to the plutoids is not a dwarf planet, it will be deprived of this status, although the assigned name will be left. The dwarf planets Pluto and Eris were classified as plutoids. In July 2008, Makemake was included in this category. On September 17, 2008, Haumea was added to the list.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources

Astrophysics - comparatively young science. But it was she who began to study Interesting Facts about the planets solar system, all about their structure and composition. Distinguished from astronomy, she is engaged in physical composition of celestial bodies.

The sky has always been the object of close attention and interest of mankind. The stars have been observed since the time of the mythical Atlantis. The structure of celestial bodies, the trajectories of their movement, the change of seasons on Earth - all this was attributed to the influence of stars. Many theories were confirmed, others were discarded. Over time, they discovered that the Earth not the only planet in our galaxy.

In contact with

List of celestial bodies

Turning to the description of the interesting features of each, you need to list all the small and large solar system planets. A table indicating the position from the sun will be placed just below. Here we restrict ourselves to alphabetical enumeration:

• Venus;
• Land;
• Mars;
• Mercury;
• Neptune;
• Saturn;
• Jupiter;
• Uranus.

Attention! It is noteworthy that the top three included bodies on which, according to science fiction writers, people will settle over time. Scientists doubt this option, but everything is subject to science fiction.

Curious facts

Everyone saw the film "Carnival Night", so there is no need to retell the plot. But even in terms of the celebration of the New Year, which is discussed in the film, there should be a report on the topic: "Is there life on Mars?"

What happened to the lecturer and the report itself is well known to the audience. The news often contains information about Mars.

Astronomical information also includes the fact that it rotates on the fourth, if you count the trajectory from the Sun, belongs to the terrestrial group etc.

Mars

Interestingly, all the names of the nearest planets are named after the ancient Roman gods. Mars is the god of war in ancient mythology. There is some confusion as many consider him to be a god of fertility. Both of them are right. The Romans considered him the god of fertility, who could both destroy and save the crop. Then, already in ancient Greek mythology, he received the name Ares (Mars) - the god of war.

Attention! The Red Planet - Mars acquired its unofficial name due to the high content of iron on the surface, which gives it a reddish tint. The god received his formidable name in the mythology of Greece for the same reason. The reddish hue resembled the color of blood.

Few people know that the first spring month is named after the god of fertility. It sounds the same in almost every language. Mars - March, Mars - March.

Mars is considered one of the most interesting planets in the solar system for children:

1. The highest point on earth three times lower than the highest point of Mars. Mount Everest is over 8 km high. Mount Olympus (Mars) - 27 km.
2. Due to weaker gravity on Mars you can jump three times higher.
3. Like Earth, Mars has 4 seasons. Each lasts 6 months, and the whole a year is 687 earth days(2 earth years -365x2=730).
4. It has its own Bermuda Triangle. Of every three satellites launched towards it, only one returns. Two disappear.
5. Moons of Mars (two of them) revolve around it at about the same speed towards each other. Because orbital radii are different, they never collide.

Venus

An inexperienced user will immediately answer that the hottest planet in the solar system is the first from the sun - Mercury. but our Earth's twin Venus will easily give him a head start. Mercury has no atmosphere, and although it 44 days heated by the Sun, the same number of days it spends on cooling (Year on Mercury - 88 days). Venus due to the presence of an atmosphere with a high content of carbon dioxide keeps the temperature constant.

Attention! Located between Mercury and the Earth, Venus is almost constantly under a "greenhouse" cap. Temperatures hover around 462 degrees. For comparison, lead melts at 327 degrees.

Venus Facts:

1. She has no satellites, but itself so bright that it can cast a shadow.
2. A day on it lasts more than a year - 243 Earth days(year - 225).
3. 3. All planets in the solar system rotate counterclockwise. . Only Venus spins the other way.
4. The wind speed can reach 360 km/h.

Mercury

Mercury - first planet from the sun. Consider interesting information about him:

1. Despite being dangerously close to a hot neighbor, he there are glaciers.
2. Mercury boasts geysers. Because there is no oxygen They are made up of pure hydrogen.
3. American research satellites spotted the presence of a small magnetic field .
4. Mercury is eccentric. Its trajectory has an ellipse, the maximum diameter of which is almost twice the minimum.
5. Mercury is wrinkled and, since it has a minimum thickness of the atmosphere. As a result the inner core is cooling, shrinking. Therefore, his robe was covered with wrinkles, the height of which can reach hundreds of meters.

Saturn

Saturn, despite the minimum amount of light and heat, not covered by glaciers, since its main components are gases: helium and hydrogen. It is one of the ringed planets in the solar system. Galileo, who first saw the planet, suggested that the rings are a trace of the movement of two satellites, but they rotate very quickly.

Curious information:

1. Shape of Saturn oblate ball. This is due to the rapid rotation of the celestial body around its axis. Its diameter in the widest part is 120 thousand km, in the narrowest - 108 thousand km.
2. It ranks second in the solar system in terms of the number of its satellites - 62 pieces. At the same time, there are giants larger than Mercury, and there are very little ones with a diameter of up to 5 km.
3. The main decoration of the gas giant are its rings.
4. Saturn is 760 times larger than Earth.
5. Its density is second only to water.

Researchers have proposed an interesting interpretation of the last two facts in teaching children:

• If you create a bag the size of Saturn, then it would fit exactly 760 balls, the diameter of which is equal to the globe.
• If a giant bathtub comparable to its size was filled with water, then Saturn would float on the surface.

Pluto

Of particular interest is Pluto.

Until the end of the twentieth century, it was considered the most farthest planet from the sun, but in connection with the discovery of the second asteroid belt beyond Neptune, in which fragments were found with a weight and diameter exceeding Pluto, since the beginning of the 21st century it has been transferred to the status of dwarf planets.

An official name for bodies of this size has yet to be invented. At the same time, this "fragment" has five of its satellites. One of them - Charon, in its parameters is almost equal to Pluto itself.

There is no blue sky planet in our system, except for Earth and… Pluto. In addition, it is noted that Pluto has a lot of ice. Unlike the ice sheets of Mercury, this ice is frozen water, since the planet is quite far from the main body.

Jupiter

But the most interesting planet is Jupiter:

1. He has rings. Five of them are fragments of meteorites approaching him. Unlike the rings of Saturn, they do not contain ice.
2. The moons of Jupiter were named after the mistresses of the ancient Greek god, after whom it is named.
3. It is the most dangerous for radio and magnetic devices. Its magnetic field can damage the instruments of a ship that tries to approach it.
4. The speed of Jupiter is also curious. The days on it are only 10 hours, and the year is the time during which the orbit around a star, 12 years.
5. The mass of Jupiter is several times greater than the weight of all the other planets revolving around the Sun.

Land

Interesting facts.

1. The South Pole - Antarctica, contains almost 90% of all ice on the globe. Almost 70% of the world's fresh water is also located there.
2. longest mountain range is under water. Its length is more than 600,000 km.
3. The longest range on land is the Himalayas (over 2500 km),
4. The Dead Sea is the second deepest point in the world. its bottom located at 400 meters below ocean level.
5. Scientists suggest that our celestial body used to have two moons. After a collision with him, the second crumbled and became an asteroid belt.
6. Many years ago, the globe was not green-blue, as in today's images from space, but purple, due to the large number of bacteria.

These are not all interesting facts about the planet Earth. Scientists can tell more than one hundred curious, sometimes funny information.

gravity

The simplest interpretation of this term is attraction.

People walk on a horizontal surface because it attracts. The thrown stone sooner or later still falls - gravity action. If you are unsure of riding a bicycle, then you fall - gravity again.

The solar system and gravity are interconnected. celestial bodies have their own orbits around the star.

Without gravity, there would be no orbits. All this swarm flying around our luminary would have scattered in different directions.

The attraction is also manifested in the fact that all the planets are round. Gravity depends on distance: several pieces of any substance are mutually attracted, resulting in a ball.

Table of length of day and years

It is clear from the table that the farther the object is from the main luminary, the shorter the day and the longer the years. Which planet has the shortest year? On Mercury it is only 3 earth months. Scientists have not yet been able to confirm or refute this figure, because not a single terrestrial telescope will be able to constantly observe it. The proximity of the main luminary will certainly disable the optics. The data are received by means of space research vehicles.

The length of the day also depends on body diameter and its rotation speed. The white planets of the Solar System (terrestrial type), whose names are presented in the first four cells of the table, have a rocky structure and a rather slow speed.

10 interesting facts about the solar system

Our solar system: The planet Uranus

Conclusion

The giant planets located beyond the asteroid belt are mostly gaseous, due to which they rotate faster. At the same time, the entire quadruple has poles and an equator rotate at different speeds. On the other hand, since they are located at a greater distance from the star, they take quite a long time to complete the orbit.

All space objects are interesting in their own way, and each of them contains some kind of mystery. Their study is a long and very entertaining process, which every year reveals new secrets of the Universe to us.

The cosmos is incomprehensible, its scale and magnitude are hard to imagine. The sky hides so many mysteries that, having answered one question, scientists are faced with twenty new ones. Even answering how many planets are in the solar system is quite difficult. Why? It's not easy to explain, but we'll try. Read on: it will be interesting.

How many planets are in the solar system according to the latest data

Until 2006, in all school textbooks and astronomical encyclopedias, they wrote in black and white: there are exactly nine planets in the solar system.

But the American mathematician Michael Brown was one of those who made even people far from science talk about space. The scientist initiated a revision of the concept of "planet". According to the new criteria, Pluto has dropped out of the planetary list.

The poor fellow was enrolled in a new class - "dwarf planetoids." Why did it happen? According to the fourth parameter, a planet is considered to be a cosmic body whose gravity dominates the orbit. Pluto is only 0.07 of the mass concentrated in its orbit. For comparison: the Earth is 1.7 million times heavier than anything that gets in its way.

The same class included Haumea, Makemake, Eris and Ceres, which was previously considered an asteroid. All of them are part of the Kuiper belt - a special cluster of space objects similar to the asteroid belt, but 20 times wider and heavier.

Anything beyond the orbit of Neptune is called a trans-Neptunian object. In the early 2000s, scientists discovered Sedna, a planetoid with an unusually remote and elongated orbit around the Sun. In 2014, another object with similar parameters was discovered.

The researchers wondered: why are the orbits of these cosmic bodies so elongated? It was assumed that they are affected by a hidden massive object. Michael Brown and his Russian colleague Konstantin Batygin mathematically calculated the trajectory of the planets known to us, taking into account the available data.

The results stunned scientists: the theoretical orbits did not match the real ones. This confirmed the assumption of the presence of a massive planet "X". We also managed to find out its approximate trajectory of movement: the orbit is elongated, and the nearest point to us is 200 times the distance from the Earth to the Sun.

Scientists believe that the potential ninth planet is an ice giant, whose mass is 10-16 times the Earth.

Mankind is already watching the proposed region of space, where an unknown planet will appear. The probability of an error in the calculations is 0.007%. This means virtually guaranteed detection between 2018 and 2020.

For observation, the Japanese Subaru telescope is used. Perhaps the observatory in Chile with the LSST telescope will come to its aid, the construction of which is planned to be completed in three years, in 2020.

Solar system: location of the planets

The planets of the solar system are divided into two groups:

• The first includes relatively small space bodies that have a rocky surface, 1–2 satellites, and a relatively small mass.
• The second is giant planets made of dense gas and ice. They absorbed 99% of the matter in solar orbit. They are characterized by a large number of satellites and rings that can be observed from Earth only near Saturn.

Let's take a closer look at the planets in the order of their location from the Sun:

1. Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun. Presumably at an early stage in history, a strong collision with some object tore off most of the surface. Therefore, Mercury has a relatively large iron core and a thin crust. The Earth year on Mercury lasts only 88 days.

1. Venus is a planet named after the ancient Greek goddess of love and fertility. Its size is almost comparable to the Earth. She, like Mercury, has no satellites. Venus is the only one in the solar system that rotates counterclockwise. The temperature on the surface reaches 400 degrees Celsius. Perhaps this is due to the greenhouse effect, which creates a super-dense atmosphere.

1. The earth is our only home so far. The uniqueness of the planet, if you do not take into account the presence of life, lies in the hydro and atmosphere. The amount of water and free oxygen exceeds that of any other known planet.

1. Mars is our red neighbor. The color of the planet is due to the high content of oxidized iron in the soil. Here is Olympus. No kidding, this is the name of the volcano, and its dimensions correspond to the name - 21 km high and 540 km wide! Mars is accompanied by two moons that are believed to be asteroids captured by the planet's gravity.

Between the terrestrial planets and the gas giants is the asteroid belt. This cluster is relatively small from 1 m to 100 km in diameter of celestial bodies. Previously, it was believed that there was a planet in this orbit that collapsed as a result of a catastrophe. However, the theory was not confirmed. It is now believed that the ring of asteroids is nothing more than an accumulation of matter left after the formation of the solar system. Roughly speaking - unnecessary rubbish.

1. Jupiter is the most big planet solar system. It is 2.5 times heavier than the other planets. Due to the high pressure, storms of hydrogen and helium rage here. The largest eddy reaches 40-50 thousand km in length and 13 thousand km in width. If a person were at the epicenter, if he survived in the atmosphere, the wind would tear him to pieces, because his speed reaches 500 km / h!

1. Saturn is considered by many to be the most beautiful planet. Known for its rings, which are made up primarily of water ice and dust. Their width on a cosmic scale is incredibly small - 10–1000 meters. The planet has 62 moons - 5 less than Jupiter. It is believed that about 4.5 billion years ago there were more of them, but Saturn swallowed them up, which is why the rings formed.

1. Uranus. Due to the nature of the rotation, this ice giant is called a "rolling ball". The axis of the planet relative to the orbit around the Sun is tilted by 98 degrees. After the impeachment, Pluto became the coldest planet (‒224 degrees Celsius). This is due to the relatively low temperature of the core - approximately 5 thousand degrees.

1. Neptune is a blue planet, which is explained large quantity methane in an atmosphere that also contains nitrogen, ammonia, and water ice. Remember we talked about the winds on Jupiter? Forget it, because here its speed is more than 2000 km / h!

A little about the outsider

Most likely, Pluto was not very offended that he was expelled from the planetary family. By and large, what difference does it make what people think on a distant Earth. But, one way or another, it is necessary to say a few words about the recently ninth planet from the Sun.

Pluto is the coldest place in the system. The temperature here is close to absolute zero and drops to -240 degrees Celsius. It is six times lighter and three times smaller than the Moon. The largest moon of the planet Charon is one third of the size of Pluto. The remaining four satellites revolve around them. Therefore, it is possible that they will be reclassified as a binary planetary system. By the way, the bad news - the New Year on Pluto will have to wait 500 years!

What do we end up with? According to the latest data, there are eight planets in the solar system, but, according to mathematical calculations, there should be a ninth. If you think that calculations are nothing, here's a fact for you: Neptune was discovered by mathematicians in 1846, and they could only see it up close in 1989, when the Voyager 2 spacecraft flew by. With all the scale of our house, we are just grains of sand in the space of space.

Welcome to the astronomy portal site dedicated to our Universe, space, large and small planets, star systems and their components. Our portal provides detailed information about all 9 planets, comets, asteroids, meteors and meteorites. You can learn about the origin of our Sun and the Solar System.

The sun, together with the nearest celestial bodies that revolve around it, form the solar system. The number of celestial bodies includes 9 planets, 63 satellites, 4 rings of giant planets, more than 20 thousand asteroids, huge amount meteorites and millions of comets. Between them there is a space in which electrons and protons (particles of the solar wind) move. Although scientists and astrophysicists have been studying our solar system for a long time, there are still unexplored places. For example, most of the planets and their satellites have been studied only briefly from photographs. We saw only one hemisphere of Mercury, and no space probe flew to Pluto at all.

Almost the entire mass of the solar system is concentrated in the Sun - 99.87%. The size of the Sun in the same way exceeds the size of other celestial bodies. This is a star that shines on its own due to high surface temperatures. The planets surrounding it shine with the light reflected from the Sun. This process is called albedo. There are nine planets in total - Mercury, Venus, Mars, Earth, Uranus, Saturn, Jupiter, Pluto and Neptune. Distance in the solar system is measured in units of our planet's average distance from the sun. It is called an astronomical unit - 1 a.u. = 149.6 million km. For example, the distance from the Sun to Pluto is 39 AU, but sometimes this figure increases to 49 AU.

The planets revolve around the Sun in almost circular orbits that lie relatively in the same plane. In the plane of the Earth's orbit lies the so-called plane of the ecliptic, very close to the average of the plane of the orbits of the other planets. Because of this, the visible paths of the planets of the Moon and the Sun in the sky lie near the line of the ecliptic. The inclinations of the orbits begin their reading from the plane of the ecliptic. Those angles that have an inclination of less than 90⁰ correspond to counterclockwise motion (forward orbital motion), and angles greater than 90⁰ correspond to reverse motion.

In the solar system, all planets move in a forward direction. Pluto's largest orbital inclination is 17⁰. Most comets move in the opposite direction. For example, the same comet Halley - 162⁰. All the orbits of the bodies that are in our solar system are basically elliptical. The closest point of the orbit to the Sun is called perihelion, and the farthest point is called aphelion.

All scientists, taking into account terrestrial observation, divide the planets into two groups. Venus and Mercury, as the planets closest to the Sun, are called internal, and more distant external. The inner planets have a limiting angle of removal from the Sun. When such a planet is at its maximum east or west of the Sun, astrologers say that it is located at its greatest east or west elongation. And if the inner planet is visible in front of the Sun, it is located in inferior conjunction. When behind the Sun, it is in superior conjunction. Just like the Moon, these planets have certain phases of illumination during the synodic period Ps. The true orbital period of planets is called sidereal.

When an outer planet is behind the Sun, it is in conjunction. In the event that it is placed in the opposite direction to the Sun, it is said to be in opposition. That planet, which is observed at an angular distance of 90⁰ from the Sun, is considered as quadrature. The asteroid belt between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars divides the planetary system into 2 groups. The inner ones refer to the planets of the Earth group - Mars, Earth, Venus and Mercury. Their average density is from 3.9 to 5.5 g/cm 3 . They are devoid of rings, slowly rotate along the axis and have a small number of natural satellites. Earth has the Moon, and Mars has Deimos and Phobos. Behind the asteroid belt are the giant planets - Neptune, Uranus, Saturn, Jupiter. They are characterized by large radius, low density and deep atmosphere. There is no solid surface on such giants. They rotate very quickly, are surrounded by a large number of satellites and have rings.

In ancient times, people knew the planets, but only those that were visible to the naked eye. In 1781, V. Herschel discovered another planet - Uranus. In 1801, G. Piazzi discovered the first asteroid. Neptune was discovered twice, first theoretically by W. Le Verrier and J. Adams, and then physically by I. Galle. Pluto as the most distant planet was discovered only in 1930. Galileo discovered four moons of Jupiter in the 17th century. Since that time, numerous discoveries of other satellites have begun. All of them were made with the help of telescopes. H. Huygens first learned about the fact that Saturn is surrounded by a ring of asteroids. Dark rings around Uranus were discovered in 1977. The remaining space discoveries were mainly made by special machines and satellites. So, for example, in 1979, thanks to the Voyager 1 probe, people saw the transparent stone rings of Jupiter. And 10 years later, Voyager 2 discovered the heterogeneous rings of Neptune.

Our portal site will tell you basic information about the solar system, its structure and celestial bodies. We present only cutting-edge information that is relevant at the moment. The Sun itself is one of the most important celestial bodies in our galaxy.

The sun is at the center of the solar system. This is a natural single star with a mass of 2 * 1030 kg and a radius of approximately 700,000 km. The temperature of the photosphere - the visible surface of the Sun - 5800K. Comparing the gas density of the Sun's photosphere with the density of air on our planet, we can say that it is thousands of times less. Inside the Sun, density, pressure, and temperature increase with depth. The deeper, the more indicators.

The high temperature of the Sun's core affects the conversion of hydrogen into helium, resulting in a large amount of heat being released. Because of this, the star does not shrink under the influence of its own gravity. The energy that is released from the core leaves the Sun in the form of radiation from the photosphere. Radiation power - 3.86 * 1026 W. This process has been going on for about 4.6 billion years. According to approximate estimates of scientists, about 4% has already been processed from hydrogen into helium. Interestingly, 0.03% of the mass of the Star is converted into energy in this way. Considering the models of the life of the Stars, it can be assumed that the Sun has now passed half of its own evolution.

The study of the Sun is extremely difficult. Everything is connected precisely with high temperatures, but thanks to the development of technology and science, humanity is gradually mastering knowledge. For example, to determine the content chemical elements on the Sun, astronomers study radiation in the spectrum of light and absorption lines. Emission lines (emission lines) are very bright parts of the spectrum that indicate an excess of photons. The frequency of the spectral line indicates which molecule or atom is responsible for its appearance. The absorption lines are represented by dark gaps in the spectrum. They indicate missing photons of one frequency or another. And that means they are absorbed by some chemical element.

By studying the thin photosphere, astronomers estimate the chemical composition of its depths. The outer regions of the Sun are mixed by convection, the solar spectra are of high quality, and the physical processes responsible for them are explainable. Due to the lack of funds and technologies, only half of the lines of the solar spectrum have been intensified so far.

The sun is made up of hydrogen, followed by helium. It is an inert gas that does not react well with other atoms. Similarly, it is reluctant to show up in the optical spectrum. Only one line is visible. The entire mass of the Sun is 71% hydrogen and 28% helium. The remaining elements occupy a little more than 1%. Interestingly, this is not the only object in the solar system that has the same composition.

Sunspots are regions of the surface of a star with a large vertical magnetic field. This phenomenon prevents the gas from moving vertically, thereby suppressing convection. The temperature of this region drops by 1000 K, thus forming a spot. Its central part - "shadow", is surrounded by a higher temperature area - "penumbra". In size, such a spot in diameter slightly exceeds the size of the Earth. Its viability does not exceed a period of several weeks. There is no fixed number of sunspots. There may be more in one period and less in another. These periods have their own cycles. On average, their figure reaches 11.5 years. The viability of stains depends on the cycle, the longer it is, the less stains exist.

Fluctuations in the activity of the Sun practically do not affect the total power of its radiation. Scientists have long tried to find a link between Earth's climate and sunspot cycles. This solar phenomenon is associated with the event - "Maunder minimum". In the middle of the 17th century, for 70 years, our planet felt the Small ice Age. At the same time as this event, there was practically no spot on the Sun. Until now, it is not known exactly whether there is a connection between these two events.

In total, there are five large constantly rotating hydrogen-helium balls in the solar system - Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus and the Sun itself. Inside these giants are almost all the substances of the solar system. Direct study of distant planets is not yet possible, so most of the unproven theories remain unproven. The same situation is with the bowels of the Earth. But people still found a way to somehow study internal structure our planet. Seismologists cope well with this issue by observing seismic tremors. Naturally, their own methods are quite applicable to the Sun. Unlike seismic terrestrial movements, constant seismic noise acts in the Sun. Under the converter zone, which occupies 14% of the Star's radius, matter rotates synchronously with a period of 27 days. Higher in the convective zone, rotation proceeds synchronously along cones of equal latitude.

More recently, astronomers have tried to apply seismological methods to the study of giant planets, but there have been no results. The fact is that the instruments used in this study cannot yet fix the emerging oscillations.

Above the photosphere of the Sun there is a thin, very hot layer of the atmosphere. It can only be seen during solar eclipses. It is called the chromosphere because of its red color. The chromosphere is about several thousand kilometers thick. From the photosphere to the top of the chromosphere, the temperature doubles. But it is still unknown why the energy of the Sun is released, leaves the chromosphere in the form of heat. The gas that is above the chromosphere is heated to one million K. This region is also called the corona. Along the radius of the Sun, it extends for one radius and has a very low density of gas inside it. Interestingly, at low gas density, the temperature is very high.

From time to time, gigantic formations are created in the atmosphere of our star - eruptive prominences. Having the shape of an arch, they rise from the photosphere to a great height of about half the solar radius. According to the observations of scientists, it turns out that the shape of the prominences is constructed by lines of force emanating from the magnetic field.

Another interesting and extremely active phenomenon is solar flares. These are very powerful emissions of particles and energy lasting up to 2 hours. Such a flow of photons from the Sun to the Earth reaches in eight minutes, and protons and electrons reach in a few days. Such flashes are created in places where the direction of the magnetic field changes sharply. They are caused by the movement of substances in sunspots.

It's hard to believe, but once the Cosmos was completely empty. There were no planets, no satellites, no stars. Where did they come from? How was the solar system formed? These questions have troubled mankind for centuries. This article will help to give some idea of ​​what the Cosmos is and will reveal interesting facts about the planets of the solar system.

How it all began

The Universe is the entire visible and invisible Cosmos, together with all existing cosmic bodies. Several theories have been put forward:

3. Divine intervention. Our Universe is so unique, everything in it is thought out to the smallest detail, that it could not arise by itself. Only the Great Creator is capable of creating such a miracle. Absolutely not a scientific theory, but it has the right to exist.

Disputes about the causes of the true origin of outer space continue. In fact, we have an idea of ​​the solar system, which includes a burning star and eight planets with their satellites, galaxies, stars, comets, black holes and much more.

Amazing discoveries or interesting facts about the planets of the solar system

Outer spaces beckon with their mystery. Each celestial body keeps its own mystery. Thanks to astronomical discoveries, valuable information about heavenly wanderers appears.

Closest to the sun is Mercury. There is an opinion that it was once a satellite of Venus. But as a result of a cosmic catastrophe, the cosmic body separated from Venus and acquired its own orbit. A year on Mercury is 88 days, and a day is 59 days.

Mercury is the only planet in the solar system on which the movement of the Sun can be observed. reverse side. This phenomenon has a completely logical explanation. The speed of rotation of the planet around its axis is much slower than the movement in its orbit. Due to such a difference in speed regimes, the effect of changing the movement of the Sun arises.

On Mercury you can observe a fantastic phenomenon: two sunsets and sunrises. And if you move to the meridians 0˚ and 180̊, then you can witness three sunsets and sunrises per day.

Venus goes next to Mercury. Lights up in the sky during sunset on Earth, but you can observe it for only a couple of hours. Because of this feature, she was nicknamed "Evening Star". Interestingly, the orbit of Venus lies inside the orbit of our planet. But it moves in the opposite direction, counterclockwise. A year on the planet lasts 225 days, and 1 day is 243 Earth days. Venus, like the Moon, has a phase change, transforming either into a thin sickle or into a wide circle. There is an assumption that some types of terrestrial bacteria can live in the atmosphere of Venus.

Land- truly a pearl of the solar system. Only on it there is a huge variety of life forms. People feel so comfortable on this planet and do not even realize that it is rushing along its orbit at a speed of 108,000 km per hour.

The fourth planet from the Sun is Mars. He is accompanied by two companions. A day on this planet is equivalent in duration to the earth - 24 hours. But 1 year lasts 668 days. Just like on Earth, the seasons change here. Seasons cause changes in the appearance of the planet.

Jupiter- the largest space giant. It has many satellites (more than 60 pieces) and 5 rings. It is 318 times the mass of Earth. But, despite its impressive size, it moves quite quickly. It turns around its own axis in just 10 hours, but it overcomes the distance around the Sun in 12 years.

The weather on Jupiter is bad - constant storms and hurricanes, accompanied by lightning. A striking representative of such weather conditions is the Great Red Spot - a whirlwind moving at a speed of 435 km / h.

hallmark Saturn, certainly are his rings. These flat formations are made up of dust and ice. The thickness of the circles ranges from 10 - 15 m to 1 km, the width from 3,000 km to 300,000 km. The rings of the planet are not a single whole, but represent formations in the form of thin spokes. Also, the planet is surrounded by more than 62 satellites.

Saturn has an incredibly high rate of rotation, so much so that it is compressed at the poles. A day on the planet lasts 10 hours, a year - 30 years.

Uranus, like Venus, it moves around the star counterclockwise. The uniqueness of the planet lies in the fact that it "lies on its side", its axis is tilted at an angle of 98˚. There is a theory that the planet took this position after a collision with another space object.

Like Saturn, Uranus has a complex ring system, consisting of a combination of an inner and outer group of rings. In total, Uranus has 13 of them. It is believed that the rings are the remains of the former satellite of Uranus, which collided with the planet.

Uranus does not have a solid surface, a third of the radius, approximately 8,000 km, is a gaseous shell.

Neptune - last planet solar system. It is surrounded by 6 dark rings. The most beautiful shade sea ​​wave The planet is supplied with methane, which is present in the atmosphere. Neptune makes one revolution in its orbit in 164 years. But around its axis it moves quite quickly, and the day passes for
16 hours. In some places, the orbit of Neptune intersects with the orbit of Pluto.

Neptune has a large number of moons. Basically, they all rotate in front of the orbit of Neptune and are called internal. There are only two outer satellites accompanying the planet.

You can see it on Neptune. However, outbreaks are too weak and occur throughout the planet, and not exclusively at the poles, as on Earth.

Once in space, there were 9 planets. This number also included Pluto. But due to its small size, the astronomical community has identified it as a series of dwarf planets (asteroids).

These are interesting facts and amazing stories about the planets of the solar system that are revealed in the process of exploring the black depths of the Cosmos.