The system of military ranks in the Russian imperial army. All ranks SWTOR Ranks in the galactic empire star wars
The Jedi Order is an ancient organization with a very deep culture. It is not for nothing that members of the order bear the honorary title of "Knight", which is a reference to ancient times, when the races inhabiting the galaxy could not leave their planets. It was from the ancient knightly orders that the Jedi transferred the ranking system, which will be discussed below. With the growth of the experience and authority of the Jedi, as well as depending on his talents, the Jedi moved up the ranking ladder, expanding their powers and gaining weight in the life of the Order, this ranking system will be discussed below.
Master Mace Windu, Knight Obi-Wan and Padawan Anakin Skywalker
Junior Jedi is a general term for any child who is predisposed to strength. Through the connections of the Jedi Order, children across the Republic are being tested to see if they have enough Medichlorian to begin their training. Such children are sent to the Jedi academy on Coruscant, where their basic training begins. If before the age of 13 a child does not receive a mentor and does not become a Padawan, he performs other, less important roles in the Order, such children fall into the research, agricultural or medical corps, where their strength is directed to a peaceful course. At the same time, it cannot be considered that they are "outcasts", they are simply not quite suitable for a future full of dangers and battles, therefore they are assigned to non-military organizations.
Padawan Young Jedi could be trained by the knights of the order, while at the same time it was impossible to have more than one student. The knight taught the Padawan everything he knew and prepared the latter for initiation into a knight, after which the teacher took a new student, and his former Padawan himself became a knight and after a while he himself began to teach someone. In fact, the Padawan is already quite an influential Jedi, who can even surpass the teacher in some ways, but does not have enough experience to act alone. For example, Obi-Wan Kenobi, being Qui-Gon Jin's Padawan, was able to defeat Darth Maul, while his teacher was defeated in this battle.
Jedi Knight When the Padawan, according to the teacher, completed his training, he underwent a series of tests, which included a test of body, spirit and strength. In the event of a successful passage, the Padawan received the title of Knight and ceased to obey his teacher. However, sometimes the title was awarded without verification, for example, the same Obi-Wan received the title of knight after he defeated Darth Maul.
Jedi Master When a Knight trained his first Padawan, he could have become a Jedi Master. In fact, becoming one is much more difficult than it seems at first glance. To undergo training on your own, as well as to make your student a knight is a work that takes several decades, during which the Jedi needs to survive on his own and carefully protect his Padawan (although, for example, it was Anakin who protected Obi-Wan more than vice versa). After a Padawan successfully became a knight, his master passed more difficult tests, as a result of which he could increase his title in the Order. At the same time, the situation is similar to receiving a knighthood, for special merits, he could be awarded without trials.
Council Member The next step after the master is a seat on the Jedi Council - a collection of 12 of the wisest and most experienced Jedi who make the most important decisions in the Order. A member of the council was rarely appointed for life, it was rather a temporary position, although it could be held for several months or decades. Any member of the council could always resign and leave its composition. At the same time, someone else from among the masters was always elected in his place. Despite the fact that the council is a brotherhood of equals, there was an unwritten hierarchy within it. So, for example, Mace Windu was considered the second most important in the Order, whose opinion was highly valued within the council.
Grand Master This rank showed the highest step in the career ladder of the Order. The Grand Master is the leader of all Jedi, the wisest and most experienced among the others, and he had extraordinary powers not only within the Order, but also in the Republic. With all this, the Grand Master, theoretically, had the same rights as other members of the council, but in reality one of his requests was enough for both the Order and the Republic to do as he wanted.
The Sith are acknowledged mega-villains in the Star Wars universe, but by the time of A New Hope, they had a horde of uniformed minions pulling chestnuts out of the fire for them. In the service of Emperor Palpatine and Darth Vader, Imperial Military and Navy officers commanded the formidable AT-ATs and mighty Star Destroyers; to these professionals with impeccable military training, the dark magic of their overlords sometimes seemed something eccentric.
Star Wars Insider Magazine brings you biographies of ten of the best Imperial officers to see onscreen in the classic Star Wars trilogy. These are combat officers in the service of the Empire, not politicians. So sorry, Tarkin fans, but the Grand Moff is a politician, not a warrior. The same can be said about Moff Jerjerrod from Return of the Jedi - especially since there is not much to say about him.
LIEUTENANT CAPTAIN BAST*
Moradmin Bast, accustomed to hunting big game on Dura-Kahn since childhood, considered the Rebel Alliance a dangerous beast not to be underestimated. During the attack on the Death Star, military analysts reported to Bast that there was a small but nonetheless real danger that Rebel pilots could drop a couple of proton torpedoes into the Death Star's exhaust valve, which was only two meters across. Bast, fearing that the enemy would exploit this breach, immediately relayed this information to Grand Moff Tarkin.
An interesting detail: In the official script for A New Hope, Bast is simply referred to as an "officer". He got his name later, with the release of the board card game from Decipher.
Some time ago, there were conflicting rumors that Lieutenant Commander Bast could have survived the destruction of the first Death Star because he appeared on Vader's team in the Star Wars Holiday Special. However, the truth is that cuts from the final version of A New Hope (including scenes with Bast) were reused to create the Holiday Special. After a recent analysis of A New Hope, it was established that Bast was on the bridge of the Death Star throughout the scene, allowing Leland Chee, Lucasfilm's continuity expert, to list Bast as one of those killed during the Battle of Yavin.
ADMIRAL MOTTI
Smug and condescending - until the stranglehold of the Force tamed his temper - Admiral C. Antonio Motti was the living embodiment of imperial arrogance. A member of the Death Star command triumvirate (along with General Tagge and Grand Moff Tarkin), Motti could have become one of the Empire's first rebel warlords if he and Tarkin had had enough time to carry out their plan to capture the Death Star and overthrow the Emperor. Unfortunately, Motti realized the fallacy of his belief in the invulnerability of the battle station only at the moment when explosions began to rumble around.
An interesting detail: In the radio show A New Hope, Motti is presented as an aspiring officer who joined the Tarkin conspiracy. Motti makes offhand hints that Tarkin could have overthrown the Emperor if he used the battle station to cause a coup d'état. The New Essential Guide to Characters goes even further and reveals to the reader that Tarkin's wife (who can be seen in Russ Maning's Classic Star Wars: The Early Adventures) comes from the Motti family, and that Tarkin's marriage was a union of convenience between these two powerful families.
Motti's name was never mentioned on screen or in the Expanded Universe. It was invented by George Lucas himself during his appearance on Conan O'Brien's Late Night With Conan O'Brien in May 2007. When co-producer Jordan Shlansky, Last Night's in-house Star Wars expert, tried to confuse the guest by asking a bunch of questions about all sorts of nonsense, George Lucas jokingly replied, when asked about Motti's full name, "Conan Antonio Motti."
COMMANDER** JIR
When Lieutenant Daine Jir once spoke out against one of Vader's proposals, they immediately began to whisper behind his back: "Well, now he will not live." However, instead of taking the Imperial officer's life, Vader promoted him to commander.
Jere, along with Admiral Piett and Captain Janus Bonn, was one of the few officers who managed to earn Vader's respect. The Dark Lord valued Jir's tough straightforwardness more than the obsequious speeches of Imperial lackeys. Jere, a hard-working, ruthless warrior who was part of the 501st Stormtrooper Legion, immediately knew for sure that Princess Leia Organa, who chose the rebel Senate, would not betray her friends - even if her life was in danger.
Interesting detail: This short-tempered officer from A New Hope, who dared to raise his voice at Darth Vader himself (“She will die before she can tell you anything!”), Did not find his name until the release of the board card game from Decipher.
In the video game Battlefront II, the 501st Legion of Stormtroopers is named as the team responsible for the assault on Tantive IV, retroactively making Commander Jere a presumed member of that preeminent team. His name, in all likelihood, is an improvisation on the theme of the word "danger" - "danger".
COMMANDER OF PRAGIA
Nahdonnis Praji was very courteous when it came to relationships with superiors, but he always showed intolerance towards his subordinates. However, he was not short-tempered; perhaps it was the same coolness with which he drilled his subordinates that saved his life when he let down Darth Vader.
When Vader ordered Pragya's commander to take personal control of finding the Death Star blueprints on Tatooine, Pragya interpreted the word "personal" in a creative way. As with other such orders, Praghy delegated the task to one of his subordinates, in this case, Storm Trooper Captain Kosh, hoping to take credit for everything. However, this time Pragya paid the price for such connivance: C-3PO and R2-D2, along with the blueprints, eluded him aboard the Millennium Falcon. But Praji reported the news to the Dark Lord with dignity.
An interesting detail: Maintaining the continuity of Star Wars is sometimes incredibly difficult. The commander of Prague is the best confirmation of this. Both the Decipher card game and the children's book Heroes in Hiding came out around the same time. Both sources gave the name of the officer who led the hunt for C-3PO and R2-D2 on Tatooine in A New Hope. Decipher called him "Commander of Praji" and the children's book called him "Captain Kosh". But, since the picture of the officer in the children's book was not clear, the misunderstanding was quickly corrected.
Praji supposedly comes from an influential family; his relatives with the same surname appear in the starwars.com Databank and in the online comic "Evasive Action: Recruitment".
GENERAL TAGGE
In the Death Star's conference room, Cassio Tagge can be seen acting like a cold shower on Admiral Motti's enthusiasm, warning of the Rebel Alliance's strengths and the Death Star's vulnerability. Given that the rebels were victorious at the Battle of Yavin (where Tagge lost his life), the general's skepticism can be seen as shrewdness bordering on foresight and healthy pragmatism.
General Tagge was a member of the noble House of Tagge, who owned the Tagge&Co manufacturing conglomerate and were among the wealthiest men in the Empire. House Tagge is behind many of the dastardly plots that took place between the Battle of Yavin and the Battle of Endor. General Tagge's brothers Ulric, Silas and Orman, and their sister Domina, trapped Luke Skywalker in the Omega Frost (a special weapon designed to destroy the rebel fleet; see Star Wars 31: Return to Tatooine comic - Nexu ), forced Luke to resort to a lightsaber fight in "Monastery" (something from the same opera - Nexu) and almost killed Lando Calrissian in "Red Nebula" (see the comic "Star Wars 50: The Crimson Forever" - Nexu).
Interesting detail: Of all the 1970s-era sideburns flaunted by the inhabitants of the Death Star in A New Hope, General Tagge's sideburns stand out the most. While it would be reasonable to believe that Tagge died during the film's climactic denouement, a character named "General Ulric Tagge" appears in a 1970s Marvel Star Wars comic.
In the Star Words reader column, the editors explained that Ulric Tagge is the same character as General Tagge from A New Hope. He was supposed to have escaped death during the destruction of the Death Star. However, with the approach of the new century, starwars.com's Databank clarified that Ulric is the brother of Cassio Tagge, and not at all the same person. At the same time, the name of the general was announced - this was done in the publication "Geonosis and the Outer Rim Worlds" .
A young Cassio Tagge appears in the online webstrip "Evasive Action: End Game" where he discovers how foolish it is to cross Darth Vader's path.
____________
*CHIEF BAST - I translated it as "lieutenant commander", but I will be glad if someone will suggest a more correct translation in terms of the army (navy) hierarchy. Perhaps this is simply a senior officer.
** COMMANDER is a multi-faceted word that can be translated as "commander" (position, not rank), and as "commander", and even as "captain of III rank". There are other options? Write.
The Empire's Finest
Star Wars Insider #96
(Continuation of the article -
In the state structures of the Empire, there is a division of people working there according to certain hierarchical ladders. One of these ladders is the hierarchy of ranks, which is enshrined in the Table of Ranks of the Arrv Empire. The Table of Ranks consists of two parts - "Hierarchy of military ranks of the armed forces and special services of the Arrv Empire" and "Hierarchy of official ranks of administrators and other services of the Arrv Empire". Each rank has its own numerical code, which is rank soldier according to the Table. The seniority of ranks increases from large numbers to smaller ones, that is, the smaller the numerical code, the older the rank in the Table. Based on the Table of Ranks, a management hierarchy is built (officers and employees of the same rank from various types of armed forces, special forces and public administration services head administrative structures of the same level of subordination), social benefits and the basic salary of officers and employees are calculated, in special cases they are carried out transfers from one branch of the Armed Forces to another, if necessary. As an exception, the first part of the Table also includes the Imperial Advisers, who are personal representatives of the Ruler of the Empire and report directly to him or to the Coordinator appointed by him from among the Senior Imperial Coordinators. As in the days of Emperor Palpatine, Imperial Advisors help the Ruler govern the state, they are his personal representatives "on the ground".
In each of the types of the Armed Forces and Special Services, there is a strictly defined hierarchy of military ranks, which is described in the first part of the Table of Ranks. The lowest rank is code 21, the highest is 1. The ranks of Lord Admiral and Grand Vizier are not coded and are above the main hierarchy, with the rank of Grand Vizier being considered higher than the rank of Lord Admiral. Military personnel whose ranks have the same code are considered equal in rank. Military personnel with a certain rank in relation to military personnel with lower ranks are considered senior, with higher ranks - junior. Rank codes in the first part of the Table united between different types of the Armed Forces and Special Services throughout the first part of the Table, that is, for example, the captain of the navy is equal in rank to the colonel of the army and junior in relation to the intelligence major.
The second part of the Table describes the ranks in state management structures and in the units of the Interior Ministry Forces. The coding of ranks in the second part of the Table, unlike the first, independent for each of the structures. This means that numeric rank codes are only meaningful within the structure for which they are defined, i.e. the prefect of the Regional Government is not equal in rank to an adviser to the Imperial Government or a major of the forces of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, despite the fact that all these three ranks have code 5 in each of their structures. Due to the lack of horizontal unity of the rank coding in the second part of the Table, these three ranks cannot in principle comparable.
There is a clear separation between the concepts of "rank" and "position". Servants with the same rank can hold completely different positions in state structures, this division is especially evident in the Armed Forces. Rank is an indicator of the employee's ability level and capabilities. A position is a specific range of duties that he performs. As a rule, for all positions there is a regular range of ranks that employees must have to occupy this particular position, however, in the Armed Forces this principle is not always observed in combat conditions. In the second part of the Table of Ranks, the ranks are called “official”, since the range of positions for the rank of each rank is quite clearly defined (this is especially true for high ranks of the Government, where the correspondence between the rank and position is unambiguous and, for example, when an employee is transferred to the position of minister, he is automatically appropriate rank is assigned), but, nevertheless, in most cases, the difference between the concepts of rank and position remains.
Hierarchy of military ranks of the armed forces and special services of the Arrv Empire
| The code | space fleet | Army, space infantry, stormtroopers, Guardsmen |
Pilot Corps | Imperial Advisors | military intelligence and counterintelligence |
KOSNOP |
| The code | space fleet | Army, space infantry, stormtroopers, Guardsmen |
Pilot Corps | Imperial Advisors | military intelligence and counterintelligence |
KOSNOP |
| Grand Vizier (GV) | ||||||
| Lord Admiral (Head of the Imperial Armed Forces) (LA) | ||||||
| 1 | Grand Admiral (GA) | Senior Imperial Coordinator (HIC) | Director (DIR) | Commissioner (CMS) | ||
| 2 | ||||||
| 3 | ||||||
| 4 | Chief Admiral (HA) | Chief General (HG) | Marshal (MSH) | |||
| 5 | Fleet Admiral (FA) | General (GN) | Imperial Coordinator (IC) |
General (GN) | General (GN) | |
| 6 | Admiral (AD) | Colonel General (CG) | Vice Marshal (VMSH) | Colonel (COL) | Colonel (COL) | |
| 7 | Vice Admiral (VA) | Lieutenant General (LG) | ||||
| 8 | Rear Admiral (RA) | Major General (MG) | General (GEN) | Junior Imperial Coordinator (JIC) |
Lieutenant Colonel (LC) | Lieutenant Colonel (LC) |
| 9 | Commodore (COM) | Brigadier General (BG) | Colonel (COL) | Senior Imperial Advisor (HIA) | Major (MAJ) | Major (MAJ) |
| 10 | Line captain (LCAP) |
Colonel (COL) | Lieutenant Colonel (LC) | Captain (CPT) | Captain (CPT) | |
| 11 | Captain (C.A.P.) | Lieutenant Colonel (LC) | Major (MAJ) | Oberleutnant (HLT) | Oberleutnant (HLT) | |
| 12 | Commander (CDR) | Major (MAJ) | Captain (CPT) | Imperial Advisor (IA) |
Lieutenant (LT) | Lieutenant (LT) |
| 13 | Lieutenant Commander (LTC) | Captain (CPT) | Oberleutnant (HLT) | Sub-lieutenant (SLT) | Sub-lieutenant (SLT) | |
| 14 | Oberleutnant (HLT) | Oberleutnant (HLT) | Lieutenant (LT) | Junior Imperial Advisor (JIA) | ||
| 15 | Lieutenant (LT) | Lieutenant (LT) | Sub-lieutenant (SLT) | |||
| 16 | Sub-lieutenant (SLT) | |||||
| 17 | Midshipman (MSM) | Master Sergeant (MSRG) | Master Sergeant (MSRG) | |||
| 18 | Senior Specialist (STC) | Sergeant (SRG) | Sergeant (SRG) | Senior Agent (SAG) | Senior Agent (SAG) | |
| 19 | Specialist (SP) | Corporal (CRP) | Senior Technician (STC) | Agent (AG) | Agent (AG) | |
| 20 | Private (PRV) | Technician (TC) | Freelance agent (UAG) | |||
| 21a | Cadet (CT) | Cadet (CT) | Cadet (CT) | Cadet (CT) | Candidate (C.A.N.) | |
| 21b | Recruit (REC) | Recruit (REC) | Recruit (REC) | Recruit (REC) | ||
Hierarchy of official ranks of administrators and other services of the Arrv Empire
| The code | Regional (Colonial) Government | imperial government | |||||
| The code | Regional government | imperial government | Forces of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (law enforcement agencies, fire department, etc.) | ||||
| Emperor (Ruler of the Empire) | |||||||
| Regent of the Imperial Power (Ruler of the Empire in the absence of the Emperor) | |||||||
| Prime Minister (PMN) | |||||||
| 1 | Grand Moff (GMF) | Minister (MIN) | Chief General (HG) | ||||
| 2 | Moff (MF) | Deputy Minister (VMN) | General (GN) | ||||
| 3 | Viceroy (GGO) | Privy Councilor (SADV) | Colonel General (CG) | ||||
| 4 | Vice Viceroy (VGO) | Active Advisor (AADV) | Lieutenant General (LG) | ||||
| 5 | Governor (GB) | Advisor (ADV) | Major General (MG) | ||||
| 6 | Lieutenant Governor (VG) | Secretary (SEC) | Brigadier General (BG) | ||||
| 7 | Prefect (PRF) | Clerk (CL) | Colonel (COL) | ||||
| 8 | Vice Prefect (VPR) | Lieutenant Colonel (LC) | |||||
| 9 | Manager (MNG) | Major (MAJ) | |||||
| 10 | Secretary (SEC) | Captain (CPT) | |||||
| 11 | Clerk (CL) | Oberleutnant (HLT) | |||||
| 12 | Lieutenant (LT) | ||||||
| 13 | Sub-lieutenant (SLT) | ||||||
| 14 | Master Sergeant (MSRG) | ||||||
| 15 | Sergeant (SRG) | ||||||
| 16 | Corporal (CRP) | ||||||
| 17 | Private (PRV) | 18 | Cadet (CT) | 19 | Recruit (REC) | ||
Due to the lack of an unequivocal official version, all the information below is a compilation of information about the Imperial Army, its structure, uniform and insignia, simplified for the game. We urge you not to ask for its adjustments for certain realities.
Ranks
The army of the Empire is divided into four "branches":
- Military Forces of the Empire;
- Assault Divisions (Stormtroopers) of the Empire;
- Imperial Space Force;
- Imperial Department of Security.
The ranks listed below are listed in descending order of status and authority.
Assault Squads use the same ranks as the Military Forces, with the same status up to Major: there are no higher ranks in Assault Squads.
Officer ranks are ranks starting from lieutenant.
The last column contains a link to the insignia corresponding to a certain rank level. The badge is a metal plate with blue and red plastic rectangles. Red rectangles are replaced by yellow ones as a sign of special services to the Empire. In addition, the presence of code cylinders in the left and / or right pocket of the form can be indicated by a black stripe to the right and left of the sign.
| Military Forces |
Military Space Force | Department of Security | Mark of distinction |
| Supreme Commander (Darth Vader) | not required | ||
| Moff (Sector Commander) * | Director | ||
| Admiral |  |
||
| General |  |
||
| Commodore |  |
||
| Colonel | Captain | Colonel |  |
| Major ** | Commander | Major |  |
| Lieutenant |  |
||
| Sergeant | missing | ||
| Private | missing | ||
* - at the time of the game, the decree on awarding the titles of Moffs to the governors of the Sectors has not yet been issued.
** - in the ranks of the Military Forces there are still members of the Clone Wars with the rank of commander, which fully corresponds to the rank of major of the Military Forces.
Form
The uniform of officers of the Military and Military Space Forces is the same (see illustrations and):
- gray-olive trousers and a double-breasted tunic;
- gray-olive cap (optional for officers of the rank of general and above);
- a black belt with a silver buckle without utility bags;
- black thin leather gloves (optional);
- quality black boots;
- insignia and code cylinders;
- a blaster holster is usually missing.
Sergeants and privates of the Military Forces are not modeled in the game.
The Imperial Security Department rarely uses official uniforms, however, on official occasions, a white uniform of classic imperial cut is used with the insignia (and code cylinders) corresponding to the rank: see.
Assault units use powerful white combat armor. Stormtroopers do not wear insignia, because. identification is made using the built-in sensors of the helmet. However, in a non-combat situation, the insignia can be attached to the armor (without code cylinders) or to the official uniform (standard imperial cut uniform, but black - see). In addition, sergeants most often wear a large orange leather pauldron on the right shoulder: see. The standard form of attack aircraft is as follows: and.
Generality:
General chase and:
-Field Marshal General* - crossed wands.
-general of infantry, cavalry, etc.(the so-called "full general") - without asterisks,
- lieutenant general- 3 stars
- major general- 2 stars
Headquarters officers:
Two gaps and: 
-colonel- without asterisks.
- lieutenant colonel(since 1884, the Cossacks have a military foreman) - 3 stars
-major** (until 1884 the Cossacks had a military foreman) - 2 stars
Ober-officers:
One light and: 
-captain(captain, captain) - without stars.
- staff captain(headquarters captain, podesaul) - 4 stars
-lieutenant(sotnik) - 3 stars
- second lieutenant(cornet, cornet) - 2 stars
- Ensign*** - 1 star
Lower ranks
-zauryad-ensign- 1 galloon stripe along the length of the shoulder strap with the 1st star on the stripe
- Ensign- 1 galloon stripe in the length of the epaulette
- sergeant major(wahmistr) - 1 wide transverse stripe
-st. non-commissioned officer(st. fireworks, st. constable) - 3 narrow cross stripes
- ml. non-commissioned officer(ml. fireworks, ml. sergeant) - 2 narrow cross stripes
- corporal(bombardier, orderly) - 1 narrow transverse stripe
-private(gunner, cossack) - without stripes
*In 1912, the last Field Marshal Dmitry Aleksevich Milyutin, who held the post of Minister of War from 1861 to 1881, dies. This rank was not awarded to anyone else, but nominally this rank was preserved.
** The rank of major was abolished in 1884 and was no longer restored.
*** From 1884, the rank of warrant officer was left only for wartime (it is only assigned during the war, and with its end, all warrant officers are subject to either dismissal or they should be assigned the rank of second lieutenant).
P.S. Ciphers and monograms on shoulder straps are not conditionally placed.
Very often one hears the question "why does the junior rank in the category of staff officers and generals begin with two stars, and not with one like the chief officers?" When, in 1827, stars on epaulettes appeared in the Russian army as insignia, the major general received two stars on the epaulette at once.
There is a version that one star was supposed to be a foreman - this rank had not been assigned since the time of Paul I, but by 1827 they still existed
retired brigadiers who had the right to wear uniforms. True, epaulettes were not supposed to be retired military men. And it is unlikely that many of them survived until 1827 (passed
for about 30 years since the abolition of the brigadier rank). Most likely, the two general's stars were simply copied from the epaulette of a French brigadier general. There is nothing strange in this, because the epaulettes themselves came to Russia from France. Most likely, there was never a single general's star in the Russian imperial army. This version seems more plausible.
As for the major, he received two stars by analogy with the two stars of the Russian major general of that time.
The only exception was the insignia in the hussar regiments in the front and ordinary (everyday) form, in which shoulder cords were worn instead of shoulder straps.
Shoulder cords.
Instead of an epaulette of a cavalry type, the hussars on dolmans and mentics have
hussar shoulder cords. For all officers, the same from a gold or silver double soutache cord of the same color as the cords on the dolman for the lower ranks, shoulder cords from a double soutache cord in color -
orange for regiments having the color of the instrument metal - gold or white for regiments having the color of the instrument metal - silver.
These shoulder cords form a ring at the sleeve, and a loop at the collar, fastened with a uniform button sewn half an inch from the collar seam.
To distinguish the ranks, gombochki are put on the cords (a ring from the same cold cord covering the shoulder cord):
-y corporal- one, of the same color with a cord;
-y non-commissioned officers tricolor gombochkas (white with St. George's thread), in number, like stripes on shoulder straps;
-y sergeant major- gold or silver (as for officers) on an orange or white cord (as for lower ranks);
-y ensign- a shoulder cord of a smooth officer with a gombochka of a sergeant-major;
officers on officer cords have gombos with stars (metal, as on shoulder straps) - in accordance with the rank.
Volunteers wear twisted cords of Romanov colors (white-black-yellow) around the cords.
The shoulder cords of the ober and headquarters officers do not differ in any way.
Headquarters officers and generals have the following differences in uniform: on the collar of a dolman, generals have a wide or gold galloon up to 1 1/8 inches wide, and staff officers have a gold or silver galloon 5/8 inches wide, which has the full length "
hussar zigzags", and for chief officers, the collar is sheathed with only one cord or filigree.
In the 2nd and 5th regiments of the chief officers along the upper edge of the collar, there is also galloon, but 5/16 inches wide.
In addition, on the cuffs of the generals there is galloon, the same as the one on the collar. The stripe of galloon comes from the cut of the sleeve with two ends, in front it converges over the toe.
For staff officers, the galloon is also the same as the one on the collar. The length of the entire patch is up to 5 inches.
And the chief officers are not supposed to galloon.
Below are pictures of the shoulder cords
1. Officers and generals
2. Lower officials
The shoulder cords of the chief, staff officers and generals did not differ in any way from each other. For example, it was possible to distinguish a cornet from a major general only by the appearance and width of the braid on the cuffs and, in some regiments, on the collar.
Twisted cords relied only on adjutants and aide-de-camp!
Shoulder cords of the adjutant wing (left) and adjutant (right)
Officer's epaulettes: lieutenant colonel of the air squadron of the 19th army corps and staff captain of the 3rd field air squadron. In the center are shoulder boards of the cadets of the Nikolaev Engineering School. On the right is the epaulette of a captain (most likely a dragoon or lancer regiment)
The Russian army in its modern sense began to be created by Emperor Peter I at the end of the 18th century. The system of military ranks of the Russian army took shape partly under the influence of European systems, partly under the influence of the historically established purely Russian system of ranks. However, at that time there were no military ranks in the sense in which we are accustomed to understand. There were specific military units, there were also quite specific positions and, accordingly, their names. company commander. By the way, in the civil fleet even now, the person in charge of the ship's crew is called the "captain", the person in charge of the seaport is called the "port captain". In the 18th century, many words existed in a slightly different sense than they do now.
So "General" meant - "chief", and not just "highest military leader";
"Major"- "senior" (senior among regimental officers);
"Lieutenant"- "assistant"
"Outbuilding"- "Jr".
"Table of ranks of all ranks of military, civilian and courtiers, in which class the ranks are acquired" was put into effect by the Decree of Emperor Peter I on January 24, 1722 and lasted until December 16, 1917. The word "officer" came into Russian from German. But in German, as in English, the word has a much broader meaning. In relation to the army, this term means all military leaders in general. In a narrower translation, it means - "employee", "clerk", "employee". Therefore, it is quite natural - "non-commissioned officers" - junior commanders, "chief officers" - senior commanders, "headquarters officers" - staff members, "generals" - the main ones. Non-commissioned officer ranks also in those days were not ranks, but were positions. Ordinary soldiers were then named according to their military specialties - musketeer, pikeman, dragoon, etc. There was no name "private", and "soldier", as Peter I wrote, means all military personnel ".. from the highest general to the last musketeer, cavalry or on foot ..." Therefore, soldier and non-commissioned officer ranks were not included in the Table. The well-known names "second lieutenant", "lieutenant" existed in the list of ranks of the Russian army long before the formation of the regular army by Peter I to designate military personnel who are assistants to the captain, that is, the company commander; and continued to be used within the framework of the Table as Russian-language synonyms for the positions "non-commissioned lieutenant" and "lieutenant", that is, "assistant" and "assistant". Well, or if you want - "assistant officer for assignments" and "officer for assignments." The name "ensign" as more understandable (wearing a banner, ensign), quickly replaced the obscure "fendrik", which meant "candidate for an officer position. Over time, the process of separation of the concepts of "position" and "rank" was going on. After the beginning of the 19th century, these concepts were already separated quite clearly. With the development of means of warfare, the advent of technology, when the army became large enough and when it was necessary to compare the official position of a fairly large set of job titles. It was here that the concept of "rank" often began to obscure, divert the concept " position".
However, in the modern army, the position, so to speak, is more important than the rank. According to the charter, seniority is determined by position, and only with equal positions is the one with a higher rank considered older.
According to the "Table of Ranks", the following ranks were introduced: civil, military infantry and cavalry, military artillery and engineering troops, military guards, military fleets.
In the period from 1722-1731, in relation to the army, the system of military ranks looked like this (the corresponding position in brackets)
Lower ranks (ordinary)
By specialty (grenadier. Fuseler ...)
non-commissioned officers
Corporal(part-commander)
Fourier(deputy platoon commander)
Captainarmus
Ensign(foreman of a company, battalion)
Sergeant
Feldwebel
Ensign(Fendrik), junker bayonet (art) (platoon leader)
Second Lieutenant
lieutenant(deputy company commander)
lieutenant captain(company commander)
Captain
Major(deputy battalion commander)
Lieutenant colonel(battalion commander)
Colonel(commander of the regiment)
Brigadier(brigade leader)
generals
Major General(division commander)
lieutenant general(corps commander)
General-anshef (General Feldzekhmeister)- (commander of the army)
Field Marshal General(commander-in-chief, honorary title)
In the Life Guards, the ranks were two classes higher than in the army. In the army artillery and engineering troops, the ranks are one class higher than in the infantry and cavalry. During the period 1731-1765 the concepts of "rank" and "position" are beginning to separate. So in the state of the field infantry regiment of 1732, when indicating the staff ranks, it is already written not just the rank of "quartermaster", but the position indicating the rank: "quartermaster (of the lieutenant rank)". With regard to officers of the company level, the separation of the concepts of "position" and "rank" is not yet observed. In the army "fendrick" is replaced by " ensign", in the cavalry - "cornet". Ranks are being introduced "Second Major" and "Prime Major" During the reign of Empress Catherine II (1765-1798) ranks are introduced in the army infantry and cavalry junior and senior sergeant, sergeant major disappears. Since 1796 in the Cossack units, the names of the ranks are the same as the ranks of the army cavalry and are equated to them, although the Cossack units continue to be listed as irregular cavalry (not part of the army). There is no rank of second lieutenant in the cavalry, and captain corresponds to the captain. During the reign of Emperor Paul I (1796-1801) the concepts of "rank" and "position" in this period are already separated quite clearly. The ranks in the infantry and artillery are compared. Paul I did a lot of useful things to strengthen the army and discipline in it. He forbade the registration of minor noble children in the regiments. All recorded in the regiments were required to serve really. He introduced disciplinary and criminal responsibility of officers for soldiers (preservation of life and health, training, clothing, living conditions) forbade the use of soldiers as labor force on the estates of officers and generals; introduced the awarding of soldiers with insignia of the orders of St. Anne and the Maltese Cross; introduced an advantage in promotion in the ranks of officers who graduated from military educational institutions; ordered to be promoted in ranks only on business qualities and ability to command; introduced holidays for soldiers; limited the duration of officers' vacations to one month a year; dismissed from the army a large number of generals who did not meet the requirements of military service (old age, illiteracy, disability, absence from service for a long time, etc.). Ranks are introduced in the lower ranks ordinary junior and senior salary. In the cavalry sergeant major(company foreman) For Emperor Alexander I (1801-1825) since 1802, all non-commissioned officers of the nobility are called "junker". Since 1811, the rank of "major" was abolished in the artillery and engineering troops and the rank of "ensign" was returned. During the reign of Emperors Nicholas I (1825-1855) , who did a lot to streamline the army, Alexander II (1855-1881) and the beginning of the reign of Emperor Alexander III (1881-1894) Since 1828, army Cossacks have been given ranks other than army cavalry (In the Life Guards Cossack and Life Guards Ataman regiments, the ranks are like those of the entire guards cavalry). The Cossack units themselves are transferred from the category of irregular cavalry to the army. The concepts of "rank" and "position" in this period are already completely separated. Under Nicholas I, the discord in the naming of non-commissioned officers disappears. Since 1884, the rank of warrant officer has been left only for wartime (assigned only during the war, and with its end, all warrant officers are subject to either dismissal or they should be assigned the rank of second lieutenant). The rank of cornet in the cavalry is retained as the first officer rank. He is a class below the infantry lieutenant, but in the cavalry there is no rank of second lieutenant. This equalizes the ranks of infantry and cavalry. In the Cossack units, the classes of officers are equated with the cavalry, but have their own names. In this regard, the rank of military foreman, previously equal to major, now becomes equal to lieutenant colonel
"In 1912, the last General Field Marshal Milyutin Dmitry Alekseevich, who served as Minister of War from 1861 to 1881, dies. This rank was not assigned to anyone else, but nominally this rank was preserved"
In 1910, the rank of Russian Field Marshal was awarded to the King of Montenegro, Nicholas I, and in 1912, to the King of Romania, Carol I.
P.S. After the October Revolution of 1917, by the Decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars (Bolshevik government) of December 16, 1917, all military ranks were abolished ...
The officer epaulettes of the tsarist army were arranged completely differently than modern ones. First of all, the gaps were not part of the galloon, as we have been doing since 1943. In the engineering troops, two harness galloons or one harness and two headquarters officer galloons were simply sewn onto the shoulder strap. For each type of troops, the type of galloon was determined specifically. For example, in the hussar regiments on officer shoulder straps, a galloon of the "hussar zig-zag" type was used. On the shoulder straps of military officials, a "civilian" galloon was used. Thus, the gaps of officer epaulettes were always the same color as the field of soldier epaulettes. If shoulder straps in this part did not have a colored edging (edging), as, say, it was in the engineering troops, then the edgings had the same color as the gaps. But if in part the epaulettes had a colored edging, then it was visible around the officer's epaulette. A silver-colored epaulette button without sides with an extruded double-headed eagle sitting on crossed axes. and letters, or silver monograms (to whom it is necessary). At the same time, the wearing of gilded forged metal stars, which were supposed to be worn only on epaulettes, was widespread.
The placement of the stars was not rigidly fixed and was determined by the size of the encryption. Two stars were supposed to be placed around the encryption, and if it filled the entire width of the shoulder strap, then above it. The third asterisk had to be placed so as to form an equilateral triangle with the two lower ones, and the fourth asterisk was slightly higher. If there is one asterisk on the chase (for the ensign), then it was placed where the third asterisk is usually attached. Special signs were also gilded metal patches, although it was not uncommon to find them embroidered with gold thread. The exception was the special signs of aviation, which were oxidized and had the color of silver with a patina.
1. Epaulette staff captain 20 engineer battalion
2. Epaulette for lower ranks Lancers 2nd Leib Ulansky Courland Regiment 1910
3. Epaulet full general from the cavalry suite His Imperial Majesty Nicholas II. The silver device of the epaulette testifies to the high military rank of the owner (only the marshal was higher)
About the stars on uniform
For the first time, forged five-pointed stars appeared on the epaulettes of Russian officers and generals in January 1827 (during the time of Pushkin). Ensigns and cornets began to wear one golden star, two - lieutenants and major generals, three - lieutenants and lieutenant generals. four - staff captains and staff captains.
A with April 1854 Russian officers began to wear embroidered stars on the newly established shoulder straps. For the same purpose, diamonds were used in the German army, knots in the British, and six-pointed stars in the Austrian.
Although the designation of a military rank on shoulder straps is a characteristic feature of the Russian army and the German one.
Among the Austrians and the British, shoulder straps had a purely functional role: they were sewn from the same material as the tunic so that the shoulder straps would not slip. And the rank was indicated on the sleeve. The five-pointed star, the pentagram is a universal symbol of protection, security, one of the oldest. In ancient Greece, it could be found on coins, on the doors of houses, stables and even on cradles. Among the Druids of Gaul, Britain, Ireland, the five-pointed star (druidic cross) was a symbol of protection from external evil forces. And until now it can be seen on the window panes of medieval Gothic buildings. The French Revolution revived the five-pointed stars as a symbol of the ancient god of war Mars. They denoted the rank of the commanders of the French army - on hats, epaulettes, scarves, on the tails of the uniform.
The military reforms of Nicholas I copied the appearance of the French army - this is how the stars "rolled down" from the French sky to the Russian one.
As for the British army, even during the Anglo-Boer War, stars began to migrate to shoulder straps. This is about officers. For the lower ranks and warrant officers, the insignia remained on the sleeves.
In the Russian, German, Danish, Greek, Romanian, Bulgarian, American, Swedish and Turkish armies, shoulder straps were insignia. In the Russian army, shoulder straps were for both lower ranks and officers. Also in the Bulgarian and Romanian armies, as well as in the Swedish. In the French, Spanish and Italian armies, insignia were placed on the sleeves. In the Greek army, the officers on shoulder straps, on the sleeves of the lower ranks. In the Austro-Hungarian army, the insignia of officers and lower ranks were on the collar, those were lapel. In the German army, only officers had insignia on shoulder straps, while the lower ranks differed from each other by the galloon on the cuffs and collar, as well as the uniform button on the collar. The exception was the so-called Kolonial truppe, where as additional (and in a number of colonies the main) insignia of the lower ranks were chevrons made of silver galloon sewn on the left sleeve of a-la gefreiters of 30-45 years.
It is interesting to note that with service and field uniforms in peacetime, that is, with a tunic of the 1907 model, officers of the hussar regiments wore epaulettes that also differed somewhat from the epaulettes of the rest of the Russian army. For hussar shoulder straps, galloon with the so-called "hussar zigzag" was used
The only unit where epaulets with the same zigzag were worn, except for the hussar regiments, was the 4th battalion (from 1910 a regiment) of the riflemen of the Imperial family. Here is a sample: the epaulette of the captain of the 9th Kiev Hussars.
Unlike the German hussars, who wore uniforms of the same tailoring, differing only in the color of the fabric. With the introduction of khaki shoulder straps, the zigzags also disappeared, the encryption on the shoulder straps indicated belonging to the hussars. For example, "6 G", that is, the 6th Hussar.
In general, the field uniform of the hussars was of the dragoon type, those combined arms. The only difference indicating belonging to the hussars was indicated by boots with a rosette in front. However, the hussar regiments were allowed to wear chakchirs with field uniforms, but not all regiments, but only the 5th and 11th. The wearing of chakchira by the rest of the regiments was a kind of "non-statutory". But during the war, this happened, as well as the wearing by some officers of a saber, instead of the standard Dracoon saber, which was supposed to be with field equipment.
The photograph shows the captain of the 11th Izyum Hussar Regiment K.K. von Rosenshild-Paulin (sitting) and Junker of the Nikolaev Cavalry School K.N. von Rosenshield-Paulin (also later an officer of the Izyum regiment). Captain in summer full dress or dress uniform, i.e. in a tunic of the 1907 model, with galloon epaulettes and the number 11 (note that on the officer epaulettes of the peacetime cavalry regiments, there are only numbers, without the letters "G", "D" or "U"), and blue chakchirs worn by officers of this regiment in all forms of clothing.
Regarding "non-statutory", during the years of the World War, apparently, the wearing of galloon epaulettes of peacetime by hussar officers was also encountered.
on the galloon officer shoulder straps of the cavalry regiments, only numbers were affixed, and there were no letters. which is confirmed by photographs.
Zauryad Ensign- from 1907 to 1917 in the Russian army, the highest military rank for non-commissioned officers. The insignia for ordinary ensigns were ensign shoulder straps with a large (larger than officer's) asterisk in the upper third of the shoulder strap on the line of symmetry. The rank was assigned to the most experienced non-commissioned officers, with the outbreak of the First World War, it began to be assigned to ensigns as an encouragement, often immediately before the first senior officer rank (ensign or cornet) was awarded.
From Brockhaus and Efron:
Zauryad Ensign, military During mobilization, with a lack of persons who meet the conditions for promotion to an officer's rank, some. non-commissioned officers are awarded the rank of Z. Ensign; correcting the duties of a junior. officers, Z. great. limited in the rights of movement in the service.
Interesting history of ensign. In the period 1880-1903. this rank was assigned to graduates of cadet schools (not to be confused with military schools). In the cavalry, he corresponded to the rank of standard junker, in the Cossack troops - to the cadet. Those. it turned out that it was a kind of intermediate rank between the lower ranks and officers. Ensigns who graduated from the Junkers School in the 1st category were promoted to officers not earlier than September of the graduation year, but outside the vacancies. Those who graduated from the 2nd category were promoted to officers not earlier than the beginning of the next year, but only for vacancies, and it turned out that some were waiting for production for several years. According to the order of the BB No. 197 for 1901, with the production in 1903 of the last ensigns, standard junkers and cadets, these ranks were canceled. This was due to the beginning of the transformation of cadet schools into military ones.
Since 1906, the rank of ensign in the infantry and cavalry and cadet in the Cossack troops began to be assigned to overtime non-commissioned officers who graduated from a special school. Thus, this title became the maximum for the lower ranks.
Ensign, standard junker and cadet, 1886:
The epaulette of the staff captain of the Cavalry Guards Regiment and the epaulettes of the staff captain of the Life Guards of the Moscow Regiment.
The first shoulder strap is declared as the shoulder strap of an officer (captain) of the 17th Nizhny Novgorod Dragoon Regiment. But Nizhny Novgorod residents should have a dark green piping along the edge of the shoulder strap, and the monogram should be of an applied color. And the second shoulder strap is presented as the shoulder strap of a second lieutenant of the guards artillery (with such a monogram in the guards artillery there were shoulder straps of officers of only two batteries: the 1st battery of the Life Guards of the 2nd Artillery Brigade and the 2nd battery of the Guards Horse Artillery), but the shoulder strap button should not whether to have in this case an eagle with cannons.
Major(Spanish mayor - more, stronger, more significant) - the first rank of senior officers.
The title originated in the 16th century. The major was responsible for guarding and feeding the regiment. When the regiments were divided into battalions, the battalion commander, as a rule, became a major.
In the Russian army, the rank of major was introduced by Peter I in 1698, and abolished in 1884.
Prime Major - a staff officer rank in the Russian imperial army of the 18th century. He belonged to the VIII class of the "Table of Ranks".
According to the charter of 1716, the majors were divided into prime majors and second majors.
The Prime Major was in charge of the combat and inspector units in the regiment. He commanded the 1st battalion, and in the absence of the regimental commander - the regiment.
The division into prime and second majors was abolished in 1797."
"It appeared in Russia as a rank and position (deputy regiment commander) in the streltsy army at the end of the 15th - early 16th centuries. In the streltsy regiments, as a rule, lieutenant colonels (often of "mean" origin) performed all administrative functions for the head of the streltsy, appointed from among the nobles or boyars In the XVII century and the beginning of the XVIII century, the rank (rank) and position was referred to as a lieutenant colonel due to the fact that the lieutenant colonel usually, in addition to his other duties, commanded the second “half” of the regiment - the back rows in formation and the reserve (before the introduction of the battalion formation of regular soldier regiments) From the moment the Table of Ranks was introduced until its abolition in 1917, the rank (rank) of lieutenant colonel belonged to the VII class of the Table of Ranks and gave the right to hereditary nobility until 1856. In 1884, after the abolition of the rank of major in the Russian army, all majors (with the exception of the dismissed or those who have stained themselves with unseemly misconduct) are promoted to lieutenant colonels.
INSIGNIA OF CIVIL OFFICERS OF THE MILITARY MINISTRY (here are military topographers)
Ranks of the Imperial Military Medical Academy
Chevrons of combatant lower ranks of extra-long service according to "Regulations on the lower ranks of the non-commissioned officer rank, remaining voluntarily in extra-long active service" dated 1890.
From left to right: Up to 2 years, Over 2 to 4 years, Over 4 to 6 years, Over 6 years
To be precise, the article, from which these drawings are borrowed, says the following: "... the awarding of chevrons to super-enlisted lower ranks holding the positions of sergeant majors (wahmisters) and platoon non-commissioned officers (fireworks) of combatant companies, squadrons, batteries was carried out:
- Upon admission to long-term service - a silver narrow chevron
- At the end of the second year of long-term service - a silver wide chevron
- At the end of the fourth year of long-term service - a gold narrow chevron
- At the end of the sixth year of long-term service - a gold wide chevron"
In army infantry regiments to designate the ranks of corporal, ml. and senior non-commissioned officers, an army white braid was used.
1. The rank of WRITTEN, since 1991, exists in the army only in wartime.
With the beginning of the Great War, ensigns graduate from military schools and ensign schools.
2. The rank of WARNING OFFICER of the reserve, in peacetime, on the shoulder straps of an ensign, wears a galloon patch against the device at the lower rib.
3. The rank of WRITTEN OFFICER, in this rank in wartime, when military units are mobilized with a shortage of junior officers, the lower ranks are renamed from non-commissioned officers with an educational qualification, or from sergeants without
educational qualification. From 1891 to 1907, warrant officers on the shoulder straps of an ensign also wear rank stripes, from which they were renamed.
4. Title ZAURYAD-WRITTEN OFFICER (since 1907). Shoulder straps of a lieutenant with an officer's star and a transverse stripe according to the position. Chevron sleeve 5/8 inches, angle up. Shoulder straps of an officer's standard were retained only by those who were renamed Z-Pr. during the Russo-Japanese War and remained in the army, for example, as a sergeant major.
5. The title of WRITTEN OFFICER-ZURYAD of the State Militia Squad. Non-commissioned officers of the reserve were renamed into this rank, or, in the presence of an educational qualification, who served for at least 2 months as a non-commissioned officer of the State Militia Squad and was appointed junior officer of the squad. Ensigns-zauryad wore epaulettes of an active duty ensign with a galloon stripe of instrument color sewn into the lower part of the epaulettes.
Cossack ranks and titles
On the lowest rung of the service ladder stood an ordinary Cossack, corresponding to an ordinary infantry. This was followed by an orderly, who had one badge and corresponded to a corporal in the infantry. The next rung of the career ladder is the junior officer and the senior officer, corresponding to the junior non-commissioned officer, non-commissioned officer and senior non-commissioned officer and with the number of badges characteristic of modern sergeants. This was followed by the rank of sergeant major, who was not only in the Cossacks, but also in the non-commissioned officers of the cavalry and horse artillery.
In the Russian army and gendarmerie, the sergeant-major was the closest assistant to the commander of a hundred, squadron, battery for drill, internal order and economic affairs. The rank of sergeant major corresponded to the rank of sergeant major in the infantry. According to the regulation of 1884, introduced by Alexander III, the next rank in the Cossack troops, but only for wartime, was the cadet, an intermediate rank between a lieutenant and ensign in the infantry, which was also introduced in wartime. In peacetime, in addition to the Cossack troops, these ranks existed only for reserve officers. The next degree in the chief officer ranks is cornet, corresponding to a second lieutenant in the infantry and a cornet in the regular cavalry.
According to his official position, he corresponded to a junior lieutenant in the modern army, but wore shoulder straps with a blue gap on a silver field (the applied color of the Don Cossacks) with two stars. In the old army, compared to the Soviet one, the number of stars was one more. Next came the centurion - the chief officer rank in the Cossack troops, corresponding to a lieutenant in the regular army. The centurion wore epaulettes of the same design, but with three stars, corresponding in his position to a modern lieutenant. A higher step - podesaul.
This rank was introduced in 1884. In the regular troops, it corresponded to the rank of staff captain and staff captain.
The podesaul was an assistant or deputy to the Yesaul and in his absence he commanded a Cossack hundred.
Shoulder straps of the same design, but with four stars.
According to his official position, he corresponds to a modern senior lieutenant. And the highest rank of chief officer rank is Yesaul. It is worth talking about this rank especially, since in a purely historical sense, the people who wore it held positions in both civil and military departments. In various Cossack troops, this position included various official prerogatives.
The word comes from the Turkic "yasaul" - chief.
In the Cossack troops it was first mentioned in 1576 and was used in the Ukrainian Cossack army.
Yesauls were general, military, regimental, hundreds, stanitsa, marching and artillery. General Yesaul (two per Army) - the highest rank after the hetman. In peacetime, general captains performed inspection functions, in war they commanded several regiments, and in the absence of a hetman, the entire Army. But this is typical only for Ukrainian Cossacks. Troop captains were chosen on the Military Circle (in the Don and most others, two per Army, in the Volga and Orenburg - one each). Dealt with administrative matters. Since 1835, they were appointed as adjutants to the military ataman. Regimental captains (originally two per regiment) performed the duties of staff officers, were the closest assistants to the regiment commander.
Hundreds of Yesauls (one per hundred) commanded hundreds. This link did not take root in the Don Cossacks after the first centuries of the existence of the Cossacks.
The stanitsa Yesauls were typical only for the Don Cossacks. They were selected at stanitsa gatherings and were assistants to the stanitsa atamans. They performed the functions of assistants to the marching chieftain, in the 16th-17th centuries, in his absence, they commanded the army, later they were executors of the orders of the marching chieftain. The artillery captain (one per Army) was subordinate to the chief of artillery and carried out his instructions.
Only the military captain was preserved under the military ataman of the Don Cossack army. In 1798 - 1800. the rank of captain was equated to the rank of captain in the cavalry. Yesaul, as a rule, commanded a Cossack hundred. Corresponded to the official position of the modern captain. He wore epaulettes with a blue gap on a silver field without stars. Next come the headquarters officer ranks. In fact, after the reform of Alexander III in 1884, the rank of Yesaul entered this rank, in connection with which the major link was removed from the headquarters officer ranks, as a result of which the soldier from the captains immediately became a lieutenant colonel. The name of this rank comes from the ancient name of the executive authority of the Cossacks. In the second half of the 18th century, this name, in a modified form, spread to persons who commanded certain branches of the Cossack army. Since 1754, the military foreman was equated with a major, and with the abolition of this rank in 1884, with a lieutenant colonel. He wore shoulder straps with two blue gaps on a silver field and three large stars.
Well, then comes the colonel, shoulder straps are the same as those of the military foreman, but without stars. Starting from this rank, the service ladder is unified with the general army, since the purely Cossack names of the ranks disappear. The official position of a Cossack general fully corresponds to the general ranks of the Russian Army.
