Preparation for school

KGB school of the ussr. Academy of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation. Daily life of students

Story

Graduates of the school in the 1960s and 1980s took part in countering foreign special services and conducting operational and combat activities. Title of Hero Soviet Union V. Belyuzhenko, G. Zaitsev, V. Karpukhin, B. Sokolov received special assignments.

Structure

As the deputy head of the academy, Major General Sergei Kolobashkin, noted in 2001, 40 academicians and corresponding members of various academies of sciences, more than 100 doctors and 400 candidates of sciences are engaged in scientific and teaching work at the academy. According to him, "for five years of study, students, in addition to fundamental counterintelligence knowledge, receive a full-fledged legal education, deep language and military training."

The system of additional professional education at the academy includes advanced training and retraining of existing employees, as well as special training for people with higher education... The system of additional education operates at all faculties, but the main one is the Faculty of Leadership Training (FPRK).

The structure of the Academy includes (ICSI), leading training of specialists in the field of transmission, protection and processing of information. In 1949, by a resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the Higher School of Cryptographers was created, and a closed branch was established at the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of Moscow State University by a resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. Later, on the basis of their merger, the technical faculty of the Higher School of the KGB of the USSR was created. Since 1992, the Technical Faculty of the Higher School was transformed into the Institute of Cryptography, Communications and Informatics (ICSI). The main areas of training are: cryptography, applied mathematics, computer science and computer technology, electronic engineering, radio engineering and communications.

Women can study at the Academy only at the Faculty of Translators, but for a short period since 1994, girls also studied at the Faculty of Investigation.

Bosses

1970-1974 - Nikitchenko Vitaly Fedotovich
since 2000 - Vlasov Valentin Alexandrovich

Notes (edit)

Links

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See what the "Higher School of the KGB" is in other dictionaries:

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- (Committee for State Security) (KGB) Created in 1953, was responsible for external. intelligence, counterintelligence and the fight against internal. crimes against the state. The most famous chairman of the KGB is Yuri Andropov ... ... Political science. Dictionary.

The KGB- (KGB) (abbr. Name. State Security Committee). Created in 1953, was responsible for external. intelligence, counterintelligence and the fight against internal. crimes against the state. The most famous chairman of the KGB Yuri Andropov (1967 82), who later became ... ... The World History

KGB of the USSR- KGB KGB of the USSR State Security Committee under the Council of Ministers of the USSR from March 13, 1954 to December 1991, earlier: USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs MGB USSR after: SMB USSR state, USSR KGB Dictionaries: Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations of the army and special services. Compiled by A. A. Shchelokov. ... ... Dictionary of abbreviations and acronyms

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Multiple m .; = kagebe State Security Committee. Efremova's Explanatory Dictionary. T.F. Efremova. 2000 ... Modern Dictionary Russian language Efremova

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Books

KGB. A History of Foreign Policy Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev, Christopher Andrew, Oleg Gordievsky, This book is rightfully considered the best study on Soviet foreign intelligence - largely thanks to the unique information of Oleg Gordievsky, a KGB officer who fled to the West at one time ... Category:

At the beginning of 1963, I learned that in the fall there would be a large enrollment for the graduate school of the KGB Graduate School. I had a thought about graduate school even in my student years. However, I myself believed, and now I am firmly convinced of this: it is necessary to sit down for a dissertation after several years of practical work. It is better both for the future scientist and for the cause. And in 1953 I made an attempt to enter the correspondence postgraduate study of MGIMO in the Department of State Law, which was headed by my former dean V.P. Radkov. But my superiors were reluctant to indulge in such desires, believing that studying in graduate school would distract the employee from operational work.

What can you say here? And it took a decade for the leaders to understand that intelligence and counterintelligence, like other lines of operational activity, must be put on solid scientific basis, to train not artisans, but specialists of the highest category.

And lean, in 1963, I thought: “Do I have a prospect in Glavka now? Doubtful. So, maybe go to graduate school, change the nature of work? " And I decided: "I'll go!"

In that year, operatives with at least 10 years of practical experience were recruited to the postgraduate course of the General Staff School of the KGB. I was 13 years old, of which almost 5 were in France. I was suitable for graduate school in all respects.

He took the exams in mid-November 1963. I had no problems with a foreign language. I knew special disciplines, but in practice. For the exam, this was not enough, since by that time in the educational institutions of the KGB, teachers and practitioners had written a significant number of textbooks and lectures on various aspects of intelligence and other subversive activities of the enemy's special services against the USSR and other socialist countries. I had to not only read these works, but also evaluate them from the point of view of an intelligence officer who had worked for more than one year abroad and was directly confronted with enemy intelligence and counterintelligence.

The exam in special disciplines was successful, but somewhat unusual. As soon as I began to answer the first question, the head of the school, Lieutenant General Yevgeny Petrovich Pitovranov, entered the audience. In the state security agencies, he went from an ordinary employee to a deputy minister. He was also the chief of intelligence. After listening, Evgeny Ivanovich asked:

Have you read the work on intelligence communications prepared by the second department?

I read it, however, in a manuscript.

What can you say about her?

The work is good. It is needed both for the educational process and for practitioners. But not without drawbacks: a number of definitions need to be clarified and certain sections must be finalized, taking into account the requirements of secrecy in the communication process in a modern environment. The question of the relationship between legal and illegal forms and methods of communication in operational work is not clearly stated. On the one hand, the intensification of the counterintelligence services of the enemy forces us to refuse personal meetings with agents, and on the other, we see that in the current political situation, agents more than before need personal meetings with a scout.

New questions followed regarding daily work abroad. I answered in detail, the general listened attentively. As a result, the exam was reduced to a conversation with Yevgeny Petrovich. And in form it was not an exam, but a conversation between a general, wise in life and experience, with a lieutenant colonel who knows and knows a lot and is nevertheless ready to learn. The conversation went on for over an hour.

About five minutes after me, Evgeny Petrovich also left the audience. Passing by, he smiled friendly.

On December 1, 1963, I became a graduate student of the Higher Red Banner School of the KGB of the USSR named after F.E. Dzerzhinsky.

The first two or three months of study were the most difficult for me. There was a deep restructuring in consciousness, in the mode of work and rest, the rhythm of life changed completely: for the first time after the student period, there was an opportunity to be free to dispose of your time. It was hard to get used to not having to go to work in the morning, but staying at home and reading books; that there are no letters and telegrams from Paris to which one should immediately respond, and there is no need to go to a report two or three times a day to the authorities of different levels.

I adapted to my new life in three or four months. During this time, he developed a plan-prospectus for the dissertation, determined the range of operational cases and priority sources from among the "closed" literature, necessary for use in the work. He worked with classified materials in the archives of the Main Directorate and in the special library of the School. With open ones - in the Lenin Library, the Historical Library and at home.

At the department I was received in a friendly way. What mattered was age, rank and the fact that he had experience of overseas work. Six months later I was included in the team of authors for the preparation study guide on a topic close to the topic of the dissertation. It was a great success.

I was appointed scientific supervisor, Candidate of Legal Sciences, Associate Professor Evgeny Borisovich Peskov. He was a 1948 MGIMO graduate. This contributed to the establishment between us, one might say, informal relations. He was not involved in petty tutelage, he was in charge of large-scale. I came to him with ready-made pieces of work. He read it, then we discussed it with him. Something was accepted immediately, something was altered, redrawn. With some remarks, especially on the "technology" of scientific work, I agreed without objection, and when it came to the practical side of the activities of the enemy's special services and our intelligence abroad, a discussion was started, which sometimes involved the teachers of the department.

He taught to engage in science not in words, but in deeds. First of all, he made me an active participant in the discussions of various teaching materials and dissertations prepared at the department. It was both interesting and useful, broadened one's horizons, helped to prepare for candidate exam on special disciplines. At the same time he introduced him to teaching work. It so happened that at the department at one time there was no teacher who could lead seminars on regional studies in groups specializing in

France. He instructed me to do this. Of all the sessions with the listeners, the most interesting were, perhaps, practical sessions on recruiting agents and other sections of the program. It was then a new, invented at the department, form of study, which later became widespread.

Pedagogical practice, constant participation in the work of the department, and after graduating from graduate school and in the work of the departments of political economy and foreign languages, I was very useful in the future, when - in 1978 - I was appointed head of the department for one of the special disciplines at the Institute of the First Main Directorate of the KGB of the USSR ( now - the Academy of Foreign Intelligence).

In the meantime, I continued to study in graduate school. After a while, having written a dissertation and successfully defended it, I became a senior research fellow at the research and publishing department of the Higher School.

A year after defending my thesis, I was awarded the academic title of "Senior Researcher", and after it - military rank"Colonel".

During my work at the Higher School, I wrote a lot, was the executive secretary of Scientific Works, organized scientific and theoretical conferences, lectured at the Higher School itself, at the KGB educational institutions in Minsk and Novosibirsk, at the Intelligence Institute, in operational units.

During this time, our children have grown up. In 1970, her daughter graduated high school and applied to the Faculty of History of Moscow State University.

I owe a lot to the Higher School of the Red Banner of the KGB of the USSR. But the time has come to change the profession, or, more correctly, to return to the old one.

On July 7, 1971, having passed through the checkpoint of a closed object near Moscow for the first time, I joined the number of applicants of the 2nd (counterintelligence) faculty of the KGB Higher School. Much later we learned that earlier it was the famous "School No. 101", where Soviet intelligence officers were trained, and even earlier - the base for the formation and training of operational KGB detachments that were thrown into the rear of German troops during the war years. Later, a training base for the KGB special forces was created here - the Improvement Courses for the Operational Staff (KUOS), which trained employees for the Alpha and Vympel divisions.
Actually, the Higher School itself (as a special higher educational institution under the program of law schools) was formed in accordance with the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of July 15, 1952. And yet its pedigree "HSE" (since August 1992 - the Academy of the Federal Security Service RF) conducts from a three-month training course for Cheka employees, which began their work on April 23, 1921.

In the Cheka on the announcement

The issue of creating training courses for Chekists was considered by the board of the Cheka already on April 5, 1918. The newspaper Izvestia VTSIK wrote on July 7, 1918 that “at the present time, as it turned out at the All-Russian Cheka Conference, in many places there is an acute shortage of knowledgeable, trained workers in the fight against counter-revolution and speculation. On this basis, the Cheka will organize instructor courses, which will soon begin to function. " And on August 13, she informed readers that from August 8, at the premises of the Cheka (Bolshaya Lubyanka, Varsonofyevsky per., 7) from 11 to 14 hours, both persons with recommendations of the RCP (b) and representatives of provincial and district Cheka are enrolled in courses. ...

In September, the opening of three-week courses with the number of students 100-120 people took place. The program of the courses provided for the study of the history of the labor movement, of international importance October revolution, the rights and duties of the commissars of the Cheka, the production of inquiries, the forms and methods of combating counter-revolution, speculation and ex officio crimes - these were the main threats to the security of the new state. Classes were conducted by members of the board and senior officials of the Cheka I.K. Ksenofontov, D.G. Evseev, I.N. Polukarov, G.S. Moroz, V.V. Fomin and others.

On August 11 of the following year, two-month courses began to work, and in 1921 - three-month courses for the training of investigators, intelligence officers and commissioners of emergency commissions. These courses were located in an old estate on Pokrovka, 27. In 1922, they were transformed into the Higher Courses of the GPU, which became the predecessor of both the network of courses and schools of the GPU, and the future Higher School of the KGB.

One of the first manuals for counterintelligence officers "Red counterintelligence" was written by S.S. Turlo in 1920. In 1924, with the help of I.P. Zaldata prepared a new book "Espionage", which for many years became, in fact, one of the best textbooks on counterintelligence. The first textbooks on special disciplines for the courses of the Cheka-OGPU also appear: "Brief information from agent intelligence" (1919), "Canvas of agent intelligence" (1921). In 1925, the textbook "Technique of the Counterintelligence Service" was published, three years later - "Economic Counterrevolution", "Essays on the History of Punitive Bodies", "ABC of Counterintelligence", "Brief Essays on Anti-Soviet Political Parties", etc. In the educational process, the book K .TO. Zvonareva "Agent Intelligence". These works interpreted and analyzed the experience of both Soviet intelligence and counterintelligence, and the security agencies of the Russian empire.

On September 8, 1930, the Central School was formed, teaching in which was conducted by the leading employees of the OGPU - V.A. Styrne, N.G. Nikolaev-Zhurid, B.I. Goodz. The course on the history of the Cheka was taught by Ya.S. Agranov. In March 1939, the Central School was renamed the Higher School of the NKVD of the USSR. Its main building was located at 3 Leningradsky Prospekt, where the Academy of the Border Troops is now located. And in the years of the Great Patriotic War here, special detachments were also trained for operations behind enemy lines along the line of the front-line 4th directorate of the NKVD of the USSR. In particular, the future Heroes of the Soviet Union V.A. Lyagin (head of the illegal residency of the NKVD in Nikolaev), V.A. Molodtsov (head of the "Fort" task force in occupied Odessa), commander of the "Mitya" and "Winners" special detachments D.N. Medvedev, the legendary intelligence officer N.I. Kuznetsov. After a short evacuation from January 20, 1942 in the building on Leningradsky Prospekt, three-month courses for the operational personnel were resumed. In total, 1941-1945. 7135 employees of the NKVD-NKGB were trained here.

MY "TOWER"

In 1971, for the penultimate time in the counterintelligence faculty, along with military personnel and applicants who had already served in the army, high school graduates were admitted. But the competition for us, yesterday's tenth graders, was separate and amounted to 19 passing points out of 20.

The high school of the KGB gave an excellent education. As they say today - "four in one": special, legal, linguistic, secondary military. But the foundation and core of the training were precisely legal and special disciplines. Special disciplines were what is now called operational-search activity and is governed by open rules of law. Among the legal disciplines, special attention was understandably paid to criminal law and procedure, as well as administrative and international law.

The main thing that the teachers taught us was strict adherence to the rules of law, strict observance of the rule of law. Considerable attention was also paid to prevention and prevention, that is, to prevent the implementation of criminal intentions. There was a whole arsenal of means of preventing criminal actions. I would like to emphasize that it is within the legal framework, but I will not dwell on them for quite understandable reasons. Of course, we were also told about the unjustified repressions of the 30-50s, although then we, like the teachers themselves, did not and could not know their true scale. As a lawyer and citizen, I cannot help but feel a sense of shame and deep regret over these facts, but this is really the truth about the history of our Motherland. I draw special attention to all these circumstances due to the fact that special emphasis in the process of teaching students of the Higher School of the KGB was made precisely on the strict observance of the rules of law, on the prevention of violations of the law and abuse of power.

Of course, a considerable amount of time was taken up by the students studying foreign languages - both European and Eastern, and since 1979 - and African (in total, 34 foreign languages were taught at HSE). Moreover, the level of language training was so high that many graduates later became not only translators, but also teachers. Including such complex languages as Arabic, Japanese, Chinese, Urdu, Pashto, Swahili and the like. Frankly, at that time the need to study military disciplines was in doubt, although this was later useful to many of my classmates - after all, they had to visit more than a dozen "hot spots" both abroad and on the territory of our country. And now I am deeply convinced that military training is necessary for the Chekists, security officials, and not only for military counterintelligence, although we are given examples of allegedly "demilitarized" foreign special services.

Great, only later conscious help was provided to us by the teacher of "special discipline No. 1" A.I. Kurchatov. At first we did not really like him for his pedantry, scrupulous exactingness in the design of educational documents, as it seemed to us, numerous repetitions. Thus, he strove to consolidate the knowledge, skills and abilities necessary in our work. When we gathered a few years after graduating from HSE, it turned out that many people retained their gratitude and gratitude to him, "who gave exactly what was needed, which is especially important," although his didactic techniques were not perceived as such at the beginning.

It seems to me that, unlike the current generation of listeners, we then had a cult of learning: the majority, including those who had families and young children, studied eagerly, energetically, persistently. Perhaps this determined the quite natural result that many generals, heads of departments of state security bodies, left only one course. This, in particular, Colonel-General A.G. Bezverkhny, Lieutenant General S.M. Minakov, Major General I.V. Ermakov. Many of them went through Afghanistan first, and then dozens of "hot spots" already on the territory of our country.

I cannot but recall my "classmate" Valera Kurilov, an exceptionally gifted person who wrote poetry both in Russian and English, played the guitar, sang and drew beautifully. Only much later did I learn that Valera was among those who took the Taj Bek Palace in Kabul on December 27, 1979 ... school and the years of study in it, my classmates and colleagues who, not sparing their lives, performed their service and military duty.From this book I learned that our teacher of physical training Alexander Ivanovich Dolmatov was the deputy commander of the special squad "Zenith", headed by a former teacher of the Higher KGB schools Hero of the Soviet Union Grigory Ivanovich Boyarinov (he was the head of the KUOS and died during the storming of the Taj-Bek palace).

In his book, Valery expressed the hope that it might become a help not only for those studying Afghanistan, but also for other students of Chekist universities. His hopes were justified - teachers strongly recommend this book for the students to familiarize themselves with as an additional teaching aid. And there really is a lot to learn from it.

WHAT IS NOT ALREADY

In general, HSE in the 70s provided listeners with a lot of opportunities for development, intellectual and spiritual growth (foreign languages, including studying them in optional courses by those who wish; a good library with many periodicals, including foreign languages, interlibrary exchange possibilities). At the same time, I think there were some drawbacks. Among them, I would name, first of all, the absence of a special course "Introduction to the specialty" (they began to read it at the Higher School of the KGB in the mid-80s as a tribute to the dictates of the times and the requirements of the Ministry of Higher Education, but, unfortunately, in the 90s it was reintroduced. " dropped out "from the training schedule). It seems to me that the course "Hygiene of mental work" is also very important, although it could be somewhat expanded by raising the question of preserving the health of students during the training period as a whole.

We also did not have a course "Fundamentals of Scientific Research", although it is, in my opinion, the best way to form a creative, thinking outside the box. Such a course as another kind of "tribute to fashion" was introduced at the Higher School in the mid-1980s, but, unfortunately, again dropped out of the training schedule at the FSB Academy.
More details:

Irregular working hours, the ability to squeeze all the juice out of employees, the skills of interpreting and assimilating huge amounts of information, the ability to succeed in a hostile environment. Add to this a specific knowledge of finance, economics and management theory - and you have an ambitious business school graduate, aiming to become the CEO of a serious company.

You don't have to add specific knowledge - and then you have an ambitious graduate of the KGB intelligence school, who understands nothing about financial models, but is well prepared physically, knows how to break away from surveillance and shoot accurately.

Are the former security officers capable of effectively running a business? This is not an idle question in a country where people from the special services control not only all branches of government, but also the commanding heights in the economy. It will be possible to reliably assess the weight of this stratum (or rather, the superstructure) only in fifty years, when the archives of the special services are opened. But nothing prevents now from assessing the qualifications of those who in the 1970s-1980s were prepared for a secret war with an external enemy and who, ironically, became the cream of the "national bourgeoisie" - this is how the founder of the network described the class that should control the main assets in the country "Seventh Continent" Vladimir Gruzdev, billionaire and former intelligence officer.

Who went to reconnaissance

The State Security Committee was a monster-like agency: here there is the secret police, and anti-terror (with an admixture of terror), and the border service, and the protection of the first persons of the state, and intelligence, and counterintelligence. But in the modern elite, the former headquarters of the KGB are unevenly represented. “There is a big difference between the cadres that were selected for intelligence and for other KGB departments. There was nothing in common between the First Directorate (intelligence) and, for example, the Ninth (government security) or the Fifth (fight against dissent), says the former officer of the First Main Directorate (PGU), State Duma deputy Alexander Lebedev, who controls the National Reserve Corporation with assets in several billion dollars. - There were Chinese walls between the departments. Personnel for them were selected in completely different ways. " "The service employees were better prepared ... better financially, they did not have to do dirty work, that is, to fight internal subversive elements," the last chief of Soviet intelligence, Leonid Shebarshin, praised his subordinates in his memoirs.

The arguments of Shebarshin and Lebedev can be perceived as a desire to "raise" their own department. But even a cursory glance at the current elite confirms their words. Former GDR residency officer Vladimir Putin runs the country. First Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Ivanov is responsible for the defense industry, and at the same time for all mechanical engineering. Lebedev and Gruzdev are playing with billions. These are all retired scouts. Their unseen colleagues may also occupy other positions of responsibility.

President of Russian Railways Vladimir Yakunin in 1985-1991. worked in the USSR mission to the UN in New York. The CIA has always considered this office the main spy nest in America, but in the official biography of Yakunin there is no confirmation of these suspicions, and he himself only jokes about direct questions about his professional past. The general director of Rosoboronexport, Sergei Chemezov, who is about to take the chair of the head of the Russian Technologies state corporation, worked in the GDR at the same time as Putin. According to the official version, he was a representative of a certain Experimental and Production Association "Luch". Published three years ago, the memoirs of a Soviet intelligence agent, covered by the pseudonym Vladimir Usoltsev, describes the friendship of two officers of the Dresden reconnaissance group - Sergei (in whom Chemezov is identified) and Volodya (Putin). Sergei and Volodya, Usoltsev says (under this pseudonym, perhaps the former intelligence officer Vladimir Gortanov is hiding), they even shared one service "Lada" for two.

The president of VTB, the second largest universal bank in Russia, Andrei Kostin worked at the embassy in London at the same time as Lebedev, and in 1992 they became co-founders of the Russian Investment and Financial Company. The official biography of Kostin does not say anything about intelligence, which did not prevent the Times from cautiously ranking him among the cohort of "former spies" that have flooded London in recent years. President of the State Corporation "Bank for Development and Foreign Economic Affairs" with assets of $ 30 billion, Vladimir Dmitriev, at the end of the 1980s, served at the Soviet embassy in Sweden as the first adviser to the ambassador - a position that the Swedish special services took on a pencil back in the early 1960s, when one of their predecessors Dmitriev was caught on espionage. The chairman of the board of directors of Rosneft Igor Sechin, under whom the oil company became the largest in Russia, in the 1980s. worked in Mozambique and Angola, which were torn by the civil war, where his knowledge of the Portuguese language was very useful. All these respected people can start publicly proud of their military past only with the special permission of the head of the Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR), who recently became former Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov. By the way, he is fluent in two techniques, which, according to Ivanov's recollections, were taught at the intelligence school: "not to stand out from the crowd", as well as "to speak professionally and talk about nothing a lot."

School of the invisible

The main forge of personnel for the Soviet special services was the Higher School of the KGB (now the Academy of the FSB), but specialists of the PSU, which was transformed into the Foreign Intelligence Service after the collapse of the USSR, were forged by a special intelligence school - the Andropov Red Banner Institute (now the Academy of Foreign Intelligence). Cadet Putin bore the pseudonym Platov in it.

Like the best business schools, the intelligence school was very picky about the selection of its students. Upon admission, their ability to languages was tested, they passed serious tests for general erudition. As in a business school, they entered the Red Banner Institute for a second education. The first diploma was necessary for applicants because it provided the intelligence officer with a convincing legend. Lebedev, for example, graduated from the Faculty of Economics at MGIMO, Yuri Kobaladze, who worked undercover in Great Britain, graduated from the Faculty of International Journalism of the same university, and Shebarshin taught oriental languages there. Abroad, Lebedev and Shebarshin served in Soviet embassies, and Kobaladze worked as a correspondent for the State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company. But a graduate of the law faculty of Leningrad University, KGB Major Putin, his first diploma came in handy upon returning from Germany when he was employed in the first alma mater.

The next hurdle was psychological testing. An effective spy needs not only intelligence and erudition, but also a specific personality, because he has to lie convincingly, hide his feelings and thoughts. An interview with a psychologist was not relieved by the track record of a candidate who had already worked in the authorities. “Surveillance personnel often develop an unnatural demeanor when they find themselves in a deserted place. They improvise, and not always successfully, - Shebarshin explained the shortcomings of subcontractors. "They are betrayed by internal tension." Nikolai Rabchonok, who until October 2007 headed the Belarusian Institute of National Security (formerly the Higher Courses of the KGB), explained in an interview with the Express Novosti weekly: “To resist, one must have a large margin of safety, including genetically built ones.” “Extrovert and Introvert. In its pure form, neither type is suitable for work in intelligence, - writes Usoltsev. "Volodya [Putin] was a good mixture: he was both at the same time."

Having passed the selection, the lucky ones found themselves behind the barbed wire, which the coveted university was fenced with. What were they taught here for three years, six days a week? The school day began at eight in the morning with an hour of physical training: cross-country running, gymnastics, swimming, wrestling, skiing. Classes were held from 9 to 18 with a break for an hour lunch, writes American John Barron in his book "KGB Today", who learned these details from the defector Stanislav Levchenko.

Former teacher of the Higher School of the KGB Oleg Khlobustov describes the training of counterintelligence officers as follows: “The school gave an excellent education, four in one - special, legal, linguistic, secondary military. The basis and core of the training were legal and special disciplines. The main thing that we were taught is strict adherence to the rules of law, strict observance of the rule of law. " The scouts, who were also taught socialist legality, had a more difficult time: they had to imitate strict adherence to the enemy's laws, trampling them in a rude manner. The preparations bore fruit: Putin once criticized the tangled economic legislation of the 1990s, but stressed that whoever wanted to, could well abide by it.

At school, future intelligence officers were to master the skills of working on themselves and working with people. “A certain professional quality is instilled in us - I don’t want to use the bad word“ pretend ”- to look the way the interlocutor expects from us. It gradually enters the bloodstream ... It helps to solve problems, "Shebarshin said. In the early years of Putin's rule, people who attended audiences in the Kremlin always left the president feeling that he accepted their point of view. It was often completely false.

A scout who does not know how to compose a psychological portrait of a person, find his weaknesses, subjugate and make him work for himself is bad. Levchenko told Barron that he recruited several agents in Japan in the 1970s, guided by the knowledge of motivation taught in school. It was believed there that one of four factors could push an object to cooperate with the KGB: money, ideology, compromising evidence and vanity. The second factor, of course, is preferable - it allowed saving scarce foreign currency.

It is one thing to recruit, and quite another to achieve service, not out of fear, but out of conscience. Here, a set of qualities will be required, which in modern management theory are denoted as “ emotional intelligence": The ability to" inspire, inspire, excite, maintain high motivation and dedication "(from the annotation to one of the guidelines for managers aspiring to become emotional leaders). The abstract almost literally echoes the characterization of "Volodya", which Usoltsev cites: "He instilled a feeling of confidence in those around him - it became clear to everyone that he would achieve his goal." Sergei Ivanov is also good at motivating his subordinates. “He is never too lazy to thank for the help, to ask for it. He does not think that everyone is obliged to him simply because he is a receiver-transmitter and everyone should walk on tiptoe around, '' says a former high-ranking official. "If you want people to work with you and work with dedication, you need to be more generous with emotions." According to him, Ivanov does it better than another first deputy prime minister, Dmitry Medvedev.

At the school, the intelligence officers were prepared for the fact that on a coveted foreign business trip, which lasted, as a rule, five years, they would have to plow for two: to carry out both official and secret work. Poor performance of "basic" duties by journalists, diplomats, and trade representatives could give them away. “For many years abroad, I have never seen a person in the embassies who would break down under the overwhelming burden of work,” Shebarshin recalls. "The scout must be able to work and carry a double load." In fairness, we note that not only intelligence officers were accustomed to irregular working hours. Eugene Kaspersky, the founder of Kaspersky Lab, studied at the KGB Graduate School as a cryptographer. “I am very grateful to this educational institution for being taught there not only to work, but to work hard,” says a graduate of the technical faculty of HSE.

In the sea of life

By the end of the 1980s, Soviet intelligence officers were deeply disappointed. “Our work was an obvious profanation,” writes Usoltsev. Putin had the same feelings: "What we did turned out to be of no use to anyone." The collapse of the Union opened before these strong-willed and capable people completely new perspectives.

Alas, the intelligence school did not give any business skills: the KPSS vigilantly monitored the ideological purity of its avenging sword. Even if the spy worked under the guise of a businessman, he had to coordinate his business decisions with his superiors. Once, says Barron, a Soviet spy in the United States, Rudy Herman, offered the Center to buy shares in IBM and pay for his son's education with the income from them. The answer came as follows: “Your proposal to invest in a Wall Street firm seems unacceptable and contradicts the principles of Marxism-Leninism. Stop thinking about money and the sweet life. Stop thinking and acting like a capitalist. " The center has reprimanded Rudy on several occasions for giving too much attention to the development of his film business.

Freed from double tutelage - ideological and service, many middle-level security officers took advantage of the chance. “In the early 1990s, let's say, the military was more likely than others to take the risk of starting a business, despite criminal and other threats,” Anton Storozhenko, partner of the headhunting company Amrop Hever Group, carefully chooses his words. "Personal qualities gave them confidence that they could resist it."

Big money did not go into the hands of the Chekists for a long time. Former blackmail and Komsomol members turned out to be much more entrepreneurial. People from internal departments The KGB had to be hired to work for the oligarchs. The persecutor of Soviet dissidents Philip Bobkov headed the special service of Vladimir Gusinsky. Major General Aleksey Kondaurov, who fought terror in the KGB, became the head of the Yukos analytical service. Examples can be multiplied, but their essence is simple: the former aces of the KGB agreed to the role of a highly paid servant.

It was even more difficult for the Chekist youth to break through. The oligarchs were not interested in them. They have no entrepreneurial streak. Lebedev, according to him, was rescued not so much by the knowledge learned from the intelligence school as by the tempered character in the service. thousands, but you will succeed, ”Lebedev describes his understanding of business. The lucky thousandth chance fell to the banker in the mid-1990s, when the National Reserve Bank became Gazprom's key agent in dealing with Ukrainian debts. Gruzdev's success was facilitated by a partnership with Vladimir Karnaukhov, who was previously responsible for the consumer market at the mayor's office. Kaspersky with his antivirus startup is almost the only former who built a company according to market rules.

Birth injury

Legendary GE CEO Jack Welch said an MBA is like a quality seal on your forehead. But the effect lasts no more than a year: a graduate of a business school needs to get hired as soon as possible, otherwise the fashionable packaging loses its presentation.

In modern Russia, the SVR quality mark is practically indelible. The scout Kobaladze first became Managing Director of the investment bank Renaissance Capital, and in February 2007 took the same position at X5 Retail. His responsibilities are the same as in the press service of the SVR: to convey information to the public and officials in a light favorable to the employer. Shebarshin sits on the board of directors of Motovilikha Plants. Well, if the threads of the biography are drawn to Dresden, the size of the prize grows significantly.

The Russian economy is becoming less and less competitive, and the Chekist at the head of the company can turn out to be a very valuable asset: it is easier for him than for a civilian to achieve an increase in tariffs (when it comes to monopolies), subsidies from the budget, and the consent of government agencies to mergers and acquisitions. The examples of Lebedev, Gruzdev, Petersburg and Dresden associates of Putin show that former intelligence officers are able to build effective schemes for the consolidation of assets under their control. Lack of special knowledge is not a hindrance, the necessary specialists can simply be hired on the market. “I have a different role - strategy, anticipation of threats and industry development,” explains Kaspersky. - Business schools don't teach to guess where this world is heading. And my education just helps me. " Yet it is almost impossible for former spies to turn into real businessmen. Kobaladze knew colleagues who, accustomed to suspecting enemies of everyone, suffered from persecution mania. The skill to hold on to each other, or the notorious KGB corporatism, is a completely rational way of maintaining external communications, but the closed nature of this social network makes it difficult to assimilate new ideas. Instead of maximizing profits, which drives entrepreneurs, the former security officers are guided by the philosophy of minimizing damage. Competitive markets do not instill the slightest confidence in them, hence such a passion for working in monopolies and creating state corporations isolated from competition. Even those who have achieved success outside the public sector, if possible, seek to leave the world of profit and cash. Gruzdev is running for parliament again and a couple of weeks ago announced the sale of his stake in Seventh Continent. Lebedev, whose business projects are progressing neither shaky nor shaky, also focused on politics. The book of the legendary Intel CEO Andy Grove about the crisis in the company and overcoming it is called "Only the paranoid survive." A handful of former intelligence officers not only survived, but also won an unconditional victory in the battle for strategic assets. To consolidate their success, they will need hundreds and thousands of MBA managers who, if they want to succeed in their homeland, should learn the basics of the spy craft.

Secret Americans. No issue from Langley

Despite the freedom of the media, cadre intelligence agents are as invisible in America as they are in Russia. The Chicago Tribune reported last year that it had identified 2,653 Central Intelligence Agency personnel using open sources. The list has not been published. The newspaper released only the personal details of one diplomat, with the exception of his last name, adding that the CIA had asked the editorial office not to do so. The newspaper also found 26 employees of a secret intelligence school in Virginia, the so-called "Farm". Among the agents are diplomats, journalists, businessmen.

Only the leadership of the CIA is public, ordinary employees remain classified. They did not have to survive the collapse of their own country, like their Soviet colleagues. Nevertheless, accusations of manipulating public opinion, serving the interests of big business, and corruption are periodically heard against the front line agents.

In 1953, Princeton graduate Allen Dulles, who once worked for the law firm Sullivan & Cromwell, which served the largest American corporations, became the first civilian director of the CIA. The author of the essay "The Origin of the Upper Class," a former American intelligence officer in Berlin, Steve Kangas, believed that it was Dulles who made it a rule to recruit graduates of the best US universities to the CIA.

Academy of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (FSB Academy of Russia) is a higher military educational institution that trains officers of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation and other Russian special services and intelligence services of friendly states.

Academy of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (FSB Academy of Russia)

Former names	OGPU Central School, (1930–1934) Central School of the GUGB NKVD (1934–1939) Central School of the NKVD of the USSR (1939–1952) Higher School of the Ministry of State Security of the USSR (1952–1954) Higher School of the KGB of the USSR named after F. E. Dzerzhinsky (1954–?) Higher School named after F. E. Dzerzhinsky (? –1992) Academy of the Ministry of Security of the Russian Federation (1992-?)
Year of foundation	April 26, 1921
Boss	Sysoev E.S. colonel general
Location	the USSR the USSR→ Russia Russia
Legal address	119602, Moscow, Michurinsky prospect, 70
Site	academy.fsb.ru
Media files at Wikimedia Commons

The FSB Academy of Russia includes (ICSI) and the Institute for Training Operations (IPOS), consisting of two faculties - investigative and counterintelligence. There are also separate faculties: translation, correspondence education, a special faculty for foreigners, a faculty for training executive personnel. Since 2018, the head of the academy is Colonel-General E.S. Sysoev.

Story

On March 21, 1939, the Central School of the GUGB NKVD of the USSR was reorganized into the Higher School of the NKVD of the USSR by the decree of the Commissioner of State Security Lavrenty Beria.

By the beginning of the 1940s, every third head of the Soviet state security organs was a graduate of the courses.

Graduates of the school in the 1960s and 1980s took part in countering foreign special services and conducting operational and combat activities. V. Belyuzhenko, G. Zaitsev, V. Karpukhin, B. Sokolov received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for performing special assignments in Afghanistan.

Structure

The system of additional professional education at the academy includes advanced training and retraining of existing employees, as well as special training for people with higher education selected for service in the FSB. The system of additional education operates at all faculties, but the main one is the Faculty of Leadership Training (FPRK).

The structure of the Academy includes (ICSI), leading training of specialists in the field of transmission, protection and processing of information. In 1949, by a decree of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the Higher School of Cryptographers was created, and a closed branch was established at the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of Moscow State University by a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. Later, on the basis of their merger, the technical faculty of the Higher School of the KGB of the USSR was created. Since 1992, the Technical Faculty of the Higher School was transformed into the Institute of Cryptography, Communications and Informatics (ICSI). The main areas of training are: cryptography, applied mathematics, computer science and computer technology, electronic engineering, radio engineering and communications.

Bosses

In the 1950s-1960s, the Higher School of the KGB of the USSR named after F. E. Dzerzhinsky was led by Colonel A. Ya. Efimov, Major General E. I. Borisoglebsky, Major General A. N. Kurenkov.

In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of August 24, 1992, the Higher School named after F.E.Dzerzhinsky and the Academy of Border Troops merged into the Academy of the Ministry of Security of the Russian Federation.