Minerals Chechnya. Chechnya. Chechen Republic. geography. Chechnya geography. Zone of mountain meadows
Natural Features of the Republic of Chechnya
In the north-east of the Northern Caucasus and the Eastern Precocality, the Chechen Republic is located.
The Western border takes place with Ingushetia, in the North-West - borders the Republic of North Ossetia Alanya. The northern border passes with the Stavropol Territory, and in the east, the border comes with Dagestan. The crests of the Caucasian ridges separate it in the south of Georgia.
The length of the republic from north to south is 170 km, and from west to east - more than 100 km.
A distinctive feature of the republic is the exceptional diversity of natural conditions, which is pronounced in soil and vegetable cover, in the differences in relief and climate.
The relief distinguishes four parts - flat, foothill, mountain, alpine:
- The plain northern part occupies a tern sandy array with a height from 0 to 120 m. In the northeast there is a flat plain of the Terek delta. In the East, Gudermes of Plain is located;
- The foothill part of the Teress, Sunzhensky, Groznensky, Gudermes, and sublime plain south of the Suna River. The heights of this part are not more than 500 m. Sunzhenskaya plain from the north adjoins the ridges of the Black Mountains;
- South of the Black Mountains is a rocky ridge;
- In the south of the republic, the side ridge is located - this is the highland part of the territory. Heights here are significantly higher and reach up to 1000-2500 m.
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The temperate climate of the republic varies with a height above sea level and with progress from north to south. The climate is formed in the process of interaction between local and general climatic processes. Roast and long summer, short and pretty soft winter.
On the plains and in the foothills throughout the year the continental air of moderate latitudes dominates.
The temperature distribution is greatly influenced by height above sea level. The highest temperatures on the Terek-kum lowland in July reach +25 degrees. In the Chechen plain + 22 ... + 24 degrees, and in the foothills already + 21 ... + 20 degrees.
With a height, a decrease in the January temperature occurs - on the Chechen plain the temperature -4 ... -4.2 degree, in the foothills -5 ... -5.5 degrees. At an altitude of 3000 m decreases to -1, and in the region of eternal snow already -18 degrees.
The precipitate is distributed unevenly. The smallest amount of 300-400 mm falls on the Terek-kum lowland, and to the south gradually increases to 800-1000 mm.
Note 1.
The republic is characterized by dangerous geological processes, among them seismicity, sedel, screeching, collaps, snowy avalanches, landslides, villages, karst, erosion, floods.
A diverse climate and relief create prerequisites for a variety of floral world. Difficult-tipper vegetation is characteristic of the desert steppes of the terrestrial array in the northern part of it.
Salonchakoy-meadow and salt-marsh vegetation grows in the lower flow of the Terek at the extreme northeast of the republic.
The floodplain meadows in combination with shrub and forest vegetation grow in the decreases of the valleys of Terek and the Suna.
In more moisturized places, natural vegetation is represented by poverty steppes. Oak forests grow in lowlands, the beech is already dominated in the middle mountain.
Subalpian meadows come to the change of solid forest vegetation in the upper middle mountain. At an altitude of 1800-2800 m, they occupy extensive territories.
Alpine meadows begin at an altitude of 2700-3500 m.
Note 2.
The extensive spaces of the plain territories almost all rapidas and the replacement of natural vegetation came cultural.
Natural resources of the republic
The main wealth of the Chechen subsoil is oil - in total there are about 30 hydrocarbon fields. Within the terrain ridge there are 20 fields, on the Sunzhen ridge - 7 deposits, in the monoclication of the Black Mountains - 2 deposits.
Note 3.
Of the total amount of deposits 23 are oil, 4 gas-chaffers, 2 deposits pure gas. Chechen oil in the composition of paraffinous with high gasoline.
Rich Chechnya building materials. In the Valley of the River Changty-Argun, a large deposit of cement markels is explored. Huge reserves of limestone. In the Assinsky Gorge there are limestones of beautiful colors.
Gypsum and Angidrite deposits are located between the Ghughs and Sharo-Arguine rivers. Large deposits of sandstones of Sernodsky, Semashinsky, Chishkinsky deposits.
Mumling and Okhrug are produced from mineral paints.
Known deposits of stone and brown coal, but reserves and quality are low, so they do not have industrial significance.
The ore deposits are not well understood, there are several copper deposits and polymetals in the upper course of the Army and Changty-Arguna rivers.
Mineral sulphate-calcium hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen sulfate-sodium sources with high mineralization and high hydrogen sulfide content are highly appreciated.
Underground fresh waters The republic is not enough.
Surface waters are distributed unevenly - the mining and the Chechen plain have a thick and branched river network. The territory of the north of Terek rivers almost do not have, which is associated with the characteristics of the climate. The main river is Terek, the second largest - the river Zunja.
In addition to rivers in Chechnya there are lakes, occurring both on the plains and in the mountains.
Lakes are a bit, but they are diverse in origin and water regime - elates, floodplain, landslide, hubs, karst, tectonic and glacier. Eolic lakes often dry out.
Natural reservoirs of Chechnya are alpine snow and glaciers. Large glaciers are associated with the northern slope of the side ridge. The morphological types of Chechnya glaciers are Valley, Carriars, Hanging.
It has been within the republic 10 of valley glaciers, 23 carriers and 25 hanging.
Chechen forests occupy an area of \u200b\u200b361 thousand hectares or 18.7% of the territory of the republic. In the forest fund, relict bakery forests that are suppliers of valuable wood. In addition to them, forest-forming rocks are the Caucasian Grab, low-power birch, ash, the maple is light. For the development of recreational resources, there are all the necessary natural conditions.
Ecological problems of the republic
Environmental problems are also characteristic of this Caucasian Republic.
Among them, they are most serious:
- air pollution, water, soil at the local level of the zone of untouched landscapes;
- the destruction of flora and fauna in the areas of influence of industry;
- intensive use of resources, leading to the depletion of renewable and non-renewable natural resources.
As for regional environmental problems, they are determined by the level of anthropogenic load and natural characteristics of the region.
Natural and climatic conditions, the history of the formation of the territory determine the environmental situation of the capital - the city of Grozny, especially its industrial zone, which is in a closed space in terms of geomorphology.
In such a space, there are emissions of industrial enterprises to the atmosphere, and the natural air renewal is small.
The main air pollutants are Nurenergo JSC, enterprises of oil refining, oil production and construction industry.
The pollutants are hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, sulfuric anhydride, nitrogen oxides.
Causes of air pollution:
- enterprises do not fulfill the protection solutions ambient;
- big irretrievable losses;
- weak monitoring of the state of the environment by departmental organizations;
- weak control of the work of sewage treatment plants;
- low efficiency of installed gas worsters.
As a part of nature, the Company should strive for mutually beneficial cooperation with nature.
The resource and engineering and geological potential of the territory is defined both by the geographical position and natural conditions and the structure of the geological environment, within which engineering and economic activities are carried out. Occupying a relatively small territory, the republic is characterized by a significant variety of natural conditions: climate, relief, soil, plant world, geological structure, engineering and geological conditions of construction, distribution of minerals, etc. Protective conditions are determining in conducting one or another economic activity on territory of the republic.
Climate
The Chechen Republic is located in the southern part of a moderate climatic belt. Despite the small territorial dimensions, the climate varies significantly with increasing height above sea level and when moving from north to south.
The arid continental climate of the northern semi-desert regions of the republic is characterized by a rigid temperature regime and the high repeatability of Sukhovyev and dust storms. To the south, as they approach the ridges of the Big Caucasus, the climate is softened and becomes more wet. In the foothills, a warm moderately humid climate favors growing abundant vegetation. With the rise in the mountains, the climate becomes colder, excessively wet, less continental, and in the alpine zone, it acquires the climate of the climate of the everlasting snow.
The climatic conditions of the Chechen Republic, unequivocal to the degree of favorableness for the construction and economic development of the territory, largely predetermined the territorial placement and organization of production.
Hydrographic network
The hydrographic network of the republic belongs to the Caspian Sea basin. The main river of the republic crossing it from the west to the east is the River Terek.
The distribution of the hydrographic network through the territory of the republic is extremely uneven. The river network thickness ratio of the highest value reaches in the south of the territory in the mountainous regions of the northern slope of the Chief Caucasus Range (0.5-0.6 km / km2). When moving to the north (up to the line of Grozny-Gudermes), the river network is reduced to 0.2-0.3 km / km2.
The territory, north of the Terek River, is characterized by almost the absence of constant watercourses.
A complex network of natural watercourses on the territory of the republic is thickened with an artificial irrigation-watering system.
The largest rivers flowing on the territory of the Republic - Terek, Sunja, Argun, Aksai, as well as forting, Gekhi, Martan, Goyt, Sharoargun, Joka, Protein, Hulhulau, etc.
Dangerous geological processes
In the territory of the Chechen Republic, hazardous geological processes are widespread, which have a significant impact on engineering and geological conditions of construction. The most important of these are seismicity, sedel, screeching, ribs, snowy avalanches, landslides, villages, karst, sanding, salting, salinization and roasting of soils, erosion, flooding water flooding.
Seismicity. Within the republic, seismicity varies from 7.5 to 9.0 points.
On the territory of Chechnya, the possibility of man-made earthquakes is noted, the reason for which is intensive pumping oil.
Minerals and resources
Currently, deposits of oil, gas, cement raw materials, mineral waters are revealed in the Chechen Republic.
Deployed reserves are not exhausted by the mineral resources of the republic, the degree of geological study of which is relatively low.
The geological structure of the territory predetermines the presence of a varied complex of new types of valuable minerals.
The foothill part of the republic is promising on strontium and sulfur, mountain - on lead-zinc and copper ores, as well as - facing and building stone of high quality. The band adjacent to the main Caucasus ridge is promising for polymetals.
In addition, the Republic as a whole and especially the Terco-Sunzhensky district is promising for the preparation of geothermal energy. The expected temperature is 160-340˚.
Flashing minerals
Oil and gas
The main oil and gas reserves of the Northern Caucasus (over 50%) are accounted for by the Chechen Republic, which is historically one of the country's leading centers for the extraction and processing of oil.
The Chechen Republic is part of the Terek-Sunzhensky oil and gas province. Industrial oil and gas potential is associated with deposits of neogen, Paleogen of the Cretaceous and Jurassic ages.
Collectors of oil and gas are sands, fractured sandstones, cavernous and fascinated limestones, Mergeli, disassembled by the thickness of the solenous rocks of the upper Yura and the clay of Neogen, Paleogen and Chalk.
According to existing estimates, the initial geological resources of hydrocarbons are about 1.5 billion tons of conditional fuel. To date, the accumulated oil and gas production has reached more than 500 million tons.
For more than a century, more than 30 deposits containing about 100 depths of oil and gas at depths from several hundred meters to 5-6 km are openly more than a century of study of oil and gas.
Starogroznenskoe hot-eyed
Hayan-Kortovskoe right-bank
Oktyabrskoe Goyt-Kortovskoe
Gorso (s. Ali-Yurt) Eldarovskoe
Braginskoe North Bragow
Benoyan datoye
Gudermes Mineral
North Mineral Andreevskoe
Chermenha Khankalskoye
Meskestinian North-Galkinskoe
Forest Ilyinskoye
Construction Materials
Due to the large volume of upcoming construction work, the production and production of building materials is particularly important.
For the production of building materials, clay and limestone are divorced - on cement raw materials, plaster and anhydrite, construction stone, brick and clay clay, limestone - on lime, sand-gravel mixture, construction and silicate sands. Deposits are located mainly in close proximity to industrial centers, within the middle part of the Republic
Fresh the groundwater
The reserves of fresh groundwater of the republic are estimated at 30-40 m3 / s, which is approximately 30-40% of the surface drain. These values \u200b\u200bgive an indicative representation of the water supply of the republic.
The total amount of groundwater used in the republic is a small part of the forecast resources.
Only the central part of the republic is estimated as sufficiently provided with underground waters for economic and drinking water supply. The northern part is not enough and southern - not provided with underground waters.
The problems of the northern and southern parts of the territory could be solved more intensively, exploiting existing aquifers. You can also increase the existing stocks of groundwater, activating work on their search and exploration.
Mineral water
Mineral underground waters in the republic are known and studied in the valley of the river. Changty-Argun, on the slopes of Gudermes and the Braginsk ridges. Mineral waters come out in the form of sources and open well, they are diverse in composition.
The operational reserves of the mineral waters of the Chechen Republic were approved in two fields: Changty-Argunsky and the Pros-Suh deposit.
Surface water resources
The predominant majority of the rivers of the republic, both in stock characteristics and mineralization, can serve as a source of water supply. Currently, rivers are only used for watering and irrigation of arid lands.
The rivers of the republic have significant hydropower potential. The gross hydropower potential of the most studied rivers in 2003 was estimated at 10.4 billion kW, incl. Technically available to the development of 3.5 billion kW / h (in the average water time). The highest energy resources are the tributary p. Terek - r. Argun, Sharo-Argun.
The Rivers of the Chechen Republic are a container of bioresources. In the rivers are found: Sazan, Som, Sudak, and in the mountain water bodies - trout. Recently, due to significant pollution of rivers, the number of fish in them has decreased much.
Forests and logging resources
Forests occupy about 1/5 part of the territory of the republic and are concentrated mainly in its southern part.
The Chechen Republic refers to the forestful areas of the country.
More than ¾ of the territory of the Chechen Republic - the land of agricultural purposes, the fifth part of the land of the Forest Foundation and the Earth of Wood-Shrub Vegetation.
Agricultural land accounts for about 64% of the entire territory of the Chechen Republic. Among them are the most significant in the area of \u200b\u200bpasture - 57% of agricultural land, more than 36% of the total area of \u200b\u200bthe republic (of which the main part is steppe, semi-desert and high-altitude).
In Chechnya, there is everything you need for the memorable travel in your life: a rich culture, a unique story, a variety of mountain landscapes, unique architecture and delicious traditional food!
The ITUM-KALINSKY District is considered to be the leader in the Chechen Republic on attendance by tourists from around the world at any time of the year. There is a whole mass of reasons. First of all, this is a good location, thanks to which it is easy to get here.
Mountain landscapes of the ITUM-KALINSKY DISTRICT, the healing combination of purest mountain air and spring water deliver to tourists and resting with nothing increasing pleasure. Contemplation of Chechen attractions of artistically inscribed in mountain landscapes leaves unforgettable pleasures in the heart of each tourist.
fortress Shatili 
Tourism and sights of Chechnya
Beautiful tower facilities in Chechnya
In the art and architecture of Chechens, the past of the Chechen people, complete alarms, heroic efforts to survive and maintain their national dignity and culture are departed.
The tower facilities are harmonious, perfectly inscribed in the mountain landscape, rhythmics of parts (the frequency of great and small both in the same building and in their complex) contributes to the perception of nature and created by people as a whole. That is where a school for modern architects.
Undoubtedly, the features of the national character of Chechens could not work out beyond the majestic landscape of their homeland with its impregnable mountains, towels, quiet necropals and mysterious sanctums. And this historic landscape must be appreciated and take care of him as an invaluable gift derived from the ancestors.
Local Lore Museum. Hussein Isaeva
Local Lore Museum of the Chechen Republic. Hussein Isaeva is among the mountains, in the valley of the Argun River. The path to him lies through the Argun Gorge. Driving along a narrow winding road, guests of the republic can admire the amazing view of the Emerald Mountain River and the majestic rocks.
Museum. Hussein Isaeva was created on the territory of the ancient tower complex Phakoch. Presumably, it is the medieval castle of the XII-XIII centuries, from which the ancestors of the current Chechens it was convenient to monitor the approach of opponents from Dagestan and Georgia.
According to legend, Phakoch appeared thanks to the glorious hero of Yaton. Traveling, he stopped among the mountains from the road to relax, and when he woke up, he saw that the swallow of Sweet nest on his sword, and the spider was splur with a silver cobweb. Yaton thought it was a good sign and decided to build a village on this place, which is now called ITUM-Kali. Phakoch's tower complex is a few combat and residential towers, a water mill and a mosque in which Madrasa works.
Museum has several exposures in the museum. One of them is devoted to the memory of the first chairman of the State Council of the Republic of Hussein Isaev. He tragically died during the terrorist attack at Dynamo Stadium, together with the first president of the Republic of Akhmat Kadyrov. The museum stores clothes in which Isaev was during an explosion. The exposition is arranged in the form of a Cabinet of a well-known policy. Especially for her, from the Terrible in Itum-Kali transported its desktop and the table for negotiations. On the green countertop is a working paper with the marks of the Chairman of the State Council of the Republic, on the walls of the photograph of like-minded people. Some personal items are also kept here (among them the portfolio with whom he went to work every day).
Special attention at the exhibition is given to the scientific works of Isaev. For some time, Hussein Abubakarovich taught at the university, spoke a lot with students about the economy, was fond of informatics and believed that the future for globalization, including information.
On the first floor of the residential tower is a purely local history exhibition. Here are collected objects of antiquity. You can see how copper vessels looked for water, wine and ablutions in the twentieth century, consider weapons and jewelry and even try national clothes.
Separate exhibit in this museum - "Book of wishes and reviews." In it, you can leave your farewell or offer, give advice or simply write words of gratitude. Hundreds of cities and thousands of names in Russian, English, and even Arabic. In the book, except for guests from numerous Russian cities, left their records from Australia, Saudi Arabia, Odessa. Here the memories and impressions of those who come to get acquainted with the culture of the Chechen people are stored.
By the way, with the traditions of local residents, visitors to the museum are found right on the threshold. According to Chechen customs, the guest must enter the house with respect. Therefore, enter this building, you can only bow down, and help in compliance with these traditions tiny doors, which were created even at the beginning of the XIII century.
Wishkali Watchtower XI century Chechnya, Chechen Republic 
The towers embedded in the recess of the rocks are located in the area of \u200b\u200bPochchuchi (in the settlement), between the villages of Gochem Kale and Tsashchu-Kalina district on the right bank of the River Chantha-Argun. The tower is a four-story, about 12 m high, slightly narrows up.
The towers of a kind of architecture, have three walls, the fourth wall is the rock. It is composed of stones well treated on a lime solution. The roof of the tower serves as a stone trump cliff. The North and South Walls of the Tower are posted on the Rail Rail to which they are adjacent, so they have a different width (from 2.0 to 3.5 m). The input path is organized at an altitude of 2.5 m from the base from the northern side and is made in the form of a rounded arch laid out of the stones. Slightly above him - the loophole. In the uppermost part of the wall - a small window opening.
The Western Wall has one window opening on the 3rd floor and six boys: one on the 1st and 4th floors, two bobbits on the 2nd and 3rd floors.
The southern wall has five boys at different levels. In the upper part, the remains of the machine are preserved in the form of stone brackets (two bracket with one ambrazura). The very top of the wall is the window opening. The tower is 5.0 x 3.5 m. Tolls of the wall at the level of the input loop - 60 cm.
The towers built into rock niches are typologically related to the ancient type of buildings. In a mountain Chechnya, such buildings were located in rocky arrays, on the steep stony banks of the rivers, sometimes at a very high altitude. Cleaners in rocks or mountain caves were laid with stones from the outside, arranging the door and window peres, loopholes and viewing gaps - as in the ordinary tower. Most often, such towers had one or three walls. The Tsashka Tower is located under the huge visor of the rocky mountain of Celine Lam.
Chechnya city of Grozny 
Mosque "Heart of Chechnya"
One of the new Terrible has become a mosque. A. Kadyrov "Heart of Chechnya", built in the center of Grozny. From Wikipedia, he learned that this mosque was conceived by Ahmat Kadyrov, then the Muft of Chechnya, who agreed with the mayor of the Turkish city of Konya Khalil Urun on the construction of a formidable mosque, designed for 2 thousand people.
The decision from the construction of the Islamic Center in Chechnya was made in 1980 by decision of the USSR government (http://russights.ru/post_1272907564.html), construction after the collapse of the USSR was discontinued.
The construction of the mosque began in 1997 at the place where "Square them was located until 1991. V.I. Lenin, "Obma CPSS Old Building, Obma CPSU New building, secondary school №1, Republican station of young technicians, a new building of the Grozny Oil Institute (GNI, Corps b).
All these buildings were broken down by the first bombaudars in the first Chechen, as Tatarka Rosa told me, wondered why these buildings were broken first, wondered who they were harmful.
In the fall of 1999, due to instability in the republic, construction began, construction was suspended. Another construction was started in April 2006 and ended in October 2008.
Walk through the night Grozny
Night walk through the city of Grozny. Mosque "Chechnya's heart" with excellent backlighting and fountains, highlighting with their new light design.
The central 40-storey building "Phoenix" is located on reconstruction in the completion stage and its discovery is planned to the day of the city of Grozny on October 5. Hotel Grozny City.
Photos of the newly rebounded city of Grozny, probably, cannot leave any person indifferent.
city of Argun Chechnya 
City of Argun and Shali
The Chechen Republic is transformed with each day, and it is impossible not to notice! Every time I arriving here, residents and guests of Chechnya notice all new and new buildings. We invite you to visit the two wonderful cities of Argun and Shawli.
The city of Argun is located on the Chechen foothill plain, on the Argun River, 16 km east of Grozny.
Chechnya. Lake Kesten-AM and surroundings.
There are in the mountains on the border of Chechnya and Dagestan one remarkable place - Blue Lake Kesten-am. It is located at an altitude of 1869 meters above sea level. On his shores, at one time there was an Olympic base of the national team of academic rowing and developed tourist infrastructure, restoration work is being underway. While it is one of the favorite places of recreation in the region (especially passionate fishing), although to go here from the plain cities for quite a while. One of the attractions of the reservoir is the Eisenam Trout, it is listed in the Red Book of Russia. But first things first.
Not a single cloud was not the sky Sunday morning on August 12 in Grozny, which instilled hopes on the dwelling day. We had to overcome a little more than 100 km, of which almost half - on the mountain grader. Start out at 10 o'clock. The path to Argun flew unnoticed - the quality of the road is European, spacious autobahn. In Argun, turned towards the mountains. After 20 km, after a small town, Shali Plain gradually turns to wooded ridges. Here, at the entrance to the mountains, it stretches for kilometers along the river is the longest p. Serry-Yurt, which was often heard in the dashing war years. Abovestream is the oldest Chechen settlement is conducted, and even further - by Harache - the birthplace of the National Hero, the famous Abrec Zelimkhan Gushmazukayev (Haracheevsky). Here it is time to make the first of the uncountable number of stops on the way. These places belong to the historical region of Vainakhov - Ichkeria.
1. Monument to the legendary Abrek in the village of Harache.
Great books are written about the life path of Zelimkhan. I recommend M. Mamakaeva http://zhaina.com/2007/06/15/zelimhan.html, and you can read superficially here http://leko007.livejournal.com/57592.html.
And we are moving on. After Harache, the asphalt ends. The path to the lake lies through the Harmar Pass. We have to come on it on a winding grain road, and then descend to the lake on the other side of the ridge.
city Gujermes Chechnya 
General information about Chechnya
Chechen Republic (Chechnya) (Chech. Nochchichi Republic, Nochchecho) - Republic (subject) as part Russian Federation.
It is part of the North Caucasus Federal District.
It borders: in the West - with the Republic of Ingushetia, in the North-West - with the Republic of North Ossetia - Alanya, in the north - with the Stavropol Territory, in the North-East and East - with Dagestan, in the south - with Georgia. The southern border of Chechnya, which coincides with the state border of the Russian Federation, passes through the ridges. Otherwise, there are no clearly pronounced natural frontiers. From the north to the south, the Chechen Republic extends 170 km from the west to the east - more than 100 km.
The capital is the city of Grozny (Chech. Solf Gial).
According to changes in the Constitution of the Russian Federation - Russia (RSFSR) of 1978, formed on January 9, 1993. On December 25, 1993, the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which confirmed the existence of the Chechen Republic, entered into force on the National Voting.
Geographical position
The Chechen Republic is located in the North Caucasus, in the valleys of River Terek and Zunja. In the northern regions there are steppes and semi-deserts (Terek-Kum's lowland), in the center - forest-steppe plains (Chechen plain), in the south - Caucasian Mountains. Mountain ridges, intermore valleys and basins occupy about 35% of the territory of the Chechen Republic. The rest of the territory is the plains, mostly crossed hilesties. Mountains occupy the entire southern part of the republic with a strip width of 30-50 km.
Physico-geographical zones
In physico-geographical terms, Chechnya is divided into four zones: high mountain, mountain, foothill and flat.
In the highland zone, the climate is severe, the mountains are covered with snow and glaciers. North of the mountain decrease, vegetation appears. The valleys are covered with a layer of black mill; There are many pastures. The main occupation of the inhabitants of this zone sincecorable was cattle breeding.
The mountain zone is dominated by the ridges and sings, which are covered with a thick layer of black soil and forests. The people are called Chech. 1 Airja Lannash - Black Mountains. The mountains are cut with winding beams, with transparent streams and waterfalls, falling from height. In the forests of this zone, Oak, Chinara, Beech, Grab, Lipa, Ash, High-mountain Clea, Karagach, Oshnik, and Wild Fruit Trees are growing: Apple tree, Pear, Dogwood, Plum. Many different herbs and plants grow in the forests, among which are also healing.
The foothill zone is a flat wooded strip stretches to the soune itself. She is rich in natural wealth, the land here is more festive than in the mountains, many fruit trees. Climatic conditions are favorable by these thermal-loving southern plants. The forests in the past amounted to almost a third of Chechnya. The forests rich in the tree breeds of trees played a big role in the Chechen farm.
The southern part of the Terek-Kum Lowland (Left Bank Terek) and the Chechen Predignee Plain between Terek, Sunzhensky, Grozny Ranks in the north and black mountains are included in the flat zone.
baptism in combat conditions Chechnya 
Minerals
There are about 30 oil and gas fields in the republic, mainly within the Terch and Sunzhen ridges.
Building materials and raw materials for their production (cement mergels, limestone, plaster, sandstones, mineral paints).
Mineral Sources (Sernovodsk).
Climate
Continental climate. Chechnya is characterized by a significant variety of climatic conditions. The average temperature of January is from -3 ° C on the Terek-kum lowland to -12 ° C in the mountains, the average temperature of July, respectively, 25 and 21 ° C. It falls from 300 (on the Terek-kum lowland) to 1000 mm (in the southern regions) of precipitation per year.
Soil
Soils on the plains - predominantly meadow. On the more elevated areas - blacklooms, in the valleys of rivers - swamp-meadow, in the mountains - mining and mountainous meadow.
Vegetation
In the Chechen plain - steppe and forest-steppe vegetation. In the mountains at an altitude of up to 2,200 m - large forests, above - subalpine meadows.
Animal world
Animal world of mountain forests Chechnya is rich and diverse. The largest beast is a bear, inhabitant in the deaf forests and narrow, borella, rocky gorges. On the edges and forest glades can be found a root. Many in the forests of wild boars. In the deaf beams lives a forest cat, occasionally meets trot; In mountainous forests, wolf, fox, hare, deer, sulna, lan, wilderness and stone, jackal, badger, caressing. In mountain forests there are quite a lot of birds. Checklings, foams, tits, bullfires, raznzni, dyatlah, droops, joy, owls live here.
Hydrography
River
The main rivers: Terek, Sunja, Argun, Charoargun, Gekhu, Hulhulau, Aksai, Martan, Baas, Ga Hauma, Yamanu, Yaryk, Syuchage, Outland, Roshnya, Michik, Fattanga, Assa, Chew. Rivers in the republic are unevenly distributed. The mountainous part has a thick branched river network, on the Terek-Sunzhen hill and in areas north of the Terek there are no rivers. Almost all the Chechnya rivers belong to the Terek system. The exception is Aksai, Yaman-Su, Yaryk-Su, belonging to the Aktash River system.
For irrigation and flooding of the Nogai steppe and black lands, the Terek-Kumsky trunk canal was built.
Lakes
Lake Kesenoam (Chech. Koyvzanan ІМ, Chech. Kolee-Lam) - Vedensky district - The largest and deep mountain lake in the North Caucasus
Lake Galancheogozh (Chech. Galine-іam) - Galaxian district
Lake Gehi-AM (Chech. Gichta-іam) - Achkhoy-Martan district
Lake Centes-AM (Chech. Chіinti-іam) - ITUM-KALINSKY DISTRICT
Lake Urgyukhuha-AM (Chech. Іuirgukhuha-іam) - Shatoysky district
Lake Cherkasy - Solkovsky district
Lake Large (Chech. Bokch-іam) - Solkovsky district
Salted Lake (Chech. Dur-іam) - Solkovsky district
Lake Chechensky (Chech. Chechan-іam) - Nursky district
Lake Kapustino - Nursky District
Major Lake - Nursky District
Lake General Ukrainian - Nursky District
Lake Wheck-Ome (Chech. Iciction-iom) - Shatoysky district
Lake AMGA (Chech. I amga) - Shary district
Maista Chechnya
Waterfalls
Argun Waterfalls
Sharo-Argun Waterfalls
Gekhani Waterfalls
Aksai Waterfalls
Hulkhuyi waterfalls
Top four thousandbile
Tabulosha (Chech. Tula Lam) - 4493 m
Diklosmt (Chech. Duklio Lam) - 4285 m
Comito (Chech. Khumetta-Lam) - 4262 m
Donosmt (Chech. Donoy Lam) - 4174 m
Maistismta (Chech. Miaysta Lam) - 4082 m
g.Grozny in the 1st Chechen war 
Geography of Chechnya
Geography of the Chechen Republic
TERRAL-CUM LAST
The Terek-kum lowland is located between the Terek in the south and the Kuma in the north. In the west, its natural border is the Stavropol elevation, and in the East - the Caspian Sea. The Chechen Republic includes only the southern part of the terco-kum lowland. Almost three quarters of its entire square here occupies a tern sandy array. He is clearly distinguished among those surrounding plain spaces with its savory relief. In geological terms, the Terek-Kum lowland is part of the predkiscosky deflection filled from top of the sea sediments of the Caspian Sea.
At a quaternary time, most of the terco-kum lowland was repeatedly poured by the waters of the Caspian. The last transgression occurred at the end of the glacial period. Judging by the spread of marine sediments of this transgression, called the puffy, the level of the Caspian Sea at the time reached 50 meters above the ocean level. Almost the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe terro-kum lowland was occupied by the marine pool.
The rivers flowing into the puffy pool brought a mass of suspended material, declared in the mouths and forming large sandy delta. Currently, these ancient delta are preserved on lowlands in the form of sandy arrays. The largest of them is TERSKY - almost entirely located in the territory of the Chechen Republic. He is a delta of an ancient chicken.
One of the common form of the relief of the approaching massif is the Grocery Sands. They stretch parallel rows in a latitudinal direction coinciding with the direction of dominant winds. The height of the Girdo may vary from 5-8 to 20-25 meters, the width is from several tens to several hundred meters. The ridges are separated by one from the other intercouss hollows, which, as a rule, is wider than the ridges themselves. Ridges threw vegetation and have soft outlines.
An interesting form of sand formations in the approaching array are the sandy sands. They are especially brightly expressed in its northern and northeastern parts. Barhaned sands are located with chains elongated perpendicular to the dominant oriental and western winds. The height of individual ridges reaches 30-35 meters. Barhane chains are separated by through valleys and blowing hollows.
During the years of Soviet power, in the approaching array, great works were carried out on the fixing of bulk sands with wood and herbal vegetation.
They are found in the approaching array and other form of relief - bugish sands. They are overgrown sandy hills of soft outlines with a height of 3-5 meters. Within the terro-kum lowland, the valley of the Terek River should be highlighted. The left-bank part of it is characterized by well-pronounced terraces, the whole complex of which is clearly traced at the village of Ishcherskaya.
Mom Novomartica Evgenia - Love Radionova 
Chechen foothill plain
Chechen foothill plain is part of the Terek-Sunzhen plain, located south of the Sunzhensky ridge. The Assinovsky spurt, the Terek-Sunzhenskaya Plain is divided into two separate foothill plains - Ossetian and Chechen, which from the south is limited to the foot of the Black Mountains, and from the north of the Sunzhensky and theory ridges. In the northeast direction of the plain hollow drops from 350 to 100 meters.
Its surface is dissected by the valleys of numerous rivers crossing it in the meridional direction. This gives a monotonous flat relief of a wavy character.
It is more rolled with valleys, dry beds and beams the northern part of the plain, going down to the Suna River. Here, besides the rivers flowing from the mountains, in many places, springs are embarrassed on the surface, forming the so-called "black rivers" flowing into Sunu.
The valleys of rivers when leaving the mountains on the plain usually have steep shores up to 20-25 meters high. To the north the height of the shores down to 2-3 meters. Well-pronounced terraces can only be observed in the valleys of the Suni and Arguna rivers. The rest of the rivers do not have them at all or they are in the infancy of rays.
A peculiar relief on the plain is highlighted by the watershed of the Argun and Gaita rivers. It is almost completely dismembered and is a small, elongated elevation, hollow down on the side of both rivers, elongated in the meridional direction.
Chechen plain is the most populated place in the republic. In all its area, largely spread large, drowning in the greenery of fruit gardens Chechen villages and Cossack Stitsa.
Chechnya, Chechen Republic 
TERRAL-SUNZHENA
The area of \u200b\u200bthe Terek-Sunzhenskaya hill is the most interesting example of almost complete coincidence of tectonic structures with the forms of modern relief. Anticline here correspond to the ridges, and the synclinals are dividing their valleys.
The formation of a hill is associated with the formative processes of the Cenozoic Time, which attached the final structural form of the Caucasus Range.
Teresk and Sunzhenskaya complex anticline folds are expressed in the relief in the form of two parallel, slightly convex to the north of the mountain ranges: Northern Teresk and South - Kabardino-Sunzhenskaya. Each of them in turn is divided into a number of ridges consisting of one or more anticline folds.
The terra ridge stretched almost 120 kilometers. Its western part of the Valley of the River River to the village of Mineral has a latitudinal direction. It is confined to the most significant peaks: Mount Tokareva (707 meters), Malgobek Mountain (652 meters), etc. In the village of Mineral's village from the Teresk Range in the north-west direction, the lower Eldarovsky Ridge will be born. A Kalyai valley formed in a longitudinal deflection is located between the Teresian and Eldarovsky ridges.
At the village, the mineral terrestrial ridge turns to the southeast, while maintaining this direction to the Hayan Court mountain, and then, changing it on the latitudinal, the maximum heights of the vertices of the central and eastern part of the terrestrial ridge are not exceeded 460-515 meters. The Eastern end of the Terek Range at a small angle relatively stretched to his braging ridge.
The continuation of the northern chain and its final Even is a Gudermes Range with a vertex of Heiran-Court (428 meters). Its length about 30 kilometers. At the Aksai River, he connects to the spurs of the Black Mountains.
A narrow pass (Guderme Gate) was formed between the BRGGUN and Guderme ridges, through which the River Sunja breaks through the Terek-Kum lowland.
The southern chain consists of three main ridges: Snake, Major-Kabardian and Sunzhensky. The Sunzhensky ridge is separated from the Major Kabardian Games Gorge. The length of the Sunzhensky ridge is about 70 kilometers, the highest point is Mount Albasque (778 meters). At the Schooluk Gorge to the Sunzhensky Ridge, the lowest plateful Nazranovskaya elevation, merging in the south with the Dattio Hill, is adjacent. The exit from the Alkhanchurt Valley between the Teress and Sunzhen ridges by 20 kilometers stretched the Grozny Range. In the West, it is associated with the Sunzhen ridge by a small jumper, in the east ends with a hill of Tashka (286 meters). The Grozny and Sunzhen ridges are divided by a rather broad Andreevian valley.
Southeast of the Sunzhensky Ridge, between the rivers of the Sunya and Jaloka, Novogroznensky, or Aldynsky, Range stretched out. The Khankalsky gorge and the modern valley of the Arguna River is divided into three separate hills: Syir Court with the top of Belk-barz (398 meters), Xyle Court (432 meters) and Goyt Court (237 meters).
The TERSKY and Sunzhen ridge shares the Alkhanchurt Valley, the length of which is about 60 kilometers. Its width is 10-12 kilometers in the middle and 1-2 kilometers between Teresky and Grozny Ranges.
The surface of the ridges of the Teresk-Sunzhenskaya hill is composed of shale, often gylopy clays, glazed sandstones, pebbles. Quaternary sediments in the form of forest-shaped loams are widespread. They cover the lower parts of the ridge warehouses, the bottom of the Alkhanchurt valley will linse, the terraces surface of the Terek.
The slopes of the ridges of the Terek-Sunzhen hill in some places are traces of the former strong erosion and form patterned lace fancy-combined gentlengths and beams, hills and kotlovin, sadlovin and ravines.
The northern slopes are usually dissected stronger than the southern one. The beams on them are more, they are deeper and in the relief are sharp. When moving to the east, the degree of dismemberment decreases.
The largest sliced \u200b\u200bis the northern slope of the Teresk Range. The northern slopes of the Eldarovsky, Braginsky and Gudermes ridges are weakly dismembered. The slopes of the Teress and Sunzhen ridges, facing the Alkhanchurt Valley, gentle and long.
North of the Teresk Range extends Nad Wechhenic Plain. It is an ancient terrace of Terek and has a weak slope to the north. The plain nature of it is broken by light waviness, as well as a canopy exaltation. In the western part, an ancient terrace is imperceptibly merged with a third terrace, in the eastern part this transition is indicated by a sharp ledge.
Mining
The portion of the northern slope of the Caucasian ridge, on which the southern part of the territory of the Chechen Republic is located, is a northern wing of a huge Caucasian fold.
The relief of the mountains was formed as a result of a long geological process. The primary relief created by the internal forces of the Earth was converted under the influence of external forces and became more complex.
The main role in the conversion of relief belongs to rivers. With great energy, the mountain rivers cut the small anticline folds arising on their way, called through valleys, called the Valleys of the breakthrough. Such valleys are found at Assue and Fortage with the intersection of them by the Danctic anticline, on the Sharo-Argune and Changty-Argune, in the place where they cross the Varanndian anticline, and on some other rivers.
Later in transverse valleys, in places folded easily destroyed rocks, there were longitudinal valleys of the tributaries, which were then divided by the northern slope of the Caucasian ridge to a number of parallel ridges. As a result of such dismemberment, black mountains, pasture, rocky and side ridge arose in the republic. The ridges were formed where durable and resistant to the destruction of the breed go on the surface. Longitudinal valleys located between the ridges, on the contrary, are confined to breed distribution bands, easily cleaners. The lowest ridge is black mountains. Its vertices reach no more than 1000-1200 meters above the ocean.
Folded black mountains easily destroyed rocks, clays, sandstones, marlamles, conglomerates. Therefore, the relief here has soft, rounded outlines, which is typically for the landscape of low mountains. Black mountains are dissected by river valleys and numerous beams on separate arrays and do not form a solid mountain chain. They constitute the zone of the republics of the republic.
In the Black Mountains in areas folded by Maikop Sweet clay, frequent landslides.
Actually, the mining of the republic is clearly expressed by a number of high ridges. According to the features of the relief, it is divided into two zones: the zone of limestone ridges, which includes a pasture and rocky ridge, and a slate-sandstone zone, represented by the side ridge and its spurs. Both zones are made by sedimentary rocks of the Mesozoic age. In the composition of the rocks, foundation of the first zone, various limestone predominate. The second zone is predominantly clay and black shale.
The zone of limestone ridges in the western part is complicated by the Core-Laman Anticline and many supays and discharges, and in the Eastern - the rarendian anticlinal fold. Therefore, the width of the zone itself changes in various places. So, in the fortnight river basin, its width reaches 20 kilometers, in the upper reaches of Martha, it narrows up to 4-5 kilometers, and the Arguna basin is again expanding, reaching 30 or more kilometers. As a result, the grazing ridge on the territory of the Chechen Republic has a complex structure and consists of a whole range of ridges. In the western part, it branches the three parallel chains, dismembered by river valleys per number of individual ridges. The largest of them are Corey Lam, Mord Lam and ES-Court.
In the central part of the republic, the pasture ridge stretches in the form of one chain - the Peshroy Mountains. In the eastern part, it is represented by the Andiy Range, from which numerous spurs depart.
Some peaks of the pasture ridge have a height of more than 2,000 meters above the ocean level.
The south of the pasture ridge is the highest of limestone ridges - rocky. It only in several places intersects with river valleys and at a considerable distance is the nature of the waterproof ridge.
The highest point of the rocky ridge is the pinnacle of rocky, or chaholgi (3036 meters), which ends the ridge of the Tsorele Lam. From this top, the rocky ridge turns to the northeast in the form of a ridge of the Ridge and stretches to the Gekhi River, crossing it in a deep Gehinsky Gorge. From the River Gekhi, the rocky ridge stretches to the southeast of the Kiri-Lam Ridge, it turns out to the Valley of the Sharo-Arguna River at the village of Kiri.
The relief of limestone ridges is peculiar. The slopes of them, albeit steep, are not sheer. They are strongly smoothed, do not form rocky ledges. In many places, the foot of the slopes are covered with powerful fuses from shale rubble.
The side ridge, stretching along the southern border of the republic, represents a chain of the highest mountain arrays, composed of severely deployed shale and sandstone and deposits of the Lower Jura. On this section of the Caucasus, it is above the main ridge for almost 1000 meters. Only in two places, it intersects the valleys of the Assa Rivers and Changty Argun.
In the western part of the Republic, between the Terek and the Assa, the side ridge is not the nature of an independent range and is essentially the extension of the main, or waterproop. Eastern, in the Machis Magali massif (3989 meters), the side ridge already acquires the features of a separate ridge, limited from the north of the Roule-Hea River's longitudinal valley, and from the south - the longitudinal valleys of the Assa and Changty-Argun. Next to the east of the sides of the side ridge on the territory of the Chechen Republic are the pyrical ridge with the vertices of Tebulos-MTA (4494 meters), the como-dotted court (4271 meters), Donoo MTA (1178 meters) and snow ridge, the highest point of which - Diclos-MTA Mountain (4274 meters).
All these ridges form a waterproof ridge, which a continuous 75-kilometer chain stretches between the upper reaches of the Changty-Arguna rivers and Sharo-Arguna - in the north, the pyrical alto of singing and Andiy-Koisu - in the south.
The dominant role in the highland zone belongs to the longitudinal valleys of the main rivers. It is the longitudinal dismemberment that determines the main features of the relief. Glacial and french erosion plays a major role in its formation. Here are well expressed a variety of forms of alpine relief: circus, curry, moraine. Glaciers gave many vertices lying above the snow line, a pyramid shape with sharp ridges separating the circus of neighboring fibils.
Below the modern glaciers preserved traces of a quaternary glaciation in the form of ice-free zircon, suspended side valleys with waterfalls, ended Morane, glacial lakes.
A non-screamer of the mountains made by clay shale and sandstones of the Central Yura stretched between the rocky and side ridges. These breeds are easily destroyed. Therefore, there are no rocky rocks here, nor the deepest gorges.
mountain village Sharova 
Historical areas of Chechnya
Accca - located in the southwest of Chechnya.
Auch - located in the gorges of the rivers Yaryksu, Yamanha and Aktash, today as part of the Republic of Dagestan.
Galine-Noz - located in the southwest of Chechnya
Karabulakia (Arzha) is located in the lower reaches of the fortnote river and the upper reaches of the Assa River, currently as part of Ingushetia.
Ichkeria - Located in the south-east of Chechnya. Often Ichkeria is mistakenly called the entire territory of Chechnya, which does not correspond to the truth.
Maista - located in the southwest of Chechnya.
Melkhista is located on the left bank of Argun.
Nashnya - located in the southwest of Chechnya.
TERLA - Located in the south of Chechnya.
Cembirla - located in the south-east of Chechnya, on the border with the Republic of Dagestan.
Organchezh - (includes small areas: Canta, Zozy, Hildhara, Khachara, Dishna) - Argun Gorge, Mountain Chechnya.
Sharha - located in the south-east of Chechnya, on the border with the Republic of Dagestan.
Shata - located on the River Changta-Argun, in the mountainous part of Chechnya.
Small Chechnya - includes the western part of the Chechen plain, the Alkhanchurt Valley and the Sunzhen ridge.
Big Chechnya - includes the central eastern part of the Chechen plain.
Naphetic Chechnya - located on the north-western part of Chechnya, on the Terek Range and on the Terek River.
Michigia - Located in the Gorichi River Gorges.
Kachkalykia - Located on Gudermes Plain between the River Terek and Gudermes Range.
Balo - located in the west of Chechnya, in the gorges of the River River, Nitha and the balls.
Pyrikitskaya Tushetia (Pyrikita) is located in the south of Chechnya, the historical lands of the Chechen Taipa Batz. Located in the gorges of the Pyrika River, at the source of the Andi-Koisu River, currently as part of Georgia.
Pheiya is located in the upper reaches of the River Changty-Arguna, in the gorges of the Andaki rivers and Western Argun, the historical lands of the Chechen Taise Fii, currently as part of Georgia.
mountain Lake in Chechnya 
History
Middle Ages
Sheikh Mansur is a military, religious and political leader of the Caucasian Highlanders during the uprising period of 1785-1791.
Kunta Hajji, Chechen Saint, Sheikh Sufi Brotherhood Cadyrian-Hudsworidia, Parefist.
From the first century, the flat part of the modern territory of Chechnya was part of the Alanian kingdom, and the mining is part of the kingdom of Sarir. In the mountains lived and direct ancestors of Chechens and Ingush - the Nakhcho tribe (Nohchi).
In the XIII century, as a result of the invasion of the Mongols, the ancestors of Chechens were forced to leave the plain areas and go to the mountains.
In the Code of the century, the Chechens formed the Early Symxir State, destroyed by Tamerlana's troops.
After the decay of the Golden Horde, the plain areas of the modern Chechen Republic were under the control of Kabardian and Dagestan feudalists. Owned from the plain lands, which for several centuries were controlled by nomadic and semi-surround Turkic-speaking tribes, Chechens until the XVI century lived mainly in the mountains to this period there are the emergence and formation of the timid structure of the Chechen society.
XVI century
From the XVI century, part of the Chechens began to gradually return from mountain areas to the Chechen plain, in the valley of Terek, on the shores of Sunii and Argun. By the same time the beginning of the expansion of the Russian state in the North Caucasus, in Western Caspiani, which followed the defeat of Astrakhan Khanate. The ally of the Russian state in this region was the Kabardian princes, who have experienced intensive pressure from the Crimean Khanate - Vassal of the Ottoman Empire - and Tarkovsky shamham. It is the Kabardian Valius (Prince) Temryuk Idarovich asked Ivan the Terrible to put the fortress in the mouth of the junction to protect against enemies. The TERSKY OSTROP, built in 1567, became the first Russian fortified point in this region.
The first settlers-Cossacks, however, appeared on Terek long before. Already in the first half of the XVI century, the Cossack towns were located on the right bank of the Terek "on the ridges", that is, on the eastern and northern slopes of the TERSKY RANGE, in the fall of the Argun River in Zunu, from where their name went - Grebensky Cossacks.
The second half of the XVI century includes the first written evidence of Russian authorities about contacts with Chechens. In the 1570s, one of the largest Chechen dominates Prince Shih-Murza Okhotsky (Akkinsky) established connections with Moscow, the first Chechen embassy arrived in Moscow, which was applied to the adoption of Chechens under Russian patronage, and Fedor I Ioannovich issued an appropriate diploma. However, already in 1610, after his killing and overthrowing his heir Batha, the Okotsky principality was captured by Kumyki princes.
From the end of the XVI century, a significant number of Kazakov-immigrants from Don, Volga, Hopra moved to the North Caucasus. They were the lowered, the actual "TERSK" Cossacks, which was formed later by Grebensky (in the XVI-XVIII centuries). In addition to Russians, the composition of the TERSK Cossack troops, the official date of education of which is considered to be 1577, and representatives of the Mountain peoples, Kalmyki, Nogai, Orthodox Ossetians and Circassians who fled Georgians and Armenians were taken from the Ottoman and Persian negle.
XVII-XVIII century
Throughout the XVII - early XVIII centuries. The Caucasus becomes the object of aspirations and rivalry of the Shahsky Iran and the Ottoman Empire, on the one hand, and Russia, on the other. In the middle of the XVII century, Sefavoid Iran, sharing the sphere of influence in the Transcaucasia with the Ottoman Empire, tried with the help of Azerbaijani and Dagestan allies to oust Russia from Western Caspiana and approve his political hegemony in the North Caucasus from Derbenta to the Sunya River. Turkey in the Black Sea (Western) part of the North Caucasus acted through its Vassal - Crimean Khanate. Encouraging simultaneously plans for the seizure of the Northeast Caucasus, Turkey was plummeted with his emissaries in his emissaries, whose main task was to attract the Turkish of the feudal tops of Dagestan and Kabarda.
The beginning of the XVIII century opens a new page in the history of the Terk Cossacks: Losting the former "liberty", it became part of the Armed Forces of Russia, turned into a military-serving class, which was entrusted with the protection of the southern border of the Russian state in the Caucasus. In the city of Terki, the royal governors constantly lived, a large military garrison was concentrated here, military and food reserves were stored. The ambassadors from Transcaucasia, Princes and Murza of the North Caucasus came here.
Under Peter I, the Russian army performs the first trips to Chechen lands, and it is at the beginning of the XVIII century that this name is enshrined in Russian sources for the Chechens - by the name of the village of Chechen-aul. The first hikes, fit into the overall strategy of the active promotion of the Russian state in the Caucasus, did not pursue, however, the goals of the accession of Chechnya to Russia: it was only about maintaining "calm" on Terek, which took this time the natural southern border of the Empire. The main reason for military campaigns served constant raids of Chechens on Cossack "Towns" on Terek. To this period, in the eyes of the Russian authorities, Chechens, the reputation of dangerous robbers, the neighborhood with whom he had given a constant concern to the state borders.
From 1721 to 1783, the punitive expeditions of the Russian troops in Chechnya for the pacification of the "brown" tribes become systematic - in punishment for raids, as well as for the way out of obedience, the so-called Chechen owners - Kabardian and Kumyk princes, from which some Chechen societies nominally depended We used Russian patronage. The expeditions are accompanied by burning "violent" aules and bringing their inhabitants in the face of generic elders to the oath to the citizenship of Russia. From the most influential families, hostages are taken - the Amanates, which are contained in Russian fortresses.
Chechnya as part of the Russian Empire
Most of the Chechnya became part of Russia in the XIX century after the completion of the Caucasian War. In 1860, by decree of the emperor Alexander II, the Terek region was created in the eastern part of the North Caucasus, which included Chechen, Ichkerian, Ingush and Nagorny district.
North Caucasian Emirate
After the start of the civil war in Russia in Chechnya, the Islamic state arose North-Caucasian Emirate, which was headed by Emir Uzun-Haji. The state was under the protector of the Ottoman Empire and had its own armed forces The total number of about 10 thousand people and produced its own currency. After the offensive, and then the victory of the Bolsheviks, the North Caucasian Emirate entered the staff of the RSFSR. The very fact of the existence of this state has led to a short-term education of the Gorsoops.
putin Avenue in Grozny 
Soviet power in Chechnya
Establishment of Soviet power
After the establishment of Soviet power in March 1920, the Terra region was disbanded, and the Chechen (combined with Ichkerian) and the Ingush (combined with Nagorno) districts became independent territorial formations.
A year later, on January 20, 1921, Chechnya and Ingushetia, together with Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria and North Ossetia entered the city of the city ASSR.
On November 30, 1922, the Chechen Autonomous Region was allocated from the Gorso Autonomous ASSR, and on November 7, 1924, the SAMA SAMA was eliminated.
Chechen-Ingush ASSR
In 1934, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Region was created, which was converted in 1936 to the Chechen-Ingush ASSR (ChiassR). It existed until 1944, when the Chechen and Ingush population was deported.
Deportation of Chechens and Ingush and Elimination of ChiassR
In 1944, Chechens and Ingush were accused of cooperation with the German troops. As a repressive measure, the resettlement of these peoples in the republic of Central Asia was elected. During the commissioning "Lentil", Chechens and Ingush were evicted mainly in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
Chiassr was eliminated. Part of its territories was divided between neighboring entities - the North Ossetian and Dagestan ASSR, the Georgian SSR and the Stavropol Territory, and the remainder of the Grozny region was formed with the administrative center in the city of Grozny.
Restoration of chiassr
In 1957, Chechen-Ingush ASSR was restored, but in several other boundaries; In particular, the suburban area remained as part of North Ossetia. As an "compensation", Nursky and Solkovsky districts were included in the Chechen-Ingushetia, which were previously included in the Stavropol Territory and populated Russians, and without taking into account their opinions. Chechens and Ingusham were allowed to return to their native places from the places of reference.
Mosque Heart Chechnya - Miracle of Russia 
Chechnya after the collapse of the USSR
The Chechen Revolution of 1991 and the proclamation of independence. Disintegration of chiassr
After the start of the "restructuring" in the mid-1980s, national movements were intensified in many republics of the USSR (including in Chechen-Ingushetia). In November 1990, the first Chechen national congress was held in Grozny, which was elected by the Executive Committee of the National Congress of the Chechen people (OCCH). The OCHN set himself the purpose of the yield of Chechnya not only from the composition of the RSFSR, but also the USSR. He headed him Major General of the Soviet Air Force Johar Dudaev. Conflict began with the official authorities of Chiassr, the conflict began. On June 8, 1991, the OCC announces the deployment of the Supreme Council of the ChiassR and proclaims the independent Chechen Republic of Nochchi Cho. In the republic actually developed droi.
During the August 1991 coup, the Supreme Council of Chiassr supported the GCCP. Armed supporters of the window of August 22 seized television center, later - the main administrative buildings in Grozny (including the building of the Republican KGB). On September 6, under pressure from the supporters of the Okchn Dock Zvezaev, was forced to sign a resignation, and on September 15, the Supreme Council of the Chiassre self-disgraced. The OCC leaders announced the transition of the supreme power to them and canceled the effect of Russian laws and the Constitution of the Chiassm.
On October 1, 1991, by the decision by the Chairman of the Provisional Supreme Council, Chiassr Hussein Akhmadov, the Chechen-Ingush Republic was divided into the Chechen and Ingush Republic. However, after 4 days most of the members of the Air Force abolished this decision of their chairman.
On October 27, 1991, the president of the republic was elected in the election - the chairman of the executive committee Okchn Dzhar Dudayev became elected. On November 2, 1991, these elections were found illegal by the congress of the People's Deputies of the RSFSR.
On November 8, 1991, President of the RSFSR Boris Yeltsin issued a decree on the introduction of a state of emergency in Chiassr. In response to this, Dudaev announced the introduction of military situation and gave an order to create armed dispute uniforms. The next day, on November 9, transport aircraft with Russian military officers landed at Khankala Airport, but they were blocked by armed dudayev. The Confederation of the Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus announced the support of Chechnya. The Russian government had to go to negotiations with the separatists and to make the withdrawal blocked in the Hancale servicemen. Russian troops deployed in Chechnya were bred, and most of the weapons, among which - tanks and airplanes - was transferred to the separatists.
fighting in Chechnya 
After the Dudayev coup, the Chiassre broke into Chechnya and Ingushetia.
On June 4, 1992, the Supreme Council of the RSFSR adopted the law "On the formation of the Ingush Republic within the Russian Federation", according to which Chechen-Ingushetia was divided into Chechen and Ingushetia. The creation of new republics was made to approve the congress of the People's Deputies of the Russian Federation. On December 10, 1992, the Congress of People's Deputies approved the formation of the Ingush Republic and made an appropriate amendment to the Constitution of the RSFSR 1978: Chechen-Ingushetia was divided into the Ingush Republic and the Chechen Republic, the border between which remained unconfirmed even so far. This law was published on December 29, 1992 in " Russian newspaper"And entered into force on January 9, 1993 after 10 days from the date of official publication.
President Alla Alkhanov
After the death in 2004, Ahmat Kadyrov, as a result of a terrorist act, Alkhanov became the new president of the Chechen Republic.
Presidency Ramzan Kadyrov
In 2007, after the resignation of Alla Alkhanov, the President of Chechnya became Ramzan Kadyrov, the son of Ahmat Kadyrov. In 2009, in connection with the stabilization of the situation, the National Anti-Terrorism Committee on the instructions of the President of Russia amended the organization of anti-terrorism activities in Chechnya. From April 16, 2009, an order was canceled, announcing the territory of the Chechen Republic by the zone of the Counter-Terrorism Operation, which operated since October 1999. By this time, the cities and villages of the republic were restored. In the once destroyed Grozny, residential neighborings were restored, the church, the mosques, stadiums, museums, the "Alley of Glory" memorials were built in honor of the dead employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the Chechen Republic during the second Chechen war. In 2010, a complex of high-rise buildings (up to 45 floors) "Grozny City" was built. In the second largest city of the Republic of Gudermes, a complete reconstruction was carried out and a complex of high-rise buildings was built.
Population
The population of the republic according to the State Statistics Committee of Russia is 1,370,268 people. (2015). Population density - 87.57 people / km2 (2015). Urban population - 34.74% (2015).
In the city of Grozny lives 250 803 people (2010), the second largest population is the city of Urus-Martan - 52 399 people (2010); Next follow: Shali - 46,073 people, Gudermes - 43,969 people, Argun - 42,797 people (2010).
The age structure of the population is as follows: 57.0% of the inhabitants of the republic refers to the able-bodied population, 35,% are younger than working age, 8% are older than working age.
The absolute majority of the population are Chechens (95.3%), Russian, Kumyki, Avars, Nogai, Ingush also live. Before the deportation of Chechens and the subsequent return of their return in the northern regions of the Republic of Russian and Russian-speaking (Terek Cossacks), the absolute majority of the population, in the city of Grozny and the Suni pool, their number was also significantly. The pre-war Russian and the Russian-speaking population was forced to leave the territory of Chechnya during the reign of Johar Dudayev in 1991-1994, and a significant number died in the period of active hostilities in 1994-1996. Ramzan Kadyrov called the revival of the multinational community of the republic of one of the priorities of the new leadership of the republic.
Culture
State Symphony Orchestra of the Chechen Republic;
Chechen state philharmonic;
Museums
Local Lore Museum named after H. Isaeva;
Literary and Memorial Museum of Arbi Mamakayev;
Literary and Memorial Museum A. Aydamirova;
Literary and Ethnographic Museum of L. N. Tolstoy;
Literary Museum M. Yu. Lermontova;
National Museum of the Chechen Republic;
Mahketin Museum of Museum;
Libraries
National Library of the Chechen Republic;
Republican Children's Library of the Chechen Republic;
Theaters
Chechen State Drama Theater named after H. Nuradilova;
Grozny Russian Drama Theater named after M. Yu. Lermontov;
Chechen State Theater of the Young Spectator;
Chechen State Youth Theater Serro;
village Harachoy 
Chechen Type
Chechen Type (Rod)
Chechen Tukhum is a kind of military-economic union of a certain group of Types that are not interconnected by blood relations, but united in a higher association to jointly solve the overall tasks of protection against an opponent attack and economic exchange. Tukhum occupied a certain territory, which consisted of the terrain internally populated by him, as well as the surrounding area, where the Taips, which were included in Tukhum, were engaged in hunting, cattle breeding and agriculture. Each Tukhum spoke on a specific dialect of the same Vainakh language.
Some historians believe that between Tukhum and Type, taken in their historical dynamics, there is no difference in addition to quantifying that both Tukhum and Type can be performed in a certain sequence of functions and kinds, and phratries - that is, the union of childbirth.
Although Tukhum means in the translation of "seed", "Egg", - speaking of the internal structure of it, it is necessary to emphasize that this organization in the presentation of Chechens has never been drawn as a group of blood-study families, but is a union of childbirth, united in phratrosis in its territorial and dialectological unity ....
Chechen Tukhum, unlike the kind, did not have the official chapter, as well as its military leader (Byachcha). This shows that Tukhum was not so much a control body as a public organization, while Type represented the necessary and logical stage of progress in the development of the management idea.
The emergence of the Taipen Union (Tukhumov) was also undoubted progress occurring on the same territory as a steady process leading to the emergence of a nation, although the trend towards the local separation by childbirth and continued to exist.
The Tukhumum's advisory body was the Council of Elders, which consisted of representatives of all Taipes, which included in this Tukhum on equal rights and honors. The Tucchume Council convened if necessary for the decision of the InterThaypical Disputes and Disagreements, to protect the interests of both individual Types and all Tukhuma.
Tukhmy Council had the right to declare war and conclude peace, negotiate with the help of their own and other people's ambassadors, enter into unions and to break them.
That is why it is still necessary to assume that the concepts of "Tukhum" and "Tip" are far from being identical ... Consequently, Tukhum, as the term itself shows, is not a bloodwater union, but only a brotherhood, and represents a natural education that has grown from the organization . This is the union of several tips of the same tribe for certain purposes.
But in Chechnya there are unions of blood bodies, formed by segmentation of one initial kind, as, for example, Chantets and Terelevalets.
The Terloewer includes such blood borne groups, named by Garas, sometimes and childbirth, like Basni, Bavloy (Baivoy), Geraha (Geraha), Kenakha (Khenha), Matsarhoy (Maciarha), no (noise) ), Sanahua (Sanahua), Shyidy (Schuandy), Eltpan (Eltphyharkhoy), etc.
From one hundred and thirty-five taipes, who made up Chechen society in the middle of the XIX century, three quarters were combined in nine phratries (unions) as follows.
In Tukhum, Akky (Alicky) included such Taips as Barchaha (Barchaha), Zheva (Zheva), Zogoy (31Od), Knokka (Knokkha), Phaharch (Piharchoy), Pharceha (Pxharchaha) and Väpty (Wakppiy), who held in the main district Eastern Chechnya on the border with Dagestan.
In Mealhi (Maryhhi), they were: Bosasty (B1Atysei), Benastha (B1enastha), Yatchahhha (Italy), Kamalha (Kamalha), Korarathi (Khoratha), Keganhi (K1eghanha), met (met), Saikanuha (Sauchana) ), Charkhoya (Ch1arha), erho (erho) and AMCHIA (1amh), who occupied the South-West Chechnya area on the border with Hessrethey and Ingushetia.
In Nohchchmaki, such major trucks were united as Belgata (Belg1Atoy), Benoi (Benoi), Bilt (Bilt), Gendargen (Gendargen), Proud (G1Adala), Muina (Muina), Candacing (Candachae), Ihirkhoye (Ishkhoya) Ishkhoi), clichal (clicham), Sanchi (Csenha), Cherma (Cherma), Centra (C1ENTERA), Charta (Charta), Egashbata (Eg1Ashbata), Enachalla (Enachalla), Enerny (Energana), Sean (Shuonoya), Yalha ( Yalhi) and Aliara (1Alira), which occupied mostly eastern and northeast, and partly and central areas of Chechnya.
In Chebarla (Ch1ebarla), they were: give (d1ai), macaja (macaja), garden (garden), Sandaha (Sandah), Sikki (Sikkhaha) and Sirkhoya (Sirkhoi). In Sharh, they were: Kinhiy (Kinhih), Rigaha (Rigaha), Hoye (Hihai), Hoi (Hoy), Hakmada (Khikamada) and Shikara (Chicharoy).
Tapa, which included both in the chamber, and in a challenge, occupied the southeastern region of Chechnya on the River Shara-Argun.
In Shota (shouta) included: Vorandow, Wrandar, Ghatta (G1atta), Keloy, Marsh, Balnaya, Nai, Phamta (Phamta), Satty (Satta) and Hakkaya (Hjakka), who served Central Chechnya in the Valley of the Chante-Argun River.
Ershtha included Tapai: Gola, Gandala (G1andala), Garchoy (G1Anchy), Meja, Muzha and Tschoy (C1), who lived in the West Chechnya, in the valley of the River of the Nizhny Martha (fortans).
And all the other Taips of Chechens in the area united into bloodary unions. So, for example, Borzoy, Bugara (Bug1ar), Hildarana (Hildekhair), Deraha (Doraha), Khochada (Khuokhada), Khachara (Hjachara) and Tums, who lived in the River of the Changty-Arguna River, united in the Union of Chengti (Ch1Antiyt), and Such as no (NICHAROM), OSE (OURN), CHYUNDY (Schuindi), Eltpharhka (Eltphyerhi) and others entered the terly (T1erla).
There were in Chechnya and such trues that were not included in Tukhuma and lived on their own. Such, for example, as Zurzakha (Zurzakha), Mailand (M1Ayste), Peshny, Garden, etc.
The affairs of Tukhum, as we have already written, were solved by the Council of Elders, convened by him as necessary. But Tukhum as a body did not have any functions of management belonging to Tapa, although he was closed in a common social system with certain useful powers due to the need for any organization - more than a tip.
river Terek 
Thus, having agreed with each other to resolve mutual disputes and help each other in defense and attack on the enemy, Tapai united in Tukhuma primarily on territorial signs. So, for example, Nhchchmäktsy occupied the territory of Eastern Chechnya (Ben, Sanish, she, Guymbi and partly behaved). It must be assumed that Nochchchumkitsa, who made the main core of Chechens, were first settled and in the area of \u200b\u200bAksai, Michiga along the Terek River.
It is characteristic to note here and such a detail that nohchchumchitsa is considered to be a keepha (place in the area of \u200b\u200bGolanchez), although from time immemorial it lives on the territory of its current settlement.
Separate trucks from this Tukhum, for example, Benoi and a century, have increased so much that they have long forgotten about their original blood relations. Marriage between Benoevtsians and Centorochians has long been the usual phenomenon. Going beyond your ancient land, representatives of these Types for at least the XVI century began to settle in other districts of modern Chechnya. It is difficult to find in our time a settlement where there was no representative, for example, Benoevtsev.
Thus, as it increases, one or another Type, in turn, dismeasised into several births, and the Garas of the former kind in this case became independent clauses, and the initial genus continued to exist as a Tukhum - a union of childbirth. We have already written about Tukhumu Ch1ytiy. There are in Chechnya and such trues, which, due to certain historical circumstances, were not included in any tukhumum, lived and developed independently. These trucks were formed both from the aborigines of this edge and from the nagging persons. Therefore, a tip of that main cell should be considered, from where any Chechen calculates its initial blood-based relations and tie communications.
When Chechens want to emphasize the absence of kinship from some person, they usually say: "Tsu Steghan Taipa A, Tukhum A Dac" (this person has neither kind, no tribe).
So, what is the Chechen Type and what socio-economic principles establishes the Tipism Institute?
The famous American researcher of the primitive system, which dedicated himself to the study of customs and morals of the ancient Indians, L. Morgan in his work "Ancient" gives the following description of the generic system in the Indians: "All of him (kind. - MM) Members - free people, obliged Protect each other; they have equal personal rights - neither Sachela nor military leaders claim any benefits; they constitute the brotherhood bound by blood bonds. Freedom, equality, fraternity, although it has never been formulated - were the basic principles The genus, and the genus, in turn, was the unit of a whole social system, the basis of an organized Indian society. "
Chechen Type is also a group of people or families that have grown on the basis of primitive production relations. His members using the same personal rights are interconnected by the contamination of the paternal line. Freedom, equality and fraternity, although they have not been formulated by anyone, here also constituted the basis of Tipa - the basis of the entire organization of the Chechen society. But the Chechen Type of the period under consideration (after the XVI century) was by no means an archaic native of which he was at the Iroquois. Not! The Type of Chechens of this period is already a product of its own sunset, the manifestation of its potential internal contradictions, the decomposition still seemed to be unshakable forms that aroused from the initial legal principles of Typism, which previously cemented a calf system and artificially constrained his decomposition. These old forms and tip principles have already entered a contradiction with those socio-property shifts, which increased within individual timber cells every day. The legal membrane of tipic corporations has no longer complied with the property structure of society.
However, there was a very important reason for an external nature that kept in the strength of the "old law" and "harmonized" him with the new shifts that occurred: the small Chechen Taips lived at this time surrounded by stronger neighbors (Georgians, Kabardians, Kumykov and others), feudal to know which constantly encouraged someone or otherwise on their liberty. These external conditions are primarily the lack of the Chechens of the established forms of statehood they strongly influenced the cohesion of Types, and this cohesion in the face of the external danger gave the appearance (of course, only the species) of equality, fraternity, protecting each other's interests.
So, Tip in the concept of Chechens is a patriarchal exogamous group of people originating from one common ancestor. Four term worked for the designation of the side branches segmented by Tapa, and used in Chechens from time immemorial to designate large related groups, which are a certain public, territorial and primarily blood-based unity: VIR (Vyat), Gare, Nekiy (Some ), C1A (ka).
Only the first one of them is Mixed and, along with the rest of the term, denotes the blood-born group of people, and more accurately determines the concept of "rhodiff".
The main indigenous Chechen Tapapa are as follows: Aitkhali, Okchalo, Barchaha, Belhoy, Belg1Atoy, Benoy, Bezha, Bile, Bighakh, Bug1ar, Voranda, Vashander, Wakppiy, Galoj, G1Andala, G1Anchy, G1Atta, G1Adala, Datakova, D1Ai, theme, Dorakhoy, Zhev, Zandak, 31, Zurza (he is Bug1ar), Zurzakya, Zyurkhoy, Ishhu, their1, Itchha, Kamalha, Kay, Koya, Kula, Klashal, Kushbuha (he is 1 alia, Lashkar, Makazhoy, Mar-Shala, Merya, Mullah, Mazarhoy, M1 Sayt, Musha, Mulk, Our Nicholas, Nik1ar, Nikhalya, Nakkukh, Peshkhoy, Phaliah, Phaechah, Rigaha, Garden, Sakhyanda, Syarbala, Satta, Tulkha, Turko, Harache, Heersany, Hildhehharkhi, Hoy, Hulaland, Hurhai, Huhakka (he and C1Okhanha), Khiakmada, Hyachara, Chemoy, Hyhe, Hyochka, Tsantha, Ts1entara, C1, Charta, Charkhoy, Cunmar, Choir, Chicharoy, Chicharoy , Styridova, Shuona, Spird, Shuyndy, Eg1 Ashbat, ELSTANNY, Enachalla, Engan, Ersany, Erhoy, Yalh Aroy, 1 alia, 1ahah, etc.
Taipes in Chechnya in the period under study with relative accuracy, there are more than one hundred thirty five. Of these, more than twenty are not indigenous, but formed from representatives of other peoples, but for a long time firmly included in the Chechen society, assimilated at different times and under various conditions: some of them went to the country of Vainakhs themselves, in search of comfortable lands, and others There were current historical circumstances here, and they were forced to adopt someone else's language for them, other people's customs. Of course, these people had no calf mountains, nor community lands, nor stone crypts (solar graves) for the funeral of their dead relatives. But following the example of the aborigines of this region, they ran into blood kinship, assisted to members of their community, declared blood revenge for the murder of their relatives, adhered to other social and mandatory principles of the Tupism Institute. This circumstance is also interested in the fact that it strongly rejects the theory of absolutely pure ethnic origin of Vainakhov - in particular, Chechens.
As the TAP is reproduced, it disintegrates two or more part-Garas, and each of these Garov over time was an independent tip.
To confirm your belonging to the Aboriginal Chechnya, each Chechen should have remembered the names of at least twelve persons from among their direct ancestors ...
Elders and leaders of Chechen Taipes did not always have inaccessible castles, did not decorate their departures with the names of the coat of arms. They did not cry in sparkling armor and did not fight in romantic tournaments. Imitating Type Democracy in society, they still had the kind of peaceful peasants: drove Otara Sheep in the mountains, plowed and sowed themselves. But the high concepts of honor, equality and fraternity between all members of the Taipen Community came to a new stage of tipic relations not in the haloe of the former purity and nobility, but in the perverted, modernized form generated by the impudent cruelty and arrogant attractions of strong and rich.
In its main mass, Vainahi was very wary and sensitive to any attempts and encouragement to the emergence of feudal power and feudal aristocracy and the general efforts were held them. This is evidenced by the richest folklore material and the custom of the Baital Vakkhar (delegation), which exit the Chechens and very rarely found from other peoples.
Nevertheless, the process of decomposition of a timid community is clearly traced from Chechens since late Middle Ages (XIII-XIV century). Moreover, this process also marks the initial stage, but already the step, which was preceded by earlier steps.
The economic basis of Taip was cattle breeding, agriculture and hunting. Cattle was the basis that determined the specific features of the Chechen taip of that period. Fields and estates were also the most important part of the Type property. The farming of Chechens were engaged in ancient times, even at the beginning of the XVII century, Kacalekovsky Chechens had rich vineyards, sowed wheat, millet, barley, and later began to cultivate corn.
Maisthers and in general, the Middle Arguan region of Chechnya of the XVII century were famous for their wise men who were well-treated wounds that made an amputation of organs and even the trepanation of the skull. Maystinians, for example, long before the emergence of Russians in the Caucasus, there was a vaccination from smallpox. They were famous for both skillful builders of combat and residential towers. And finally, the Maystinians were famous for both the experts of the Adat - Type law. It was here here, in Myshov, who, by virtue of his geographical location, was defended from all sorts of attacks of the enemies, the elders of Types were moved to official meetings for discussion of adable-taipov issues ...
Another place where the issues of the Universal Adat were also discussed, was Mount Khetash-Court, near Aul Preteta.
People's cuisine Chechnya
Folk cuisine
People's cuisine Chechens is extensive and multifaceted. We offer only a small number of recipes of the most frequently used dishes.
Zhizhig-Galnash (Galushi with meat)
(for one portion)
Lamb - 354 g or beef - 342 g, salt - 3 g
Broth - 300 g
Fat lamb or beef with a bone to boil the large piece (weighing 1.5-2 kg) with the addition of salt. Ready meat cut into pieces of 50-60 g.
From wheat flour: kneading fresh dough, roll in a layer with a thickness of 1 cm, cut into long breakdowns, then cut across the diamonds with a length of 4 cm, after pressing three fingers to roll out in the form of seashells or give any curly shape.
Galushki cook in broth or salted water 20-25 minutes, put on a plate, put pieces of meat on top. Separately apply meat broth and garlic, loss with salt and diluted not large quantity Broth.
Zhizhig Chorp
(for one portion)
Beef or lamb (thick or thin edge) - 159 g, fat - 15 g, tomato-mashedral - 20 g, fresh tomatoes - 47 g, onion - 73 g, wheat flour - 6 g, potatoes - 133 g, garlic - 2 g, salt - 5 g, black ground pepper - 0.05 g, parsley greens - 5 g
Raw meat chopped with strokes, salt, fry before the formation of a crust, pour hot broth or water, add a pastened onion, tomato-puree and tomatoes fresh and stew until readiness.
Then the broth drain and prepare on it the sauce with flour, roasted to light brown. In the sauce put meat, fried potatoes and boil 10-15 minutes.
When submitting a garlic, grumbling with salt, and sprinkle finely chopped parsley.
Kherzin Zhizhig
(for one portion)
Beef - 200 g or lamb - 200 g, potatoes - 53 g, onions - 30 g, fat grained - 12 g, salt - 4 g, pepper black ground - 0.05 g, parsley greens - 5 g, chabret - 2 G.
Salt meat, cut into pieces weighing 20-40 g, fry, pour into a small amount of hot broth or water, extinguish 25-30 minutes, add fried potatoes, roasted onions and bring to readiness. 5 minutes before the end of the extinguishing, fill the cholesterus, black. A finished dish when serving to the table to arrange greens.
Dried meat
(for one portion)
Dried meat - 270 g, black pepper - 0.05 g.
For dick: flour (corn or wheat) - 160 g, water - 90 g.
Garlic seasoning: garlic - 25 g, broth - 30 g, salt - 3 g., Black ground pepper - 0.05 g.
Broth - 300 g
Dried meat Soak for 20 minutes in cold water and cook until prepared without adding salt. Ready meat cut into pieces of 30-40 g.
Separately cook dancers.
From wheat flour: knead fresh dough, roll over 1 cm thick, cut into long strips, then cut across a 4 cm long rhombic, after pressing the hands with fingers to roll out in the form of seashells or give any curly shape.
From corn flour: prepared in the same way, only they are given a flat oval form by pressing her hands with fingers.
Galushki cook in diluted boiled water broth or salted water 20-25 minutes, put on a plate, put pieces of meat on top. Separately apply broth and garlic, loss with salt and diluted with a small amount of bold broth.
Dalnash in Ataginski
(for one portion)
For test: Wheat flour - 120 g, kefir - 100 g, salt - 3 g, food soda - 0.2 g.
For minced meat: Rubet - 190 g, fat-raw - 25 g, Bow - 24 g, Salt - s g, Black ground pepper - 0.03 g, butter butter - 30 g.
From wheat flour in kefir with the addition of salt and soda knead the unrocked dough.
For minced meat: boiled scar, saber-raw and onions melted finely, fry everything, sprinkle with salt and pepper.
The dough is divided into 2 cakes of the round shape, put into the middle of putting the stuffing, edges to start and roll over with a thickness of 8-10 mm. Bake in a frying pan or on a plate without fat. Finished pyshki moisten with hot water for soft and removal of burnt flour, lubricate with butter, cut into 4-6-8 pieces in the form of sectors.
Separately, you can apply butter butter.
Sausage at home
(for one portion)
Lamb or beef (flesh) - 130 g, breadcrumbs - 70 g, onion - 60 g, fat-raw - 50 g, rice - 15 g, salt - 5 g, black hammer pepper - 1 g.
For dicks: corn or wheat flour - 160 g, water - 90 g.
Garlic seasoning: garlic - 25 g, broth - 30 g, salt - 3 g, black pepper ground - 0.05 g.
For minced meat: the pulp of meat, the fatty raw is finely chopped with a knife, you can skip through a meat grinder with a large grille.
Rice to go through and rinse with hot water, salt, sprinkle with pepper, mix with meat thoroughly.
Baranine's intestines Soak for 30-40 minutes in warm water, then rinse thoroughly. Intestinal shells fill not tightly stuffing and tie ends. Boil, bay hot water, within 1-1.5 hours.
Separately cook dancers.
From wheat flour: knead the fresh dough, roll in a layer of 1 cm thick, cut into long strips, then cut across the diamonds of 4 cm long and after pressing the three fingers to roll out in the form of seashells or give any curly shape.
From corn flour: prepared in the same way, only they are given a flat oval form by pressing her hands with fingers.
Galushki cook for 20-25 minutes in salted water. Sausage is served with gallushia from corn or wheat flour. Separately apply garlic, loss with salt and diluted with a small amount of oily broth.
Chicken in Chechen
(for one portion)
Chicken - 208 g, salt - 3 g, onion - 5 g. For sauce: butter creamy - 20 g, milk solid - 50 g, onion - 60 g, black ground pepper - 0.05 g, salt - 2 g .
For dicks: flour (corn or wheat) - 160 g, water - 90 g, salt - 2 g. Broth - 250 g, milk boiled - 50 g.
The prepared carcass of chickens are put in hot water (2-2.5 liters per 1 kg of product), quickly bring to a boil, then heating is reduced. With the boiling broth, they remove the foam, add chopped onions, salt and boil with weak boiling in a closed dish up to readiness.
Boiled chicken cut into portions, put in a saucepan with a bow, pasted on creamy oil, fill with whole milk, salting, add black pepper, cover with a lid and stew 5-10 minutes.
Prepare galyushki from corn or wheat flour.
Galushki from wheat flour: kneading fresh dough, roll in a layer with a thickness of 1 cm, cut into long strips, then cut across the diamonds with a length of 4 cm and after pressing the three fingers to roll out in the form of seashells or give any curly shape.
Galushki from corn flour: prepared in the same way, only they are attached to a shiny oval form by pressing her hands with fingers.
Galushushki cook in broth or salted water 20-25 minutes, put on a plate, put pieces of birds on top.
Separately apply a chicken broth, fastened with solid boiled milk.
Siskul
(for one portion)
For Siskown: Corn flour - 168 g, water - 100 g, salt - 2 g. In the sifted corn flour pour water with a temperature of 50-60 degrees and knead the dough, separated on the cakes of the round shape with a thickness of 1.5-2 cm, with a diameter of 20- 25 cm. Bake in a pan (without fats), periodically turning over. Served with Cald Dyatta or to Beraam and Tea Kalmyk.
For Cald Dyatta: Cottage cheese - 64 g, butter creamy (grained) - 20 g, Egg - 1/2 pcs., Salt - 5
Salted cottage cheese mixed with creamy or shallow oil and finely chopped boiled egg.
For TO-BERAMS: Cottage cheese - 40 g, sour cream - 60 g, salt - 5 g.
Salted cottage cheese mixed with sour cream.
For Kalmyk tea: Milk - 100 g, tea green tiled - 4 g, black pepper - 0.1 g, butter creamy - 10 g, salt - 0.5 g, boiled water - 100 g.
In boiling water, fall asleep tiled green tea, after boiling to laugh in 5 minutes, strain, pour boiled milk, add salt, black pepper, butter.
Chepalgash
(for one portion)
For dough: Wheat flour - 100 g, kefir - 100 g, food soda - 0.2 g, salt - 0.5 g.
For minced meat: cottage cheese - 75 g, egg - 1/4 pcs., Salt - 0.5 g, butter butter - 20 g. Cooking test.
Prepare minced cottage cheese, mixed with egg and salt, if cottage cheese is unsolonged.
The dough is separated into pieces weighing 200-230 g and roll 30 cm thick. In the middle put mince, edge to base in the form of a donut and roll out with a thickness of 0.9-1.5 cm.
Bake in a pan without fats, periodically turning over. Ready Chepalgash wipe on both sides of hot water to mitigate and remove burnt flour, lubricate with butter, put one on another.
When feeding, cut into 4-8 parts and pour into melted cream oil. Oil can be served separately.
Hingalash with pumpkin
(for one portion)
For test: Wheat flour - 120 g, kefir - 100 g, soda food - 0.2 g, salt - 0.5 g.
For minced meat: Pumpkin - 128 g, sugar - 15 g, water - 30 g, onion - 24 g, salt - 0.5 g, butter creamy - 30 g.
Mustle flour with heated kefir, add salt, bread soda and knead the dough until a homogeneous soft consistency is obtained.
Cooking minced meat: the pumpkin is free from the fruits, chop into pieces, clean from seeds, put the peel up into a saucepan, pour hot water at the rate of 1 liter of water by 5 kg of pumpkins and cook, tightly covering the lid, until readiness. The onions are finely chopped and fry, you can put in the mince raw. From the boiled pumpkin with the help of a spoon to choose the flesh and wipe. Add sugar, salt, roasted onions and mix everything.
Dough split into pieces of 200-230 g, roll out the cakes with a thickness of 0.3 cm, put minced meat on one half, cover the second half, edge to start, giving the shape of the semicircle. Bake on a flipped pan without fat, periodically turning over. Ready Hingalash wipe on both sides of hot water (for soft and removal of burnt flour), lubricate with butter. Before serving, cut on 3-6-9 parts and pour into melted butter or separately apply oil in the pile.
Halva from Orekhov
(100 g)
Nut core - 650 g, honey - 420
Purified kernels of nuts (walnut, peanuts) slightly fry, fall asleep in boiling honey and mix. Shut up to the tray and give cool. Before serving to cut on portions weighing 75-100 g
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Source of information and material:
Social team
http://chechnya.gov.ru/
Work M. Mamakayev "Chechen Type during its expansion." Grozny, 1973, ss. 15-28.
http://chechnyatoday.com.
Geography of the Caucasus.
http://chechna.com/
Wikipedia website
CHECHEN REPUBLIC.
Geographical view.
NATURE
TERRAL-CUM LAST
The Terek-kum lowland is located between the Terek in the south and the Kuma in the north. In the west, its natural border is the Stavropol elevation, and in the East - the Caspian Sea. The Chechnya includes only the southern part of the terco-kum lowland. Almost three quarters of the area here occupies a tern sandy array. He is clearly distinguished among those surrounding plain spaces with its savory relief. In geological terms, the Terek-Kum lowland represents part of the predfabcasis deflection filled from above the sea sediments of the Caspian Sea.
At a quaternary time, most of the terco-kum lowland was repeatedly poured by the waters of the Caspian. The last transgression of the excavation end of the glacial period, judging by the spread of marine sediments of this transgression, called the puffy, the level of the Caspian Sea at that time reached 50 meters above the ocean level. Almost the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe terro-kum lowland was occupied by the marine pool.
The rivers flowing into the puffy pool brought a mass of suspended material, declared in the mouths and forming large sandy delta. Currently, these ancient delta are preserved on lowlands in the form of sandy arrays. The largest of them is TERSKY - almost entirely located in Chechnya. He is a delta of an ancient chicken.
One of the common form of the relief of the approaching massif is the Grocery Sands. They stretch parallel rows in a latitudinal direction coinciding with the direction of dominant winds. The height of the Girdo may vary from 5-8 to 20-25 meters, the width is from several tens to several hundred meters. The ridges are separated from each other between ordinary hollows, which, as a rule, is wider than the ridges themselves. Ridges threw vegetation and have soft outlines.
An interesting form of sand formations in the approaching array are the sandy sands. They are especially brightly expressed in its northern and northeastern parts. Barhaned sands are located with chains elongated perpendicular to the dominant oriental and western winds. The height of individual ridges reaches 30-35 meters. Barhane chains are separated by through valleys and blowing hollows. During the years of Soviet power, in the approaching array, great works were carried out on the fixing of bulk sands with wood and herbal vegetation. Now the barhanes continued on relatively small areas.
They are found in the approaching array and other form of relief - bugish sands. They are overgrown sandy hills of soft outlines with a height of 3-5 meters. Formed as a result of dispelling the garden sands or fastening the vegetation of barhanes "sands. Within the river-kum lowland, the valley of the Terek River should be highlighted. The left-bank part of it is characterized by well-pronounced terraces, the whole complex of which is clearly traced, at the village of Ishcherskaya. Here are six terraces:
The first terrace is called. It is an unintentional strip stretching along the entire river bed and annually with floods flooded with waters of Terek. The surface of the terrace is often changing under the action of erosions and sediments of flood water, intersects with numerous ducts and styrices, places are very frozen and covered with impassable thickets reed.
The second terrace is inappropriate, may be called forest, as it is completely covered with forest and shrub vegetation. From the floodplain terrace, it is separated by a well-pronounced ledge of 0.7-0.8 meters. The surface of it is also traces of the river. It has a hollow-ducts and traces of former lakes-old men in the form of small decreases overgrown with reeds. In the forest there are wetlands. In the years of large floods, the inapproaching terrace is subjected to flooding.
The third terrace has a ledger of 6.7 meters. It is located on the village of 11Savelevskaya and part of the village of Nurskaya. On the concave parts of the Terek terrace is blurred at all or stretches the narrow strip. So, at the village of Ishcherskaya, its width is only 50-60? Meters, and the village itself, once located on it, because of her erosion was transferred to the fourth terrace.
The fourth terrace ledger is 3.8 meters, it is located Stanitsa Isscher, Meksenskaya, Kalinovskaya, Alpathovaya stations, Nursan. The surface of it, as well as the surface of the third terrace, is flat. There are many Kurgans and Mogilniks. It intersects with a large number of irrigation channels. Along its northern outskirts, the channel named after Lenin stretches.
The fifth terrace begins behind the Lenin Canal. The height of its ledge of 5 meters. The surface of the terrace is a wavy, almost completely rapida. To the north stretches to the TERSKY massif, in the area of \u200b\u200bStanitsa Savelievsky shifts and merges with the fourth terrace. The sixth terrace is a tern sandy array - brunas, begins well-pronounced ledge. In 2.5-3 meters high.
Chechen foothill plain
Chechen foothill plain is part of Terek-Sunzhenskaya, located south of the Sunzhensky ridge. The Assinovsky spurt, the Terek-Sunzhsnskaya Plain is divided into two separate foothill plains - the Ossetian and Chechen, which from the south is limited to the foot of the Black Mountains, I am from the north of the Sunzhensky and theory ridges. In the northeast direction of the plain hollow drops from 350 to 100 meters.
Its surface is dissected by the valleys of numerous rivers crossing it in the meridional direction. This gives a monotonous flat relief of a wavy character. It is more rolled with valleys, dry beds and beams the northern part of the plain, overlooking the Sunzhe river. Here, besides the rivers flowing from the mountains, in many places, springs are embarrassed on the surface, forming the so-called "black rivers" flowing into Sunu.
The valleys of rivers when leaving the mountains on the plain usually have steep banks up to 20-25 meters. To the north the height of the shores down to 2-3 meters. Well-pronounced terraces can only be observed in the valleys of the Suni and Arguna rivers, the rest of the rivers do not have them at all or they are found in, in its infancy on rays.
A peculiar relief on the plain is highlighted by the watershed of the Argun and Gaita rivers. It is almost completely dismembered and is a small, elongated elevation, hollow down on the side of both rivers, elongated in the meridional direction.
Chechen plain is the most populated place in the republic. For the scene, the largests drowning in the greenery of fruit gardens of the Chechen villages and Cossack Stitsa are picturesquely spread picturesque.
TERRAL-SUNZHENA
The region of Terek-Sunzhenskaya hill is an interesting example of almost complete coincidence of tectonic structures with the forms of modern relief. Anticline here correspond to the ridges, and the synclinals are dividing their valleys.
The formation of a hill is associated with the formative processes of the Cenozoic Time, which attached the final structural form of the Caucasus Range.
Teresk and Sunzh's complex anticline folds are expressed in the relief in the form of two parallel, slightly convex to the north of the mountain ranges: Northern Teresk and South-Kzbardino-Sunzhenskaya. Each of them, 9 will be divided into a number of ridges consisting of one or more anticline folds.
The terra ridge stretched almost 120 kilometers. Its western part of the Valley of the River River to the village of Mineral has a latitudinal direction. It is confined to the most significant peaks: Mount Tokareva (707 meters), Malgobek Mountain (652 meters), etc. In the village of Mineral's village from the Teresk Range in the north-west direction, the lower Eldarovsky Ridge will be born. A Kalyai valley formed in a longitudinal deflection is located between the Teresian and Eldarovsky ridges.
At the village, the mineral terrestrial ridge turns to the southeast, while maintaining this direction to the Hayan-Court mountain, and then changing it on the latitudinal, the maximum heights of the vertices of the central and eastern part of the terrestrial ridge do not exceed 460-515 meters. The eastern end of the Tereg Range under a small angle relatively stretched by the Bragness Range. The continuation of the northern chain and its final Even is a Gudermes Range with a vertex of Heiran-Court (428 meters). Its length about 30 kilometers. At the Akeai River, he connects with the spurs of the Black Mountains.
A narrow pass (Guderme Gate) was formed between the BRGGUN and Guderme ridges, through which the River Sunja breaks through the Terek-Kum lowland. The southern chain consists of three main ridges: Snake, Major-Kabardian and Sunzhensky. The Sunzhensky ridge is separated from the Major Kabardian Games Gorge. The length of the Sunzhensky ridge is about 70 kilometers, the highest point is Mount Albasque (778 meters). At the Akhaluk Gorge to the Sunzhensky Ridge, the lowest plate-shaped undisputed elevation merging in the south with the Dattio Hill. The exit from the Alkhanchurt Valley between the Teress and Sunzhen ridges by 20 kilometers stretched the Grozny Range. In the West, it is connected by the Sunzhen ridge with a small jumper, in the east ends with an exaltation of that scale A (286 meters). The Grozny and Sunzhen ridges are divided by a rather broad Andreevian valley.
Southeast of the Sunzhensky Ridge, between the rivers of the Sunya and Jaloka, Novogroznensky, or Aldynsky, Range stretched out. The Khankalsky Gorge and the modern valley of the Arguna River is divided into three separate hills: Syr Court with a top of Belk-barz (398 meters), Xulimcourt (432 meters) and Goyt Court (237 meters).
The TERSKY and Sunzhen ridge shares the Alkhanchurt Valley, the length of which is about 60 kilometers. Its width is 10-12 kilometers in the middle and 1-2 kilometers between Teresky and Grozny Ranges.
The surface of the ridges of the Teresk-Sunzhenskaya hill is composed of shale, often gylopy clays, glazed sandstones, pebbles. Quaternary sediments in the form of forest-shaped loams are widespread. They cover the lower parts of the ridge warehouses, the bottom of the Alkhanchurt valley will linse, the terraces surface of the Terek.
The slopes of the ridges of the Terek-Sunzhen hill in some places are traces of the former strong erosion and form patterned lace fancy-combined gentlengths and beams, hills and kotlovin, sadlovin and ravines. The northern slopes are usually dissected stronger than the southern one. The beams on them are more, they are deeper, and in the relief expressed sharp. When moving to the east, the degree of dismemberment decreases.
The largest sliced \u200b\u200bis the northern slope of the Teresk Range. The northern slopes of the Eldarovsky, Braghun and Gudermes ridges are dismembered by the weakly. The sunsites of the Teress and Sunzhensky ridges, facing the Allenchurt Valley, gentle and long.
North of the Teresk Range extends Nad Wechhenic Plain. It is an ancient terrace of Terek and has a weak slope to the north. The plain nature of it is broken by a light waviness, as well as a canopy exaltation, reflecting in the relief of the Adu-Yurtov buried structure, in the western part of the ancient terrace is imperceptibly merged with the third terrace, in the eastern part this transition is indicated by a sharp ledge.
The second and third terraces are not expressed everywhere quite clearly. In places they are blurred, in some places they have been preserved in the form of small cornices. Only ancient and modern floodplain terraces can be traced throughout the valley.
Mining
The portion of the northern slope of the Caucasian ridge, on which the southern part of Chechnya is located, is a northern wing of a huge Caucasian fold. Therefore, the layers of sedimentary rocks have a drop to the north here. But in many places this general pattern Violated and complicated by secondary folding, breaking and discharges.
The relief of the mountains was formed as a result of a long geological process. The primary relief created by the internal forces of the Earth was converted under the influence of external forces and became more complex.
The main role in the conversion of relief belongs to rivers.
With great energy, the mountain rivers cut the small anticline folds arising on their way, called through valleys, called the Valleys of the breakthrough. Such valleys are found at Assue and Fortage with the intersection of them by the Danctic anticline, on the Sharo-Argune and Changty-Argune, in the place where they cross the Varanndian anticline, and on some other rivers.
Later in transverse valleys, in places folded easily destroyed rocks, there were longitudinal valleys of the tributaries, which were then divided by the northern slope of the Caucasian ridge to a number of parallel ridges. As a result of such dismemberment, black mountains, pasture, rocky and side ridge arose in the republic. The ridges were formed where durable and resistant to the destruction of the breed go on the surface. Longitudinal valleys located between the ridges, on the contrary, are confined to breed distribution bands, easily cleaners. The lowest ridge is black mountains. Its vertices reach no more than 1000-1200 meters above the ocean.
Folded black mountains with easily destroyed rocks -glin, sandstones, markels, conglomerates. Therefore, the relief here has soft, rounded outlines, which is typically for the landscape of low mountains. Black mountains are dissected by river valleys and numerous beams on separate arrays and do not form a solid mountain chain. They constitute the zone of the republics of the republic. In the Black Mountains in areas folded by Maikop Sweet clay, frequent landslides.
In the mouths of small beams and gorges overlooking the Chechen plain or on the terraces of mountain rivers, there are significant in the magnitude of the cones. They are stacked by various chipped materials: boulders, pebbles, sand, which is taken out of the gorges and beams by ruts and raindrops during prolonged rains. In the Black Mountains, especially in the eastern regions, there are ravines, the formation of which is associated with the cutting of the forest on the mountain slopes or with their spark. Actually, the mining of the republic is clearly expressed by a number of high ridges. According to the features of the relief, it is divided into two zones: the zone of limestone ridges, to which the pasture and rocky ridges belong. and the slate-sandstone zone represented by the side ridge and its spurs. Both zones are made by sedimentary rocks of the Mesozoic age. In the composition of the rocks, foundation of the first zone, various limestone predominate. The second zone is predominantly clay and black shale.
The zone of limestone ridges, in the western part complicated by measles with anticline and many supays and discharges, and in Eastern - fragile Varanndian anticlinal fold. Therefore, the width of the zone itself changes in various places. Thus, in the basin of the fortantha river, its width reaches 20 kilometers, in the upper reaches of Martan, it narrows up to 4-5 kilometers, and in the Arguna basin, it reaches 30 or more kilometers. As a result, the pasture ridge on Chechnya has a complex structure and consists of a whole range of ridges. In the western part, it branches the three parallel chains, dismembered by river valleys per number of individual ridges. The largest of them are Corey Lam, Mord-Lama Jush-Court.
In the central part of the republic, the pasture ridge stretches in the form of one chain - the Peshroy Mountains. In the eastern part, it is represented by the Andiy Range, from which numerous spurs depart. Some peaks pasture ridge have a height of more than 2000 meters above the ocean. The south of the pasture ridge is the highest of limestone ridges - rocky. It only in several places intersects with river valleys and at a considerable distance is the nature of the waterproof ridge.
From the Terek and to the watershed rivers, the rogue-hee and the Osude, for 4 €, expressed in the relief and only in one place is interrupted by the Targim Gorge of the Assa River. The western part of the ridge between the Teresk and Forest rivers is called Tsei-Lai, and the East - to the riverpiders of the river-chi - Tsorele Lam.
The highest point of the rocky ridge is the pinnacle of rocky, or Yahhalga (3036 meters), which ends the ridge of the core lamas. From this vertex, the rocky ridge turns to the northeast and the form of the Ridge of the Ridge, stretches to the Gekhi River, crossing it in a deep Gehinsky Gorge. From the River Gekhi, the rocky ridge stretches to the southeast of the Kiri-Lam Ridge, it turns out to the Valley of the Sharo-Arguna River at the village of Kiri.
The relief of limestone ridges is peculiar. The slopes of them, albeit steep, are not sheer. They are strongly smoothed, do not form rocky ledges. In many places, the foot of the slopes are covered with powerful fuses from shale rubble. The side ridge, stretching along the southern border of the republic, represents a chain of the highest mountain arrays, composed of severely deployed shale and sandstone and deposits of the Lower Jura. On this section of the Caucasus, it is above the main ridge for almost 1000 meters. Only in two places, it intersects the valleys of the Assa Rivers and Changty Argun.
In the western part of the Republic, between the Terek and the Assa, the side ridge is not the nature of an independent range and, in essence, is the extension of the main, or waterproof ridge. Eastern, in the Makhis Magali massif (3989 meters), the side ridge already acquires the features of a separate ridge, limited from the North of the Longitudinal Valley of the Roule-Hea River, the AU South - the longitudinal valleys of the Assa and Chait-Argun. Next to the eastern links of the side range on the territory of Chechnya are the pyrical ridge with the tops of Tebulos-MTA (4494 meters), a como-sensitive custody (4271 meters), a donomate (II78 meters) and snow ridge, the highest point of which - Diclos-MTA mountain (4274 meters ).
All these ridges form a waterproof ridge, which continuously 75 kilometers with a chain extended between the upper reaches of the Changty-Arguna rivers and Sharo-Arguna - in the north, the Ryriceling Al in the West and Andiy Koisu - in the south.
The dominant role in the highland zone belongs to the longitudinal valleys of the main rivers. It is the longitudinal dismemberment that determines the main features of the relief. Glacial and french erosion plays a major role in its formation. Here are perfectly expressed a variety of forms of alpine relief: circus, carries, moraine. Glaciers attached many to many Mainers lying above the snow line, a pyramid shape with sharp ridges separating the circus of neighboring fibils.
Below the modern glaciers preserved traces of a quaternary glaciation in the form of the already ice zircon, the trigs, suspended lateral valleys with the waterfalls sprinkling with them, the final Morane, Ice Lakes.
A non-screamer of the mountains made by clay shale and sandstones of the Central Yura stretched between the rocky and side ridges. These breeds are easily destroyed. Therefore, there are no rocky rocks here, nor the deepest gorges.
MINERALS
The main wealth of the depths of Chechnya is oil. In total, there are about 30 oil and gas fields in the republic. Of these, 20 are located within the Tereg Range, 7 - on the Sunzhensky Ridge and 2 - on Monocline Cylinders. Of the total deposits of oil 23, gas-chaffers 4 and gas 2.
In terms of oil, Chechnya is predominantly paraffiny with a high content of gasoline. On the natural outputs of oil in the territory of the republic were known in Hu1-HUU centuries. The local population used it for domestic needs and for medical purposes, producing oil from oil keys and specially dilated wells.
In the early years of the last century, the oil was mined in the Terek-Sunzhensky oil region, then it was discovered on the Ermolovsky plot of the Starogroznensky field, and in 1913 - at the Bancrroznensky (October).
During the years of Soviet power, detailed studies of the geological structure of the Grozny Oil District led to the discovery of a number of new deposits. In 1930, the oil fountain was obtained at the Viennai raising, in 1933 a Malgobek deposit was opened. After a few years, the development of Morgall (1937), Oisungur (1941), Adu-Yurtovsky (1941) deposits began. In 1945, the Tashkalinsky field joined the service.
In 1956, difficult and persistent searches for mesozoic oil were crowned with success. The first oil from the fractured limestone of the upper chalk was obtained on the Sunzhen ridge near the village of Karabulak. In 1959, the chalk oil was opened in Ali-Yurt and Malgobek, and a year later - on Haynkort.
Later, industrial affiliation of uppermal deposits was established on the squares: Akhlovskaya, Malgobek-Vasnesian, Ali-Yurkthazovskaya, Eldarovskaya, Orlina, Zamakulkulskaya, Karabulak-Otchal, Sernovodskaya, Starogroznenskaya, October.
In addition to oil and gas, Chechnya is rich in construction materials by Jesry for the construction industry. A significant deposit of cement mergels is explored in Dolirelie Changty-Argun, Yaryshmad's farm. The huge reserves of Mergels allowed to build a large cement plant at the village of Chirl-Yurt. The limestone deposits are timed to the multi-meat stalls of the upper chalk and the upper Yura, their reserves are practically inexhaustible. In the Assinsky gorge there are limestone beautiful colors. They are well polished and can be used as a facing material.
The plaster and anhydrite deposits are associated with a plasterful thickness of the upper Jura, developed between the rivers Gekhi and Sharo-Arguan. A large industrial significance may have a Chinhukhoye deposit located in the valley of Changty-Argun, the north of the village of Ushkolova. Gypsum anhydrite retinue reaches 195 meters here. Reserves are very large and practically not limited.
The largest sandstone deposits (SERNOVODSKOE, Samash "Insk, Chishkinskoye) are confined to the outputs of the deposits of Chokraksky and Kzragan horizons. Used to obtain wall and butt stone. Clean quartz sands are found here.
In the Shatoysky district, west of the village of small varades, there is a mineral paint deposit (ocher, mumling). A number of stone and brown coal deposits are known in the republic. However, due to small reserves and low quality industrial significance.
Chechnya rudility has not yet been studied and evaluated. Almost all oreroyments of metal minerals are confined to Nizhneural sediments. In the upper reaches of the Army and Changty-Arguna rivers, several copper and polymetals deposits are noted. Sulfate-calcium hydrogen sulfide sources are timed to the strip of the spread of Upper Magnish rocks represented by the powerful retirement of carbonate sediments. Their outputs are usually located at the bottom of the gorges of rivers cutting the rocky ridge.
The largest in this group is a Chateau Officer. It is knocked on the surface in the form of several griffins in line with Changty-Argun, near the village of Ushkolova, where the river reveals the deposits of the upper Yura.
Sodium sodium-chloride sodium sources are associated with the limestones of the upper chalk, which have due to its fracture of good water permeability. There are few such sources, but they are powerful on the flow rate, with high mineralization and a large content of hydrogen sulfide. This type includes the sources of Chishkinsky (Yaryshmardinsky) deposit of mineral waters. Here, for 300 meters, two groups of mineral springs are found: the bottom (by the river flow), located on the right bank of the Changty-Argun River, at the village of Yaryshmad, and the top, knocking on the surface in Talveg of the river, on the left bank. The total flow rate of six major sources of the upper group - 2 million liters per day.
The balneological properties of these sources are highly valued. They have the rarest combination of hydrogen sulfide, radon and emanation. For the chemical composition, Yaryshmardnan sources are analogues of world famous mazestin mineral waters. A high source flow rate and excellent natural conditions allow you to create a large resort here.
A number of fields of thermal hydrogen sulfide waters, very valuable in balneological terms, are timed to the Ranges of TSR-Sunzhenskaya Hills. These include SERNOVOD, GOROGOVOD, BRAGUAN AND ISPI SUIS SOURCES.
The outlets of thermal hydrogen sulfide waters are associated with the outcrops of chokrakic and karagan sandstones, whose separate layers are over twenty. These aquifers are involved in the structure of the Artesian basin, concluded between Chernogorsk Monocline and the Terek-Sunzhen folded zone.
Outputs of sources are confined, as a rule, to deep beams, cutting the slopes of the ridges. Sometimes one such beam over 200-300 meters reveals several aquifers with the most varied waters.
So; For example, in the resort of Szrneodsk, and the Mikhailovskaya beam, in addition to the main hot (temperature plus 70 ") of the sulfur source, sulfur-salty, sulfur-alkaline (soda) is beaten.
Now in Chechnya, on the basis of mineral waters, only one of the Azdraznitsa is functioning - the Serenodsk resort, but the presence of large mineral water fields of the most diverse chemical composition and various temperatures will create in Braguns, on the Gudermes Range and in cleaning the resorts of a wide profile.
River
Rivers in Chechnya are unevenly distributed. The mountainous part and the Chechen plain adjacent to it have a thick, strongly branched river network. And on the Terek-Sunzhenskuyuye, the elevation and in areas located north of Terek, the rivers. This is due to the features of the relief, climatic conditions and primarily the distribution of precipitation.
Almost all rivers of the republic are brightly pronounced mountain nature and originate on high: ridges of ridges Il Rodnikov or glaciers. He possessed a rapid, rapid flow and a great living force, they stay to the edge in deep, narrow gorges. When leaving the plain, where they are slowed down, the rivers have created wide valleys, the bottom of which is completely poured with water only during large spills. Brought from the mountains of pebbles and sand here are deposited, forming rigs, mongs and islands. Thanks to this, the river bed is often divided into sleeves.
On the water regime of the Chechnya River can be divided into two types. The first is the rivers, in the nutrition of which glaciers and alpine snow play an important role. It is Terek, Suna (Below Forest Layings), Assa and Argun.
In the summer, when snow and glaciers are highly melted in the mountains, they bloom. The second type includes rivers, originating from springs and devoid of glacial and high mountain snow. This group includes Suna (before Assa), Valerik, Gehshi, Martan, Goyt, Joka, Square, Aksai, Yarnik, and others,? Less significant. In the summer, they do not have a flood.
Water mode of the rivers of both types is characterized by sharp rain floods in the summer. In the mountains during strong rainfall, even small rivers and streams for a short time turn into formidable, stormy streams carrying the trees pulled with the root and moving huge stones. But after the cessation of shower, the water in them also falls as quickly.
The highest levels and water expenses in the rivers of the Republic are on the warmth of the year, when snowing snow, glaciers and pour rains. In winter, water consumption decreases sharply, as the nutrition of rivers is mainly maintained by groundwater. The freezing and ice regime of the Chechnya rivers depend not only on winter temperatures, but also on the speed of their flow. On the rivers of the high-mountain zone (the drier Assa, Changty-Argun, Sharo-Argun), despite the rather low winter temperatures, the solid icelook does not happen, because the water flow is large here. Only places formed the edges of ice off the coast (tackle).
In the lower flow, where with a decrease in the slopes, the flow rate slows down, in the harsh winter of the river in the individual sections freeze. Every year is covered with ice only the kettle. At the village of the balls, Goyta in Khututor Balay and Järla in the village of Germenechug.
The Sunza River in the area of \u200b\u200bthe city of Grozny does not freeze for a long time: warm waters discharged by industrial enterprises of the city have an influence on its ice regime.
Main River Chechnya - Terek. He originates on the slopes of the Chief Caucasus Range from a small glacier located at the Verkhin Zilga-Hech. The first 30 kilometers flows southeast between the main and lateral ridges. At the village of Kobi Terek turns cool to the north, crosses the steroid gorges side, rocky, pasture ridges, and then black mountains and goes to the Ossetian plain. In the upper flow of Kabardian plains, Terek takes on the left side numerous tributaries, the most important of which Ardon, Urum, Malka with Baksan. And on the plain, Terek retains the rapid flow.
Below the increments of Malki Terek turns to the east and a few kilometers of the West delenia, the fraternal comes within the Chechnya. The Terek Valley here has a broad understand. The channel of his winding, abounds with shames and islands, which often change their sizes and outlines due to blurred and baths. Where Terek takes his biggest influx - the River Zunu, its lower flow begins. Locking to the northeast, he already flows into the Caspian Sea, forming a vast delta with many sleeves and older beds. The total length of the Terek is 590 kilometers, and the pool area is about 44 thousand square kilometers.
The second largest river Chechnya - Sunzha - originates from Rodnikov on the UCh Court array. A small portion of the upper flow is within North Ossetia. Entering the territory of Chechnya, the Sunja initially has a meridional direction. At the Karabulak village, she changes the direction to the eastern and flowing along the Sunzhensky ridge at a distance of 5-8 kilometers from him. Behind the village of Petropavlovskaya Sunja approaches the southern slope of the Terke, envelopes it from the east and, having made two steep turns, flows into Terek a few kilometers below the Staroscheninsky village. Sunie length 220 kilometers. There is no significant left tributaries of the Sunzha, the right tributaries are multi-wheeled and numerous. The biggest of them are Argun and Assa.
Argun is the most century-based tribium of the seven. According to multipleness, he even surpasses her. Its length is about 150 kilometers. Argun is formed from the merger of two rivers - Changty-Argun and Sharo-Argun. Changty-Argun originates on the slopes of the Chief Caucasus Range within Georgia. His gorge is very picturesque. Especially beautiful in the riverpiders. The Sharo-Argun River begins with a glacier to commemorate on the side of the republic. Assa originates in Georgia, at the main Caucasus ridge. The mining part of the republic crosses in the meridional direction, when entering the Chechen plain, the village of Nesterovskaya turns into the east, and, by taking the influx - forty, flows into Sunu.
The valley of the river Ass is not inferior to the Argun Gorge. Especially Majestic and Surova, it is where the river cuts through the rocky ridge to the deep Targim gorge in Ingushetia.
Almost all the Chechnya Rivers belong to the Terek River system. The exceptions are Aksai, Yaman-Su, Yaryk-Su, belonging to the Aktash River system, flowing into the Agracian Bay of the Caspian Sea. Rivers Chechnya have a lot of economic importance. They have large hydroenergy reserves. They are used for household and industrial needs.
The role of rivers in the irrigation of agricultural land, especially in semi-desert, where without water fields and pastures are dead. Heat-deserted water, with the abundance of light and heat, give richest and sustainable crops. For irrigation and flooding of the Nogai steppe and black lands built the Terek-Kum Canal.
The Terek-Kumsky trunk canal is a multi-fashioned artificial river. At 152 kilometers it stretched along the steppe. The width of the channel reaches 40 meters, and the depth is 4 meters. The throughput of its 100 cubic meters per second, which is 3 times the average water consumption of the Sunya River in the region of Grozny.
Large impression leaves the dam on the Terek, which threw this strong and wayward river, which in the past brought a lot of the Cossack villages. Channel structures are equipped with modern equipment and mechanisms. The supply of water through the head of the head facility and passing it through the dam is automatically adjusted according to a given program. From the main canal in the direction of the Caspian Sea, branches are departed, according to which water comes to irrigation of arable land and pasture floods. In turn, irrigation canals differ from these branches in different directions.
A Nursing and Schelkovskaya branch with a bandwidth of 27 cubic meters per second is held through Chechnya. Its length is 168kilometers. From the Nursan-Schelkovskoy branch, the brown branch was separated from the Nursan-Schelkovskaya branch, which received a discharge in the foretone of chickens. Water fills the depressions between sandy ridges - lakes arise in Buruna. For the irrigation of the lampshots of the plain, a large overtime canal was built. The drying alkhanchurt valley is irrigated by the alkhanchurt canal, also feed water from the Terek. The lands of Chechen plains are irrigated by Assa-Sunzhensky, Samashkin, Khankalsky, Bragunsky and other channels.
Lake
Lakes in Chechnya are found both on the plains and in the mountainous part. Their quantity is relatively small, but they are diverse on the origin and nature of the water regime.
Depending on the condition of the formation of lake Kotlovin, the following types of lakes can be distinguished on the territory of the republic: eologies, floodplain, landslide, hubs, karst, tectonic and glacier. Eolic lakes are found within the approaching sandy massif. The main role in the formation of their boilinglin belongs to the wind. The basins have a rounded or oval shape, extended from west to the East of the dynamus of dominant winds. The dimensions of the eolic lakes are small - do not exceed several tens of meters. Most of them dries in summer.
The floodplain lakes are timed to the valleys of the Terek River, Sunii, Galki. They occupy the old rivers abandoned by the river and have an elongated or horseshoe form. Their depth is small - does not exceed 3 meters.
The coast is often covered with continuous overgrown reeds. All floodplain lakes are found fish. The lake in the Strai chickens should be attributed to the same type, which was reversed by resetting the water of the brown canal.
Lake lakes are found on mountain slopes subject to landslides. Several groups of such lakes are on the watershed of Changty-Argun and Sharo-Arguna, in the tract of chicara. Lakes are formed as a result of collaps or landslides, blocking valleys of mountain rivers natural dam. This type includes the largest high-altitude lake of the North Caucasus Kesten Am, located in the mountain Chechnya, on the southern slope of the Andiy Range, at the border with Dagestan, at an altitude of 1869 meters above sea level. The surface of the lake is about 2 square kilometers. By area, it surpasses the lake rice, and above the sea level is located above it almost on Kuo meters.
Discussed among the rocks and mountains covered with green vegetation carpet, the bright blue lake is very beautiful. For an extraordinary beauty, it should be considered a landmark of not only Chechnya, but also the entire Caucasus. Formed Kesten-AM as a result of the dam of the valley of Horsum and Kahi mountain river. The collapse, which bothered the valley, occurred from the southern slope of the Kasherm Lam, below the merger of these rivers. The cause of it was probably an earthquake.
The lake is characteristic of lobed lakes, elongated on the valleys of both river shapes. Natural dam located in the western part of the lake reaches a height of more than 100 meters. The Lake Basin has steep slopes and a flat bottom. The maximum depth of its 72 meters, the average depth of 37 meters. The length of the lake from north to south is 2 kilometers, and from west to east - 2.7 kilometers. Maximum width - 735 meters. The length of the coastline is 10 kilometers.
The lake feed the rivers and streams flowing into it, as well as knocking keys in the very basin itself. The main role in the nutrition belongs to the river of Horsum, flowing into the lake in its northern part, and cauhary flowing in the eastern part. Surface drain lake has no. But below the dam, about 3 kilometers from it, as a result of an underground flow of water from the lake to the surface, several powerful springs are knocked out, which, merging, form a small river Mior-Su. The water level in the lake changes from year to year depending on the amount of atmospheric precipitation drop down in its pool. Water in a cold lake. In summer, the temperature on the surface does not rise above 17-18. The temperature of the water in the lower layers is 7-8. In winter, the lake freezes, the thickness of the ice in some years reaches 70-80? Centimeters. Kezena am is a great place for skating and skiing. In the lake there are trout. The weight of individual copies reaches 5-6 kilograms.
In the upper reaches of the Axa River, in the pass through the Andean Ridge, there is a small karst lake. It has almost correct rounded outlines with diameters of 25-30 meters. The shape of the very hood of the funk-shaped. The depth of the lake is 4-5 meters.
An example of a lake with a brand of tectonic origin is the Galancheogo Lake. It is located in a barrel barrel, on the right slope of the valley of the Osus-Hee River, at an altitude of 1533 meters above sea level. Basin Lake Voronkou-shaped. The lake has an almost oval shape, the maximum length of it is 450, the minimum is 380 meters, the depth in the center is 31 meters. Water color in a bright blue lake with a greenish tint.
Along the south-eastern and eastern shores of Golancheza, the topolate grove spread. Among the mighty poplars, birch trunks whites. Around the lake - bright green cover of subalpine herbs. It feeds the Galancheogo Lake Springs. On the Eastern slope, three Spring fell into it. There are output keys and at its bottom. The lake has an underground flow in the form of a small spring, breaking through a tectonic break in the lane on the northern slope.
The temperature of the water on the surface of the lake in the summer reaches 20. From a depth of 6 meters the temperature begins to drop sharply and at a 20-meter depth reaches 5. Winter the lake freezes.
Lake Generalist is located in the north of the Chechen Republic (Nursky District). From the east west stretched at 1200 meters, and from the south to the north - by 600 meters. The depth of it comes to 5 meters. Western and eastern shores are replete with bays and peninsulas. In the middle of the lake - several islands. Blue water smooth in combination with the greens of the surrounding forest and the yellow sand of the beach, the abundance of the sun in the continuation of the summer, the ability to ride a boat and caress the fish - the conditions for an excellent stay.
Jalkin Lake is 6 km away. east of the city of Gudermes. It has an elongated shape. Lake length 750-800 meters, 100 meters width, depth 2-3 meters. The water level in the lake maintains an earth dam. On the north shore - beautiful pine grove.
Glaciers
Alpine snow and glaciers play a huge role in the life of the mountains. Being peculiar natural reservoirs that feed the river in the midst of summer, they have a beneficial effect on the adjacent plains. Rivers, originating on glaciers, are always full.
On the northern slope of the Caucasian ridge, the snow line, that is, the lower limit of permanent snow cover, increases when moving from the west to the East due to the increase in the same climate dry direction. Within the eastern Caucasus, it reaches 3,700-3800 meters. However, in some cases, depending on local geomorphological conditions, the snow line can be placed above or below its normal mark. In addition, the height of the snow line is changed in small limits from one year to another as a result of the unequal amount of snow dropping in different years. Food glaciers occurs due to atmospheric precipitation, avalanche and blurred transfer. With a high wind speed, characteristic of highly, in the wind shadow is formed enormous drifts with a capacity of up to 1520 meters.
The Glaciers of the Eastern Caucasus themselves are very inferior to the glaciers of the Central Caucasus in their magnitude and the area of \u200b\u200bfibils. All significant glaciers are confined to the northern slope of the side ridge. On a lower watershed ridge there are almost no.
The main morphological types of Chechnya glaciers are valley, rigorous and hanging. In its territory number;! 10 Doline glaciers, 23 bags and 25 hanging.
A distinctive feature of valley glaciers is a well-pronounced language sliding down the valley by 1.5 or more kilometers. All the valley glaciers of the republic refer to the discharge of simple, as they begin in the same individual pool, represented by a single-chamber or multi-chamber cycle. Drops from other pools these glaciers do not have.
On the surface of the valve glaciers of the republic, all morphological forms can be observed, which are characteristic of the glaciers of the mountainous countries: icefalls, glacial mills, glacial tables, "ant" heaps, various moraine, etc.
Carry glaciers are inferior to valleys according to their size. A significant part of their surface is closed by a moraine material, in connection with which the lower limit of the glacier is often difficult to trace.?
Hanging glaciers are insignificant. They occupy small chairs, beyond which the glacier language often does not go out, and if it comes out, it immediately hangs on a steep slope.
In connection with the reduction in the size of glaciers, observed in the last 100 years, their morphological types have changed. During this period in the basin of the River Suni, for example, 27 glaciers melted, 11 broke up on 34 small glaciers, the remaining area decreased by 50-60 percent.
On the territory of Chechnya, the glaciers are located in three groups. In the upper reaches of the Assa River, 10 glaciers with a total area of3.8 square kilometers are concentrated. Some of them are located in Chechnya.
The largest glaciers of the basin were grouped on the northern slope of the Makhis-Magali massif in the origins of the rivers of the roos and nerves. Here are 6 glaciers. They occupy deep, shaded punches. The largest glacier is located in the origins of the Nelch River. This is a valley glacier, its area is equal to a 1,1k quality kilometer, and a length of 1.8 kilometers.
In the pool, Changty-Argun crayfish has a 24 glacier with a total area of \u200b\u200b6.2 square kilometers, nine of them are larger, are located in Chechnya. A significant spar of the glaciation in the pool is the array of Tebulos MTA. Here are 6 glaciers with a total area of \u200b\u200b3.8 square kilometers. Among them, the Tabulos-MT type glacier, the longest on the eastern Caucasus. It is the length of over 3 kilometers, an area is 2.7 square kilometers. The range of the glacier is placed in a deep and relatively narrow circus located on the northern slope of Mount Tabulos-MTA. In the diet of the glacier, snow avalanches play a significant role, their traces are clearly visible on the steep walls of the circus. The language of the glacier is long, but narrow. Its width decreases by an end from 400 to 200 meters. On the glacier three icefall. The language ends at an altitude of 2890 meters.
Below, from the Mary, takes the beginning of a small, but full influx of Arguna River Maistechy. 5 glaciers of this group are carrying, are in the origins of the left tributary of the Maystoke River. 2 karoving glaciers are located in the upper reaches of the Beluha-Poggo river, the right influx of Changty-Argun, and one in the origins of the river the taal.
In the upper course of the Sharo-Argun River, there are 34 glacier with a total area of \u200b\u200b17.6 square kilometers. The valley of the river here has a latitudinal direction. From the south, it is limited by the links of the side ridge - ridges by the pyrikate and snow, and in the north - the ridge of Kobules, dividing the pools of the Changty-Argun rivers and Sharo-Argun.
All glaciers are concentrated on the side ridge, the average height of which is 3900 meters on this area. They are confined to the origins of the Sharo-Argun itself and his right tributaries: chea-lamyrahi, Danemylamia HunceAhk.
In the origins of Sharo-Argun there are 5 glaciers with an area of \u200b\u200b3.33 square kilometers. The largest of them is a glacier. Its area is a 2,2k-duty kilometer, and the length is 2.9 kilometers. It occupies an extensive circus, stretched from the west to the east between the vertices of Kach (3942 meters) and Shahih Court (3951 meters). It is formed from two streams that are currently towards each other. From the place of merger to the north-west there is a short language of the glacier, ending at an altitude of 2860 meters. A feature of the glacier Kachu is the absence of large icefalls, the surface of it has a weak bias, gradually increasing to the bottom. On the glacier, two side and one medigar moraine are clearly traced. Moraine merge at the end of the glacier in solid cover power up to meters.
In the origins of the River Caica-Lamurakh there are 3 glaciers. Two of them are insignificant (0.2 square kilometers), and the third - the Comito glacier has an area of \u200b\u200b2.4 square kilometers and a length of 2.7 kilometers. It is formed from the confluence of two ice streams arising from the karov located on the northern slope of the Mountains of Comitor Court (4261 meters). In the food area, the glacier has large slopes, divided by numerous cracks. Below the fusion of the surface of the glacier is quite a canopy, and there are few cracks here. On the surface of the glacier, two side moraine and one median is clearly expressed. All three moraine merge at the end of the glacier, forming solid cover.
Natural zones
Natural conditions of Chechnya are diverse. When driving from the north and;) South, the latitudinal zones of semi-desert and steppes are replaced by high-altitude zones of the forest-steppe, mountain forests and meadows and, finally, eternal snow and ice.
Vertical zonality, or explanation, is the most characteristic feature of mountainous countries. It lies in the natural change of natural landscapes on the slopes of the mountains in the direction of the foot to their vertices: the cause of the vertical zonality is the change in the height of the air temperature, humidity, precipitation, etc.
Semi-desert zone
The semi-desert zone covers the terka-kum lowland, with the exception of its southern part adjacent to the valley of the Terek River.
The climate here is arid - precipitation falls 3 (k) -350 millimeters. It's roast and sultry. The average monthly temperature of July plus 24-25 °. Cheese of summer temperatures and high dryness of air lead to the fact that the evaporation of moisture exceeds the amount of precipitation drops. This causes a strong drainage of soil and burning vegetation.
In the summer, the semi-desert is striking with his dull, lifeless view. Especially strongly draining the soil and destructively act on the vegetation of Sukhovy - Horny winds from the steppes of Kazakhstan. For the fight against drought, trace-proof strips are created here, the forests of sands are grown, irrigation and watering channels are built.
Winter in the semi-desert is small, lasts about four months. The average temperature of January minus 3-3.5 °. At the invasion of cold mass of air from the north or northeast there are snow tumans with drifts and frosts up to minus 32. Frections thaw. It is not rare after thaws come frosts, then the earth is covered with ice crust (ice).
Small snow cover allows you to contain over the winter at the foot of the stern Otara Sheep. Sheep, raking loose snow, easily extract feed. But snow drifts and ice - Beach for cattle breeders. To avoid the case of sheep from the nonsense, in winter pastures, insurance reserves of feed are created.
The main background of semi-desert Chechnya is light-chestnut soils of various mechanical composition. And the mechanical composition plays a significant role here: clay rocks in conditions of arid climate are susceptible to salinity, while it is almost never observed in the sands. Therefore, the clays are usually formed soils and vegetation close to the deserted type, and in the sands - to steppe.
Within the approaching sandy massif, sandy light-sided soils are common at different stages of development. Here we can observe all transitional differences, ranging from bulk sands, almost not affected by the process of soil formation, and ending formed by jaglubocomusted sandy soils. In the eastern part, near the border with Dagestan, there are light-chestnut soloncent soils with spots of salt marshes, and along the Strai Terek - meadow and meadow-breasted salon tillats.
In the composition of the composition of plant forms, the terro-kumy semi-desert refers to the transition zone from the steppes of the south of the European part to the deserts of the Central Asian. Typical for the steppes are growing and typical for the steppes and desert drought-resistant semi-staples, (wormwood, kikhy, etc.). From typical representatives of the Central Asian deserts there are camels of a barley, sandy wormwood - Sarazhin, Sandy Oats - Kyak et al.
In semi-desert, in contrast to the steppes of herbal cover, it is strongly resolved. On light-chestnut soils of clay composition, various wormwoods are dominated with an admixture of cereals and dissemination.
In the eastern part on saline soils, wormworms were formed, consisting of wormwood, camphorosms, vaults, various solicok. The vegetation of the approaching sandy massif is distinguished. There is no oscillatory flow in the sands, and all moisture from atmospheric precipitation penetrates the soil. And since the sands have a weak capillary and evaporation from their surface slightly, the moisture reserves in them are well preserved even at very high air temperatures. In addition, in the sands can accumulate moisture as a result of condensation of water vapor penetrating them from the air. Thanks to this vegetation, the sandy soils are richer as species compositionAnd according to abundance, and in the summer heat, it remains much better than on the soils of clay composition. Therefore, the approaches in the nature of their vegetation are approaching the steppes. Ingrown sands are wonderful natural pastures. In their vegetable cover, there are many such valuable forage plants like Siberian Lena, roofing fire, Lucerne Blue, Ticaccus, Sandy and others.
Priest sands are the main feed database for the development of fine sheep in the republic. Pasture animal husbandry is possible here throughout the year. Thanks to a relatively shallow bedding of fresh groundwater on the protrocal sands, shrubs Loch, hawthorn, Krushshki, Tamarix, Iva Caspian and trees are growing - a poplar, a pear. There are artificial ascension, white acacia, oak and even pines.
The attraction of the Priest Sands is the pine grove, planted back in 1915, 9 kilometers north of the villages of the shorn. It consists of a pine of the Crimean and Austrian. Now there are about 200 trees. The height of individual pines reaches 13 meters, diameter - 30santimeters. The grapes, fruit crops, fruit trees grow perfectly growing perfectly.
In the composition of the vegetation of semi-desert many ephemers. Therefore, spring here, perhaps the brightest and lively period, will not have time to go away everywhere, and a huge plain begins to quickly discharge with himself rusty-brown rags of last year's Biananov. All space is covered with gentle greens of young herbs. There are many colors. Among bright greenery flourish yellow and orange tulips, blue and purple irises, red poppies and other flowers. In May, they fond, fade leaves, ripen seeds. The semi-desert becomes gray and dull.
In the fall, when the summer heat falls, evaporation decreases and rain falls out, everything else comes to life and the eye is pleased with the greens of herbs. These herbs are green leaving under the snow and serve as a good feed on winter pastures. Animal world of semi-desert, although not rich, but diverse. From large mammals, here you can meet an antope-Saiga. It is usually held by herds, sometimes several hundred heads. Makes seasonal swinging. It runs very quickly (up to 72 kilometers per hour). Inhabited in semi-desert and predators: steppe wolf, differing from forest, brighter colorful wool and smaller sizes, Little Fox - Corsaq, badger.
In semi-desert there are a lot of rodents, especially tushkars: a large earthy hare, an earthen bunny, a shallow-legged tube. The gerbils are abounding - Grebenchikovaya and South, - inhabiting mainly sands. There is a hare-rusak.
In the summer, fearing from the heat and stuffiness, many animals lead a nightlife, and in the afternoon they are hiding in the holes. From birds in semi-deserts are inhabited by steppe eagles, cracker, larks, the largest steppe bird - a darf. Drop - a settled bird, in the warm season eats insects, in the winter - grains and seeds.
Many species of the Central Asian deserts are common from the restricted sandy massif, including a lizard-roundhead eared and vertihvostka, a steppeth pulp. There are meals here, steppe viper, a Greek turtle.
Zone steppes
The steppe zone includes a strip of Level Bank Terek, the eastern part of the Sunzhen hill and the northern outskirts of the Chechen plain. Compared to semi-spirits of precipitation in the steppes there are more - 400450 millimeters per year. But the amount of precipitation falling into the growing season is not enough for good development of agricultural plants. Therefore, artificial irrigation is widely used here. Summer in the steppe roast, the average temperature of July 23-24 °. The abundance of heat is favorable for the development of viticulture. In a mild winter, winter crops feel perfectly. The average temperature of January is minus 3.5-4 °.
In the valley of the Terek, on high terraces, darkest soils are developed, low terraces are occupied by meadow and meadow-marsh soils. On the Terek-Sunzhenaya hill and the strip of the Chechen plain adjacent to it, chernozem soils predominate with separate stains of dark chestnuts. The flat part of the steppe is almost entirely disassembly. In the summer it looks like a growing green wheat, extensive grinding corn arrays and yellow-orange fields of sunflower. On the natural nature of vegetation cover can be judged only by the remaining, very small, sections of virgin. The left-bank part of the Terek in the distant past was a solid steppe. Now the sections of the primitive nice steppe here almost never survived.
The extensive spaces of the Terek-Sunzhen hill occupy a varnoped-cereal steppes. Borodac, Kovyl, Ticachak, Tononog playing their major role. Where natural vegetation cover has changed dramatically under the influence of grazing or disintegration, the initial groups were replaced by bournoy vegetation.
The steppe vegetation of the Terek-Sunzhen hill is a secondary formation. The appearance of it is associated with the destruction of forests, which were covered by the TERSKY and the Sunzhen ridges are even relatively recently .. Now the forests here in the form of small overgrudies and Karagach was concentrated only in some things in the beams, steppe herbs quickly develop and are short-lived. During the summer, the steppe is repeatedly transformed. For example, a disheveled-cereal steppe for the growing season for at least ten times changes its outfit.
Early spring, immediately after melting of snow, white flowers of the krupping appear. Gussetniki and small lily with almost simultaneously bloom yellow flowers.
By the middle of April, novelly novelty meat. By the end of April, steppe essays and red tulips bloom.
The flowering of the remaining steppe cereals - Ticacher, a cider nick, tonkonoga, a vest - happens later - in May. Particularly beautiful areas of virgin steppes during the mass flowering of ripples. They are covered with solid silver-gray veil. And under the blow of the wind, this paddle dishes the waves.
In July, the cereals ripen and the steppe acquires yellow shades. The lower terraces of the Terek River and Sunii rivers due to good soil moisturizing are covered with meadows and floodplain forests, and in some places - continuous cane thickets.
Claimed forests, largely cut down, consist of oak, willow, karagach, wild apple trees and pears. The undergrowths form them thick, often not passable tired of turquish, becklett, crazy, hawthorn, elderberry, bold hop and wild grapes.
Due to the almost solid decay of the steppes, the animal world has undergone great changes. Only those animals are preserved, which are adapted to life in the territory, exercising mastered and densely inhabited. Among them are a lot of rodents - agriculture pests: hamsters, gophers, wild mice, mice-baby, etc. It is quite often a hare-rusak.
From the insectivores there is an ordinary hedgehog and mole of Caucasian, and from the reptiles - dicks and lizards. In the steppes inhabit dangerous pests of fields, gardens, gardens - Asian locust, Pruss, winter scoop, cabbage scoop, Medveda, apple moth, etc.
In the steppes, at the expense of insects, there is a whole world of birds flying out from here only with the onset of cold weather. This is a beautiful pink starling - the worst enemy of locusts and other pests of agriculture. Mass insects eat steppe larks. Most birds populating the steppe part of the republic belong to widespread species. These are the haircuts, swallows, sparrows, fun, emptores, organizes, sulfur, gri, gray crows and many others.
The animal world of floodplain forests is peculiar. In the forests of the village Shekonsky preserved the noble Caucasian deer. Wild ducks and geese nest in cane thickets. On dry sites in the forest, in more often shrubs, Caucasian Pheasant lives. Predators also live here - reed cat, jackal. They exterminate great amount Fishery birds and small mammals. In the plates of Terek a lot of ondatra, acclimatized here.
Lesostepi zone.
The forest-steppe zone includes the big one, the territory of the Chechen and Ossetian plains, as well as the western part of the Terco-Sunzhen hill.
The temperature distribution here already has a noticeable effect of separate sections above the ocean level. The average temperature of July is plus 21-23, "and January - minus 4-5 °.
The precipitation falls 500-600 millimeters. An increase in the amount of precipitation in the forest-steppe compared to the steppe zone is explained by the immediate proximity of the mountains. Even at the beginning of the last century, the Chechen plain was almost all covered with dense forests. But gradually they cut down, and the plain acquired the nature of the forest-steppe. Now the steppe occupies elevated plains of plains, and the forest is the valleys of rivers and lowering. The larger part of the Chechen and Ossetian plains of decompania is used by sowing. But now among passengers, the mighty branching trees of the wild pear remained remained among the mighty branching trees.
Meadow soils dominate in Chechen plain. Increased sections are occupied with leached chernozem. Lugovoy-marsh and alluvial soils are common in the valleys of rivers. The steppe areas of the plains are characterized by dense high grass with a large variety of plants. From the cereals here is spilled by drinking, oatmeal, fires, bearded, the Kickl is found.
Small forest areas consist most often Il oak with an admixture of ash, maple, Caucasian pear. In the valley of the rivers a lot of willow and alder. The undergrowth are thickets of hawthorn, tern, rosehip.
The slopes of the Teress and Gudermes of the ridges cover: the thickets of the deraiders, the cramps, shrub fluffy oak, the Kizilnik, Barbaris, Juniper, Rosehip, Spirey, and others. In the forest-steppe there are almost all those animals that inhabit the steppe zone of the republic. In the deaf beams, wolves, foxes, badgers are preserved.
Mountain Forest Zone.
The area of \u200b\u200bmountain forest occupies the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe Black Mountains and the lower parts of the northern slopes of pasture, rocky and lateral ridges. Its upper border passes at an altitude of 1800 meters above the ocean level, but in some places it rises to 2000-2200 meters.
The climate of the forest zone is not the same everywhere and varies depending on the height. In this regard, it can be divided into two belts: lower and top.
The lower belt extends at an altitude of 400 to (200 meters of the ocean level of the ocean and corresponds to the black mountain strip. The average July temperatures are changed here in the redistribution of OG 18 to 22 ", and January - from minus k) up to minus 12 °. The precipitation falls from 600 to 900 millimeters. The upper belt is located in the range of 1200-1800 meters. The temperature here is below: in July - plus 14-18 °, in January - minus 12. The precipitation falls more - 900 millimeters. Soils in the mountain forest zone are diverse, which is due to unequal conditions. The process of soil formation at different heights and different slopes. On the northern, more gentle and wet slopes of the ridges, they are better and richer by humus compared to the soils of southern, steep and dry slopes. Soil power is usually increased to the foot, since the rain and thal snow waters wash off Its from the upper parts of the slopes into the bottom.
Brown mining and forest soils are widespread on the northern placed slopes. The content of humus in them is 5-7 percent. In river valleys and basins, meadow and meadow-swamp soil are common. And where indigenous rocks come out on the surface, skeletal soils are found on the cripples, which are still touched by the process of soil formation.
Rich and diverse vegetation of mountain forest zone. The lower part of the mountains is covered with dense low forest. Here grows oak, halo, coarse, hawthorn, ash, maple. Near the streams and rivers come out shady Ilma and Alder. A lot of fruit trees in the forest: wild apple trees, pears, Kizyl, Alyci, Mushmules and various shrubs. Trees intertwined the blackboard and Lianami. In the summer, such forests are hardly placed, but they are a reliable refuge for wild animals.
In the upper belt, the composition of rocks varies. Here are already dominated by beech forests with an admixture of a horn, Karagach, linden, ash, maple. In the undergrowth are ordinary hazel, bearing, turquoine. In places there are overgrown with azaleas - Yellow Rhododendron. In the depths of the Black Mountains, pure beech forests are preserved, not yet hand with hand. As if huge columns, there are light gray trees, whonsting the sky with their mighty krons, through which the sun's rays do not penetrate. On earth covered by half-chacted last year's foliage, there are no shrubs or herbs. Only in some places of exilet trunks of the siblored storms of forest giants. The air is saturated with smells rot. Damp, twilight and silence reign in this forest.
The higher, the less often the lighter mountain forests. The beech gradually displaces the mountain maple. Pine and birch appear. Trees here are small, with core, curved trunks. The upper limit of the forest reaches only birch. But the harsh climate of the highlands oppresses it. It never has the power, power and beauty, which are peculiar to her in the forests of the middle strip of Russia.
In addition to fluffy birch, the relict Berered Radda, differing from the white shape and the size of the leaves, earrings. The bark of this birch of pinkish color, the old trees have a lot of flakes. At the upper border of the forest among stiff birch groves and the bushes of shrubs there are areas on which high herbs grow unusually growing. In the raw beams, herbs achieve such a height that a person on a horse can hide in them.
Somewhat above the bereznyakov, free meadows are covered with solid thickets of evergreen Caucasian rhododendrons with rigid shiny leaves. This shrub perfectly adapted to harsh conditions and feels great here.
An amazing picture is a rhododendron at the flowering time. In June, on the ends of his branches, large, very beautiful, slightly creamy flowers collected in large inflorescences are blooming. Recalling roses were published, they are distinguished by bright stains against the background of dark green foliage or blue mountain sky.
Forests - a large wealth of the republic. The most common and valuable breed is beech. It goes to the manufacture of furniture, musical instruments, plywood, parquet. Industrial importance have a ram, oak, ash, maple, karagach, linden.
Cuttings on the valleys of some rivers affected very unfavorable on their water mode. Flood increased, sometimes during the showers they take the character of flooding. Water in rivers in the summer becomes smaller. Spring disappear in the mountains in the mountains. In order to protect the nature of the development of forest in the republic, significantly reduced.
Rich and diverse animal world of mountain forests. From large animals there is a bear here. Favorite places of his habitat are the deaf mountain forests, narrow, sculptured rocky gorges. On the edges and forest glades, you can meet a fertile beauty - a root. Many in the forests of the Republic of Wild Kabanov. They hold the guards, sometimes in two or three dozen heads. In the deaf beams there is a wild forest cat, occasionally observes lynx. From other animals in the mountain forests, a wolf, a fox, hare, a forest and stone, badger, caress, and others, a protein is brought from the Altai Territory to the republic.
Birds in mountain forests a lot, albeit less than in the steppes. Syrychi is solved on the glades with a plaintive cry, hawks are quickly rushed. In dense thickets are dyatli, their several types. In the branches, pamils, tits, foams, bullfighting, rapid sinks are sinking. Thrinks are melodiously drowning, disgusting restless caps. In the beech forests, owls are found. At night, their loud cries often hear.
Zone of mountain meadows
The mountain-meadow zone covers the band concluded between altitudes1800 and 3,300 meters. Presented by three belts: subalpine (1800-2700 meters), alpine (2700-3200 meters) and subnival (3200- 3,300 meters).
The climate of this zone is moderately cold. Summer cool: The average temperature of July plus 14 ° at the bottom boundary of the zone and 4? - At the top. Winter prolonged and snowy. Precipitation drops 700-800 millimeters. In the subalpine precipitation belt is greater than in Alpine. But in a subalpine, belt, on the southern slope of the Rocky and Andiy Ranges, there are places where precipitation falls less than 500 millimeters.
Soil in the mountain-meadow zone with a high content of humus, which increase the height. In the mountain-meadow soils of the Alpine belt, the amount of humus sometimes reaches 35-40 percent. It is explained by the fact that as the height increases, the temperature decreases and reducing the growing season, which delays the processes of decomposition. There is a peat layer formed by the account of the accumulation of the semi-pressed vegetable mass. The power of mountain-meadow soil decreases up the slopes of the ridges. The soil of the alpine belt is low-rise and crugs.
CLIMATE.
The climate of the republic is formed as a result of complex interactions of both local climate-forming factors and those general climatic processes that flow far beyond its borders, on extensive Spaces of the mainland Eurasia. Local factors that have a significant impact on the climate of Chechnya include its geographical position: a complex, strongly dissected relief, the proximity of the Caspian Sea.
Located in one latitudinal belt with subtropics of the Black Sea coast and southern France, the Republic has been receiving a lot of solar heat throughout the year. Therefore, summer here is roast and long, and the winter is short and relatively soft. The northern slope of the Caucasian Range serves as a climate border between the moderately warm climate of the North Caucasus and the subtropical climate of the Transcaucasus. The main Caucasian ridge forms a difficult barrier on the path of subtropical air from the Mediterranean area. In the north, the Republic does not have high barriers, and therefore continental air masses are relatively freely moving through its territory from the north and east. The continental air of moderate latitudes dominates on the plains and the foothills of Chechnya at all times of the year.
Temperature conditions of Chechnya are distinguished by a large variety. The main role in the temperature distribution is played here the height above sea level. A noticeable decrease in temperature associated with increasing height is observed in the Chechen plain. Thus, the average annual temperature in Grozny at an altitude of 126 meters is 10.4 degrees, and in the village of Ordzhonikidze, located on the same latitude, but at an altitude of 315 meters, - 9.6 degrees.
Summer on most of the territory of the Republic is hot and long. The highest temperatures are observed on the terco-kum lowland. The middle July air temperature here reaches +25, and on some days rises to +43. When moving to the south, with an increase in height, the middle July temperature gradually decreases. So, in the Chechen plain, it varies in the intervals +22 ... + 24, and in the foothills at an altitude of 700 meters, it is reduced to +21 ... + 20. On the plains, the average air temperature above 20 has three year old months, and in the foothills - two.
In the mountains at an altitude of 1500-1600 meters, the average temperature of July +15, at an altitude of 3000 meters, it does not exceed +7 ... + 8, and the snow vertices of the side ridge lowers up to +1. Winter on the plains and in the foothills is relatively mild, but unstable, with frequent thaws. The number of days with thaws here reaches 60-65.
In the mountains thaw less often, therefore there are no such sharp fluctuations in temperature, as on the plain. With increasing height, the average January temperature decreases. In the Chechen plain, it is -4 ...- 4.2, in the foothills it is reduced to -5 ...- 5.5, at altitudes about 3000 meters - to -11, and in the zone of eternal snow - to -18.
However, the most severe frosts in the republic are not in the mountains, but on the plains. The temperature on the Terek-kum lowland can be lowered to -35, while in the mountains it does not exist below -27. This is because with a relatively warm winter and a cool summer in the mountains, contrasts between summer and winter temperatures are smoothed. Consequently, the climate with an increase in height becomes less continental and more smooth.
Throughout the year, air in Chechnya, with the exception of the mountainous part, is distinguished by significant humidity. The average annual absolute humidity in the territory of the republic ranges from 6-7 millibers in highlands to 11.5 millibers on the plains. The smallest absolute humidity is observed in winter; In the summer, on the contrary, she is always high, her maximum comes in July. With a height, absolute humidity decreases.
One of the most important climate-forming factors is cloudy. Cloudy softens the summer heat and meets winter frosts. In cloud weather, there is usually no night frosts. At the same time, the clouds are carriers of precipitation. On the plains of the Republic, the greatest cloud is observed in winter. The most cloud month is December. In summer, cloudless and cloudless weather prevails. The smallest cloudiness is different. In the mountains, on the contrary, the most clear - winter months, and the most cloud - summer.
Clear days a year in the foothills and the mountains are much more than on the plains. So, in the village of Shata, ten months a year have the probability of a clear sky over 30 percent of days, and in Grozny - only 6 percent. Atmospheric precipitation on the territory of Chechnya is unevenly distributed. The least precipitation falls on the Terek-kum lowland: 300-400 millimeters. When moving to the south, the amount of precipitation gradually increases to 800-1000 and more than millimeters. In deep river valleys and precipitation, precipitation is always less than on the surrounding slopes. Few them falls in longitudinal valleys. Alkhanchurt valley is characterized by special aridness in the republic.
Sids fall out during the year in Chechnya unevenly. Summer precipitations prevail over winter. The maximum of them everywhere falls on June, at least - by January-March. Summer sediments fall predominantly in the form of a rain. In the cold period of the year, the precipitation falls in the form of snow. But on the plains and in the winter months, some of them can fall out in the form of rain. With an increase in height, the amount of solid precipitation increases, and in highlands the snow falls in the spring, autumn and even in the summer. The share of solid precipitation here may have almost 80 percent of their total number.
On the plains of the Republic, snow cover appears in early December. Usually it is unstable and during the winter can be several times to set and appear again. In winter, there are 45-60 days with snow cover. Its average maximum height does not exceed 10-15 centimeters. Snowstall disappears in mid-March. In the foothills, the snow appears at the end of November, and melts at the end of March. The number of days with snow here increases to 75-80, and the average maximum height of the snow cover is up to 25 centimeters.
At the heights of 2500-3000 meters, steady snow cover appears in September and keeps until the end of May. The number of days with snow reaches 150-200 or more. The height of the snow cover depends on the relief. From open seats, he is blown away by the wind, and in deep valleys and the windy slopes accumulates. At high altitudes 3,800 meters and the above snow is maintained throughout the year.
