§ 33.1

The subordinate clause of a complex clause is separated or highlighted commas: While the wife was preparing breakfast, Danilov went out into the garden(Pan.); How much did he sit by the defeated spruce, Andrey didn't remember(Bub.); Her shrill, sharp voice which are only in the south, cut the distance, almost unabated(Paul.); Kapustin promised to come to an agreement with the head of the school, so that he increases the number of sorties for Meresiev, and invited Alexei to draw up a training program for himself(Floor.); Water injection can serve as direct evidence that that painful influences by themselves are not able to reduce secretion(I.P.); The old man ordered to cook the meat for real, to make it look good(Sem.).

§ 33.2

As part of a complex sentence, there may be an incomplete sentence - in the main part or a subordinate clause:

1) incomplete in the main part: Already two years since we are married(cf .: We've been married for two years- simple sentence); Already a month how he came back from the south(cf .: He returned from the south a month ago- comma before the union as Would “tear off” the predicate from the subject); For three weeks now how are we here(cf .: We've been here for three weeks - the circumstance of place is expressed by the combination like here); but: The third day as he is here - a simple sentence, whereas in the examples above, in the main part of the sentence, the words were implied: passed from that time, from that moment;

2) incomplete or close to incomplete in the subordinate part: It was hard to understand in what's the matter; Ready to help, than I can; We gradually learned to understand what is what(cf .: You will understand what's what); People know what they are doing; Come on in who are already with checks; Sit down, where is free; Do everything what do you need; Put, as you wish; Inform who should be; Decisively everyone scolded, who is not lazy(with a hint of clarification; compare: Leaflets are piled up in a heap, they are taken by all and sundry - phraseological turnover with the meaning "anyone who wants, who wants to"); Send where needed; but: Do what you want etc. (see § 41, item 2).

§ 33.3

If the main part of a complex sentence is inside a subordinate clause (in a colloquial style of speech), then comma usually placed only after the main part (and not before it); Wed: Economy you can't say so that he does ...(G.) - It cannot be said that he would be engaged in the economy; But these words I feel uncomfortable, what would you say ...(Hertz.) But I feel uncomfortable for you to say these words.

Words are not separated by commas see, you know etc. in interrogative-exclamation sentences like: And you know how good he is !; Do you see what he is doing?(see § 25, item 8).

§ 33.4

A comma is not put between the main and the following subordinate clause of a complex sentence in the following cases:

1) if there is a negative particle before the subordinate union or the union word not: At sea, rolling, sleeping not when you want, but when you can(Hound.); Try to figure out not what they have already done, but what are they going to do; I've come not to interfere with your work, but, on the contrary, to help; Roman generals considered it important to establish not how many enemy troops are in front of them, but where they are; He knows not only where the game is found, but also what species of it live there;

2) if the subordinate union or union word is preceded by a compositional union and, or, or etc. (usually repeating): Consider and what he said, and how he said it; He didn't hear neither as a sister entered the room, nor as then silently left; I will answer your request or when the next issue of the newsletter arrives, or when I myself make the necessary information, Wed also with a single union: Didn't imagine and how to get out of this situation; I know and how it is done; The boy was forgiven and when he did not obey anyone, but (with the reverse order of the main and subordinate parts): What was the name of this boy and I don’t remember;

3) if the subordinate part consists of one union word (relative pronoun or adverb): I would also like to know why(L.T.); I do not know why, but I didn't understand him(Trif.); He left and didn't say where to; He promised to return soon, but did not elaborate when; Hard to say why; The mother determined the temperature of the child with her lips: she will put them to the forehead and immediately determine how much; Someone gave the patient a cup of water, he did not even look at who; I will not say what, I say it is a great misfortune.

A comma is not put and if there are several relative words that act as homogeneous members of the sentence: I do not know why and how, but the letter suddenly disappeared; Will call- R ask who and why.

If there is a particle with a union word, then the statement comma optional; Wed: I do not remember, what exactly; He finds it difficult to say what else; This quote can be found, I even remember about where.

In the context of the context, it is possible to set comma and before a single union word; Wed: What should be done? Teach what(enhanced logical emphasis of the pronoun). - At one time he whispered something, they could not understand - what?(A.T.) (setting a dash emphasizes the meaning of the pronoun and is justified by interrogative intonation).

§ 33.5

If the words are in front of the subordinate union especially, in particular, that is, namely, for example, and also, but simply etc. with an adjoining meaning, then the comma after these words is not put (cf. § 24, item 4): I don't want schoolchildren to study in the spring, special when the sun is warm and bright; I had to carry out additional research work, in particular when the experimental verification of the operation of the machine began; The author has the right to receive part of the fee in accordance with the terms of the contract, i.e when the manuscript is approved by the publisher; The expedition will have to be completed ahead of schedule under unfavorable conditions, and exactly when the rainy season starts; Have your ID with you just in case, eg when will you receive money by postal order; The postgraduate student came to Moscow to meet with his supervisor, and also to work in the archives.

§ 33.6

If there are booster particles in front of the subordinate alliance just, only, only, exclusively etc., then comma placed in front of them contrary to intonation (no pause is made in front of them when reading; cf. § 20): Katya left the dining room, just when we stepped towards each other through some suitcases(Kav.); I will do this work, only if I am free (compare:… if only I am free); He came exclusively to help me(cf .: He came not only to see me, but also to help me - in negative particle flicker not).

No comma after excretory particles now, after all, facing the subordinate union in the subordinate clause preceding the main one: There is not much to brag about yet, behold how we can do the job, then come.

§ 33.7

If there is an introductory word between the main and subordinate parts of a complex sentence, then it is highlighted commas on a universal basis: He thought possibly, that I do not want to meet with him; If there is a demand for something, means, there will be a proposal. The meaning of the introductory word to the main or subordinate part is determined by the conditions of the context; Wed: He was angry apparently because his face was excited(the introductory word refers to the main part: an agitated person may be the effect, not the cause of his condition). - He was in a hurry because apparently that he was afraid to be late for the meeting(the introductory word refers to the subordinate clause, as evidenced by the dismemberment of a complex subordinate union; see § 34, paragraph 2).

§ 34. Comma for complex subordinate unions

§ 34.1

If the subordinate part of a complex sentence is connected to the main one using a complex (compound) subordinate union ( due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, instead of, in order, in order, while, because, because, despite the fact that, after, before so how, before, since, just like etc.), then comma is put once:

1) before the union, if the subordinate part follows the main part or is inside it: The apple trees are gone because the mice ate all the bark around(L.T.); ... Breathing became deeper and freer, as his body rested and cooled(Kupr.); ... Trampled on the spot and decided before the sun goes down get together again(Ser.); All carts, because there were bales of wool on them, seemed very tall and plump(H);

2) but more often - after the entire subordinate part, if it precedes the main one: But before this piece had time to fall to the ground, the worker, with extraordinary dexterity, wrapped him with a chain the thickness of an arm(Kupr.); After the war began and the plant switched to defense orders, stopping workshops for a day, of course, turned out to be impossible(Pop.).

Wed also: It is impossible to hinder the development of society, just as it is impossible to turn back the wheel of history; Forces were accumulating as health got better; They have not met lately, with since she left; Sent up sentries in order to prevent any possibility of a surprise attack; Help me, just like you helped him; He managed to get his way thanks to the fact that his comrades supported him on time; The defendant continued to deny his guilt, despite being fully exposed.

§ 34.2

However, depending on the meaning and intonation, the logical emphasis of the subordinate part of a complex sentence, the presence of certain lexical elements in the sentence and other conditions, the complex union can fall into two parts: the first is part of the main part as a correlative word, and the second plays the role of a union; in these cases comma is placed only before the second part of the combination (that is, before the unions what, how, how) . Wed: He did not come becausewhatgot sick(The emphasis in the message is on the very fact of failure to appear, the reason for it is not emphasized). - He did not come becausethat got sick(an indication of the reason for non-appearance is highlighted).

Wed also: Due to the fact that the summer was very hot and dry, it took watering every tree(Ch.). - Within a few minutes this small fragile face seemed charming, precisely because that it was so wrong(Kar.);

You promised in if you have a story, don't forget us(Ven.). - When, if someone sticks to you, then let him see where you went(Cat.);

To every person in order to act, you need to consider your activities important and good(L.T.) - All this is said in order to draw attention to the life of an army of thousands of budding writers(M.G.);

Not only did the stem prick from all sides ... - he was so terribly strong that I fought with him for about five minutes(L.T.) - But not only that, that there has never been such dislike cornflower from ancient times participated in many beautiful rituals and festivals(Sol.);

Raskolnikov was silent and did not resist, despite the fact that I felt enough strength to rise(Ven.). - Despite, that the wind ... was flying freely over the sea, the clouds were motionless(M.G.);

Before they went down to the dugout, he still managed to notice how the fighters near the anti-aircraft guns ... took away some heavy parts from the trunks(F.). - He ran out of the house at the very last moment before how the roof collapsed(Ill.);

Just as the power of a magnet attracts iron filings to itself, cities suck in, suck in people living in adjacent spaces(Sol.). - Likewise as a writer's style - a concentrated expression of the inner movements of the emotional mind, portrait - materialized psychological world(Bond.);

As my family grew rich, old favorites quietly disappeared from our house(S.-Sch.). - Round dances of stars intertwined in wonderful patterns in the distant sky and one after another extinguished as how the pale gleam of the east spread over the dark purple vault (L.);

Only after four hours of watch at Stepan's bed had passed, Ivan Ivanovich departed soul(Copt.). - And even after how poems are printed, he comes back to them again and again ...(Chuk.);

Before you start proving you still need to force yourself to listen(S.-Sch.). - But before, rather than sit in the saddle, he considered it his duty to address the horse with this speech(Cr.);

Before I stopped at this birch line I walked with my dog ​​through a high aspen grove(T.). - But before, what to say about the personality of the officer and his conversation, you need to take a closer look at the inside of his booth and know at least a little of his lifestyle and occupations(L.T.);

The brigade commander decided to end the pursuit until dawn, with in order to tighten up the reserves by the morning(Sh.). - I invited you, gentlemen, in order to tell you unpleasant news(G.);

Since she refused Andrey, the old man was with Nonna officially dry(Pan.). - Since, as my coachman rode behind, he seemed to be more cheerful and talkative(L.T.)

The dismemberment of a complex union is also observed in the following sentences: Grandfather ordered not to wake Tatyana until then, until she wakes up(Ax.); More than three hours have passed since then how i joined the boys(T.); Levin wanted the sun not to rise first, how will he get to the swamp(L.T.); As if because that the grass is not visible in the dark of its old age, a cheerful, young chatter rises in it(H); Bombs fall into the water, into the sand, into the swamp because that the formation of enemy aircraft is broken and torn apart(Hyde.); Gorev was asked to be a translator in case if guests are interested in the castle(Paul.); We went home after how the squad stopped in the city center(BUT.).

§ 34.3

The conditions for the dismemberment of a complex union include:

1) the presence of a negative particle in front of the union not: Pastukhov got along with Tsvetukhin not because I gravitated towards actors(Fed.); Moscow did not look empty from what diminished life in her, but because the war swept away everything that was foreign from her ...(Leon.); Winckel did not go to Landsberg because he longed to continue his intelligence activities(Kaz.);

2) the presence of reinforcing, restrictive and other particles before the union: He only allowed silence to scold your daughters(P.); He only holds Evprakseyushka because thanks to her, everyday life goes on without straying from the once planned track(S.-Sh.); Natasha this winter for the first time began to sing seriously and in particular because Denisov admired her singing(L.T.); I'm not indifferent to her only because she is indifferent to me(Er.); The driver is just so that people subside, stopped the car against the gate(F.); Is it worth giving up a difficult case only because it is difficult?(Crimea.);

3) the presence of an introductory word before the union: ... All this has an inexplicable charm for me, maybe because I will no longer see them(G.); Young grouse did not respond to my whistle for a long time, probably because I didn't whistle naturally enough(T.); Here, in the kitchen, it is also night, but in the windows, maybe because the lamp is weaker here, yet I see as if the signs of the day(Ol.);

4) the inclusion of the first part (correlative word) in a number of homogeneous members of a sentence or parallel structures: The river has taken on a special look because the water is visible through the bare branches, and even more because the water color disappeared from the cold(Ax.); The economic part in the Pshenitsyna house did not flourish. only because Agafya Matveyevna was an exemplary hostess, but also because Ivan Matveyevich Mukhoyarov was a gastronomically great Epicurean (Gonch.); Nekhludoff drove to the aunts because their estate was on the way to the regiment that passed ahead, and because they asked him very much about it (L.T.); Romashov blushed to tears from his powerlessness and confusion, and pain for the offended Shurochka, and because he could not insert a single word through the deafening sounds of the quadrille(Kupr.).

§ 34.4

Some conjunctions, when "broken" into two parts, sharply change their meaning, so punctuation options are not allowed; Wed: The bridge is rotten so it's dangerous to ride on it(the investigation is indicated). - M Ost is so rotten that it is dangerous to drive on it(the degree of the feature is indicated). Wed also:

We sat at the corner of the bastion so that in both directions we could see everything(L.). - He grew thin in one night so that only skin and bones remained (L.T.);

It was a completely black, impenetrable night in the yard, so at first Romashov had to feel the way in front of him, like a blind man(Kupr.). - Then he got up, stretched so that the bones cracked(M.G.);

After that, Ani did not have a single free day, since she took part in a picnic, then in a walk, then in a play(Ch.). - H the stranger did not consider us the way we saw it(Ars.).

§ 34.5

More often a complex subordinate union is not dismembered if the subordinate part of a complex sentence precedes the main one: As the chaise approached the porch, Manilov's eyes became more cheerful(G.); Since I got married I don't see the old love from you(Acute); Before Samghin thought to help her, she picked up a book from the floor(M.G.); After the bandage was removed, pains have gone to some extent(Fed.); Before taking up the violin, he rolled up his shirt sleeves, bared his chest and stood at the window(Fed.); Before she started working in the post office, she did not think about the problem of her delivery to distant places(gas.); Before answering the matchmakers, Stepan exchanged glances with his wife(Mark.).

§ 34.6

Complex unions are not dismembered while, meanwhile, while, as if how, as well as simple conjunctions and the adjacent amplifying particle (even if, only when, only, only, only, barely, barely, barely etc.): ... Having met Gapka, he began to scold why she was staggering around, while she was dragging the cereal into the kitchen(G.); ... She realized the strength in herself and decided to fight with her husband, without tears and complaints, to demand, whereas until now she only cried(Assist.); For some reason, waiting for him on the spot, in while he wandered through the grove, she saw herself as an adult, and him - small(Fed.); As soon as God's curse was fulfilled, from the same day of nature, hot embraces have cooled forever for me(L.); Like a mother over her son's grave, the sandpiper groans over the dreary plain(N.); But as soon as he drove away from Bagration, how the forces betrayed him(L.T.)

§ 35. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses

§ 35.1

Between homogeneous subordinate clauses of a complex sentence that are not connected by unions, put comma: I remember, how we ran across the field, how the bullets buzzed, how the branches torn off by them fell, how we made our way through the hawthorn bushes (Garsh.); Rumors spread throughout the farm that grain is being collected for sending abroad, that there will be no sowing this year, that war is expected from hour to hour (Sh.); Who does not feel confident in their abilities, who does not have determination, let it be better to stay in its present place(Already.).

§ 35.2

If after homogeneous subordinate clauses of a complex sentence there is a generalizing word preceded by an introductory word or a word combination (in a word, in a word, in short etc.), then before the last one is put comma and dash(as opposed to enumerating homogeneous terms of a simple sentence, when in such a case only a dash is put; see § 25, item 2), and after it - comma: On one of the tracks, they talked about private affairs, who from where, what did they do, in what environment they grew up, - in a word, on endless topics(Tuyere.).

(For the setting of a semicolon in a complex sentence, see § 37.)

§ 35.3

Between homogeneous subordinate clauses of a complex clause connected by non-repeating connecting or dividing unions, no comma: My father said that he has never seen such loaves and that this year's harvest is from personal(Ax.); It was miraculous as if the whole forest were uprooting at once and the roots torn out of the ground and the earth itself groan and scream in pain(Fed.) - there are no repeating unions here (the first union and connects two subordinate parts, the second - homogeneous subjects roots and land, third - homogeneous predicates groan and yell); What is this connection and who is Kovpak, we didn't know yet(Medv.).

Note. A distinction should be made between cases where a single union and connects homogeneous clauses (comma before and not put), and cases when the union and connects two independent sentences, or homogeneous members in the main part, between which there is a subordinate clause (comma before and is put). Wed: that frosts are expected and measures should be taken to protect early vegetables from the cold(the note not only warns about the onset of frost, but also gives recommendations about the protection of vegetables). - The newspaper note states, that frosts are expected, and measures should be taken to protect early vegetables from the cold(in the note, only a warning about possible frosts is made, and the reader makes the conclusion about the need to take appropriate measures). An unambiguous interpretation is suggested by the punctuation of such a text: Hadji Murat thought so, that he didn’t notice how he bent the jug, and water poured out of it(L.T.) - in the absence of a comma before the union and independent proposal water poured out of it would become a subordinate clause (… Did not notice how the jug bent over and how water was pouring out of it). A similar example: The thought of an imminent separation from me so amazed my mother, that she dropped the spoon into the saucepan, and tears ran down her face(P.) - in the absence of a comma before and the text would look like this: ... so struck mother that ... tears flowed down her face.

§ 35.4

With repeated compositional unions between subordinate clauses of a complex subordinate clause, comma: While in the hospital, he recalled how the Nazis attacked them suddenly, and how they found themselves surrounded, and how the detachment still managed to get through to their (gas.).

§ 35.5

Alliances whether ... or considered as repetitive, and the clauses of the complex clause associated with these unions are separated comma: And for a long time all those present remained perplexed, not knowing did they really see these extraordinary eyes, or was it just a dream ...(G.); ... To the left, the entire sky above the horizon was filled with a crimson glow, and it was difficult to understand was there a fire somewhere, or was the moon about to rise(H); After that it will be decided whether he will fight, fly, live, or will he forever give way to a place on the tram and see him off with sympathetic glances (Paul).

Note. For constructions with unions whether ... or the following punctuation rules are established: 1) no comma is used if whether ... or connect homogeneous members of the sentence: Will he support me or not?(see § 13, item 12). Wed homogeneous members with the same union in the subordinate clause: Nekhludoff understood this word and this look in such a way that she wants to know whether he sticks to his decision or accepted her refusal and changed it (L.T.); 2) comma put if whether ... or connect independent interrogative sentences: Was it bad for you at Plyushkin's, or, simply, on your own hunt, you walk through the woods and fight passers-by?(D.) (see § 30, item 1, note 1); the same if a compound sentence with whether ... or followed by a sentence containing a conclusion or conclusion: The words whether Chichikova were so convincing this time, or the same state of mind that day he was especially disposed towards frankness - he sighed, said, blowing up the pipe smoke ...(G.); Have there been weddings in town or who celebrated the name day merrily, Pyotr Mikhailich always talked about it with pleasure(Pis.); 3) comma put between parts with unions whether ... or, disclosing the content of the general subordinate part: The question remained unresolved: will Saburov's battalion start a march to Stalingrad, or after spending the night, the whole regiment will immediately move in the morning(Sim.); 4) comma put if unions whether ... or related subordinate clauses are connected: ... It was hard to understand Is it dusk, or is it clouds so impenetrable enveloped the earth(Bab.). Therefore, no comma is put if whether ... or connect homogeneous members of the sentence, and is placed if they connect parts of the sentence.

§ 35.6

Between subordinate clauses of a complex clause with successive subordination comma is put on a general basis: Victor asked to be a miner, because he heard that this is the most honorable profession in the mine(Hump.); ... Bobrov recalled the poems he had read in some magazine, in whom the poet tells his sweetheart that they will not swear to each other, because vows would offend their trusting and ardent love (Kupr.); I already told you that on that wonderful evening when we honored you, our cute fairy called you a child(Pog.).

§ 36. Comma at the junction of two unions

§ 36.1

With consistent subordination, one subordinate part of a complex sentence may appear inside another and there will be a "meeting" of two subordinate unions or a subordinate union and a union word: I think, that when prisoners see the stairs, many will want to run(M.G.) - comma separates subordinate unions what and when; The maid was an orphan who, in order to feed, had to enter the service(L.T.) - comma separates the union word which and subordinate union to. The basis for such punctuation is the fact that the second subordinate clause can be removed from the text or rearranged in another place - at the end of a complex sentence.

However, not always such a simple operation can be done. Let's compare two sentences with almost the same lexical composition, but with a slight addition in the second of them: He said, that if he is free, he will come to me in the evening. - He said, that if he is free, he will come to me in the evening(added the second part of the double union if ... then). Punctuation is different: in the first sentence (there is a comma between adjacent subordinate unions), the second subordinate part can be removed or rearranged without violating the structure of the sentence; in the second sentence this cannot be done, since with the removal or rearrangement of the second subordinate clause, the words what ... what, ah such a neighborhood violates the stylistic norms of the literary language. Wed also: The swordsman felt that if you have to shoot back again, he will no longer be any different from Pika(F.). - I already thought that if at this decisive moment I do not argue with the old man, then later it will be difficult for me to free myself from his care (P.).

Thus, when two subordinate unions "meet" (or a subordinate union and a union word) comma between them is placed if the removal of the second subordinate part does not require the restructuring of the main part (in practice - if the second part of the double union does not follow further then so or but, the presence of which requires such a restructuring), and is not put if the indicated second part of the double alliance follows.

Wed: (comma is put) The road seemed to lead to heaven because, as many eyes could see, she kept rising(L.); ... He always felt the injustice of his excess in comparison with the poverty of the people and now decided to himself, that, in order to feel completely right, he ... will now work even more and allow himself even less luxury (L.T.); ... it turned out that, although the doctor spoke very well and for a long time, it was impossible to convey what he said(L.T.); The bear fell in love with Nikita so much, that when he went somewhere, the beast sniffed the air anxiously(M.G.); I read before that when I heard the bell ringing on the front porch, I did not immediately understand who was ringing it and why(M.G.); Thus, the enemy creates the situation for himself, in which, if we are decisive and courageous without hesitation, he himself will substitute his main forces for us to defeat(A.T.); This silent conversation of glances so excited Lisa, that when she sat down at a table in the large hall, her eyes, without answering anyone, also spoke of embarrassment(Fed.); Finally he felt that he can no longer, that no force will move him from his place and that if he now sits down, he will no longer get up (Paul);

(no comma) Sobakevich ... in a little over a quarter of an hour I drove him[sturgeon] Total, so when the chief of police remembered him, ... he saw that only one tail remained from the work of nature (G.); Anton Prokofievich had, by the way, some pantaloons of such a strange property, that when he put them on, the dogs always bit his calves (T.); Peasant huts followed the garden, which, although they were scattered and not enclosed in the correct streets, showed the contentment of the inhabitants (T.); Hadji Murat sat down and said, that if they only send to the Lezghin line and give an army, then he guarantees that he will raise the whole of Dagestan(L.T.); The ferry was moving so slowly that if it were not for the gradual outlining of its contours, then one would think that it is standing in one place or is going to that bank (Ch.); The blind man knew that the sun is looking into the room and that if he reaches out the window, then dew will fall from the bushes(Cor.); Who doesn't know that when the patient wanted to smoke, it means the same thing that he wanted to live(Prishv.); This is why the locals are convinced that if it were possible to blow up the gorges on the padun and lower the level of the lake, then the shores would dry out and good grass would grow (Prishv.); But, probably, something has already happened in the world or happened at that time - fatal and irreparable, - because although it was the same hot seaside summer, the dacha no longer seemed to me like a Roman villa(Cat.).

§ 36.2

A comma is not placed between the comparative and subordinate unions: Not so much because her mother told her, but because it was Constantine's brother, for Kitty these faces suddenly seemed utterly unpleasant(L.T.); Report your observations not only when the testing of the machine begins, but also during the entire experiment; The article deserves attention both because the issues raised in it are relevant, and because they have been studied seriously and deeply.

§ 36.3

When the "meeting" of the compositional union and the subordinate (or union word) comma between them is placed or not, depending on the conditions specified above (clause 1). Wed:

(comma is put) Gregory, burnt by sudden and joyful determination, with difficulty restrained the horse and, when the last hundred, almost trampling Stepan, rushed past, jumped up to him(Sh.) - with the withdrawal of the subordinate clause with the union when prepositional-nominal combination to him it becomes unclear, but structurally, such an exemption is possible, therefore, a comma between the compositional and subordinate unions in such cases is usually put; Mumu did not go to the manor house and, when Gerasim carried firewood into the rooms, always stayed back and waited impatiently for him at the porch(T.); Levin said goodbye to them, but, so as not to be left alone clung to his brother(L.T.);

(no comma) The woman's feet were burned and barefoot, and when she said then she scooped up warm dust to sore feet with her hand, as if trying to calm the pain(Sim.) - when removing or rearranging the subordinate clause with the union when words will be next and ... then; On a cold night ... the boy knocked on unfamiliar houses, asking where Oznobishin lived, and if dead silence did not answer him, then there was a scolding shout or a suspicious questioning(Fed.); Nikolai Nikolaevich tries to walk next to him, but as he gets tangled between trees and stumbles, then he often has to catch up with his companion by jumping(Kupr.); He looked sadly around, and he felt unbearably sorry for the sky, the earth, and the forest, and when the highest note of the pipe swept through the air and trembled like the voice of a crying man, he felt extremely bitter and offended by the disorder that was replaced in nature(Ch.) - after an adversarial union but the comma in these cases, as a rule, is not put, even if the second part of the double conjunction does not follow further then, since neither removal nor rearrangement of the subordinate part is possible without restructuring the main part; The sounds gradually died away, and the further we went from home, the deeper and deader it became around(M.G.) - union and appends a whole complex sentence; He left a long time ago, and where is he now, nobody knows - union and appends a whole complex sentence.

§ 36.4

At the "meeting" of the connecting union and and a subordinate union, the following cases are possible:

1) comma put only before the union and(regardless of whether it connects homogeneous members of a sentence, independent sentences or subordinate clauses), if the clause is followed by the second part of the double conjunction how or but(in this case the union and appends a whole complex sentence): He wore dark glasses, sweatshirt, ears pledged cotton wool, and when he got on the cab, then ordered lift the top(Ch.) - union and connects homogeneous members of the proposal; Occasionally a little snowflake stuck outside to the glass and if you look closely, then one could see its finest crystal structure(Paust.) - union and connects simple sentences; The doctor said, that the patient needs peace, and if we do not want to disturb him, then must leave the ward- union and connects subordinate subordinate parts; Find out please whether the reviewer read the manuscript, and if you read it, then what is his opinion of her - union and connects subordinate subordinate parts;

2) comma placed only after the union and, if it connects two homogeneous members of the sentence or two subordinate clauses and the second part of the double union does not follow: He thought to surprise her with his generosity, but she even did not lead and, when he turned away from her, she curled her pursed lips contemptuously(T.); Apparently, in his words attached it is not a small value and, in order to aggravate their price, tried pronounce them in a stretch(H); It turned out, that the manuscript has not yet been finally edited and, until additional work is done on it, you cannot put it in a set;

3) comma is put before the union and, and after it, if it connects two simple sentences (and the second part of the double conjunction does not follow after the subordinate clause): Gulyaev was a strong man, and, when he returned to the Urals, behind him was the brilliant glory of a millionaire(M.-S.); For some reason they said about him that he was a wonderful artist, and, when his mother died, grandmother sent him to Moscow, to the Komissarov School(H); This newborn gentleman especially irritated Samghin, and, if Klim Ivanovich were able to hate, he would hate him(M.G.); ... My head became lighter, clearer, everything somehow thickened, and, while this thickening was happening in my head, the street became quieter too(M.G.); She looked at the calmly beautiful Elizaveta Mikhailovna with large, tender eyes, and, when she caressed her with a soft and tender hand, her heart sank sweetly(S.-Sh.); Liza went to the deserted square, and, when her legs began to fall hard from the round bald spots of the cobblestone, she remembered how she returned to this square on a sunny day after the first meeting with Tsvetukhin(Fed.); A frisky wind from the sea blew the sails, and, when the sun rose and the city walls remained behind the stern of the last plow, a loud song spilled over the expanse of the Volga(Evil.); And the woman kept talking and talking about her misfortunes, and, although her words were familiar, Saburov's heart suddenly sank from them(Sim.); At the bends, the sled was thrown to the banks, and, so that it does not break on sharp stones sticking out from under the snow, Alitet kicked off(Sem.).

§ 36.5

The placement of a comma between the accessory union (at the beginning of the sentence, after a period) and the subordinate union following it depends on the meaning of the union:

1) usually after the union and no comma: And when Levinson, having completed all the everyday affairs, finally gave the order to speak,- there was such jubilation in the detachment, as if with this order all sorts of ordeals actually ended(F.); And although the weather has improved significantly, the danger of drought has not passed; AND instead of turn right, drove straight by mistake;

2) after the accession union but the comma is also omitted: And when the sun rose, a view of the snowy peak opened in front of us; What if to believe the reports of forecasters, tomorrow warming should come;

3) after the union but comma not put in the absence of a pause between unions and put if a pause is made; Wed: But when he, leaning on a stick, got out of the staff bus into the square ... and, not waiting for him to be hugged, he began to hug and kiss everyone who fell into his arms, something pinched in the wound(Paul.); But if even the enemy managed to repel the attackers, the infantry rushed into the attack again(Sim.);

4) after the union but comma usually put: However, if circumstances will require it, I will not stand aside.

Note. For various cases of the use of the connecting union at the very beginning of the sentence, the following rules are established: 1) comma placed after unions and and but and is not placed after the union but, if a separate turnover follows (most often - a construction with a gerunds): And, lingering at the exit, he turned around; But, not wanting to return to what was said, the speaker missed this part of his message; BUT hearing these words, he exclaimed ...(see § 20); 2) a comma, as a rule, is not put after the accession union, if an introductory word or an introductory sentence follows: And probably you will not wait for him; But maybe, the question has not yet been considered; However, and this option acceptable; And imagine the random answer turned out to be correct(see § 25, item 6); 3) comma placed before the subordinate clause, depending on the meaning of the accession union and the presence or absence of a pause in reading (see § 36, paragraph 5).

§ 37. Semicolon in a complex sentence

If homogeneous subordinate clauses of a complex sentence are common, especially if there are commas inside them, then between such subordinate clauses, instead of a comma, semicolon: What was he thinking? That he was poor; that by labor he had to gain both independence and honor; that God could add to him intelligence and money; that after all there are such idle lucky ones, short-sighted minds, sloths for whom life is much easier(P.); Davydov felt a little sad that much had changed there now; that now he will no longer be able to sit all night long at the blueprints; that now they seem to have forgotten about him(Sh.).

§ 38. Dash in a complex sentence

§ 38.1

Dash is put for the intonation separation of the main part of a complex sentence from the subordinate clause. Most often dash used in cases where the main part is preceded by:

1) an explanatory subordinate clause: How did he get here - he could not understand this in any way(G.); As the teacher told - I listened for a long time at the window(Pl.); Of course, it's good that he marries her, how will they live - who knows(M.G.); Why did he torture her - she never asked; He will come, but when - I do not know(compare with a different order of parts: I do not know when he will come); They left but where to - did not say; BUT here to admit your guilt in front of everyone - lack of spirit; Did she reply to his letter or not - he never found out; That he is a man who knows - fact; There were some new rumors about him, but what kind - unknown; Who doesn't love art - either callous in soul, or deaf to everything beautiful; How to be in such cases - radio listeners ask;

2) conditional clause (usually with unions whether ... whether, whether ... or): There will be someone who asks about what - be silent(P.); Does the head think, does the heart feel, or does the hands turn the glasses - everything is covered with equal splashes(G.); Looked into the distance, will I look at you - and some kind of light will light up in the heart(Fet); Did Judas realize that it was a stone and not bread, or did he not is a moot point(S.-Sh.);

3) subordinate clause: Let them tyrannize as they want, let them at least take off the skin - I will not give up my will(S.-Sh.); No matter how much you look at the sea - it will never get bored(Cat.).

§ 38.2

Conditions conducive to staging dash:

1) parallelism of the structure of a complex sentence: Whether the plowman will sing a song in the distance - the long song takes the heart; Will the forest begin - pine and aspen(N.); He who is cheerful - he laughs, who wants - he will achieve, who seeks - he will always find!(L.-K.); If anyone comes, I am glad, if no one comes in, I am not grieving either; What was - it is known what will be - no one knows;

2) incompleteness of the sentence in the subordinate clause: Some ask why there was a delay in resolving the issue, others - why did it even arise, still others - why other issues are not considered along the way; He's not a bad man, but it's a pity - drunkard; I replied something that - I myself do not remember;

3) the presence of words this, here: that she is an honest nature - it is clear to me(T.); When a fly is annoyingly hovering in front of your eyes- uh it's unpleasant but when a mosquito blows relentlessly over your ear at night - it is simply unbearable; What is wonderful about this forest - is that it is all made of pines; Where is he now, what is he doing - here are the questions that I could not get answers to; And that he was clever - you can believe me; What did he find in her - this is his business;

4) a listing of the subordinate clauses: If you are not sure of yourself, if you do not have enough courage - refuse; There are people around and who came why, who cares - dont clear; BUT what was going on in this chaos of things, how he understood it - incomprehensible to the mind; He is to show that he knows all this and agrees with everything, that he is far from any doubts - immediately offered his services;

5) an abundance of commas, against which the dash acts as a more expressive sign: But we have gained experience, and for the experience, as they say, no matter how much you pay, you cannot overpay;

6) intonational separation of the main part from the subordinate following it: You ask - why did I go for this?; Are you sure - is it necessary ?;

7) between subordinate subordinate clauses, if the opposing union or the second part of the comparative union is omitted: Artistry is that each word is not only at the place - that it is necessary, inevitable and that there are as few words as possible.(Black).

§ 39. Colon in a complex sentence

Colon placed before the subordinate union in those rare cases when in the preceding main part of the complex sentence there is a special warning about the subsequent explanation (a long pause is made at this point and words can be inserted namely):And, having done this, he felt that the result was the desired: that he was touched and she was touched(L.T.); Hadji Murat was sitting next to him in the room and, although he did not understand what they were saying, he understood what he needed to understand: that they were arguing about him.(L.T.); Now that their military duty had been fulfilled, when they had clarified the confused surroundings of the bay, when the most important task had been secured, they thought about what so far none of them had a thought: that they were saved, that they did not drown that in this huge night sea they would not slip past a tiny boat at anchor(Sob.); I am afraid of one thing: lest the overwork of our people be reflected in their work of caring for the wounded.(Pan.); Every day it became more and more obvious the idea that the Americans themselves had repeatedly expressed to us: that newspapers in the USA are not yet public opinion.(gas.).

§ 40. Comma and dash in a complex sentence

Comma and dash as a single sign are placed in a complex sentence:

1) before the main part, which is preceded by a number of homogeneous subordinate clauses, if the splitting of a complex sentence into two parts is emphasized (a long pause is made before the main part): Who is to blame, who is right, is not for us to judge(Cr.); Whether Stolz did anything for this, what he did and how he did - we do not know.(Dobrol.); How many of them were there in total, these people, whether they came here by chance, how long will they stay here - I cannot tell you this,

2) before the word, which is repeated in the subordinate clause, in order to connect the further part of the same sentence with it: Now, judicial investigator, Ivan Ilyich felt that without exception, the most important, smug people - everything in his hands(L.T.) The same when repeating a word in the main part: AND think, that he can be guided by this interest, that he will seek reconciliation with his wife to sell this forest - this think insulted him(L.T.); A life his, which began (in memories so wonderfully) a huge church porch ... and with the voice of my mother, in which a thousand times familiar flinty path shone and the star spoke to the star - this a life with every hour it was filled with a new, more and more new meaning(Cat.).

In other cases dash placed after the comma that closes the subordinate part, to strengthen punctuation, in case of a "fracture" of the structure, before the word this is etc.: Once I asked myself: what if he comes back, unexpectedly appears to you - will you be glad ?; The best he could do was leave in time; What was this case, in which there was so much unclear, - of this he could not remember; The only thing I like here is the old shady park; Even if I am mistaken, well, it is human being to be mistaken; He fell silent, but not because he lacked words - he lacked breath; In confusion, he did not say what he thought - he uttered the first words that came to mind.

Reference book on the Russian language. Punctuation Rosenthal Ditmar Elyashevich

§ 36. Comma at the junction of two unions

1. With consistent subordination, one subordinate part of a complex sentence may appear inside another and there will be a "meeting" of two subordinate unions or a subordinate union and a union word: I think,that when prisoners see the stairs, many will want to run(M.G.) - comma separates subordinate unions what and when; The maid was an orphanwho, in order to feed, had to enter the service(L.T.) - comma separates the union word which and subordinate union to. The basis for such punctuation is the fact that the second subordinate clause can be removed from the text or rearranged in another place - at the end of a complex sentence.

However, not always such a simple operation can be done. Let's compare two sentences with almost the same lexical composition, but with a slight addition in the second of them: He said,that if he is free, he will come to me in the evening.- He said,that if he is free, he will come to me in the evening(added the second part of the double union if ... then). Punctuation is different: in the first sentence (there is a comma between adjacent subordinate unions), the second subordinate part can be removed or rearranged without violating the structure of the sentence; in the second sentence this cannot be done, since with the removal or rearrangement of the second subordinate clause, the words what ... what, ah such a neighborhood violates the stylistic norms of the literary language. Wed also: The swordsman feltthat if you have to shoot back again, he will no longer be any different from Pika(F.). - I already thought that if at this decisive moment I do not argue with the old man, then later it will be difficult for me to free myself from his care (P.).

Thus, when two subordinate unions "meet" (or a subordinate union and a union word) comma between them is placed if the removal of the second subordinate part does not require the restructuring of the main part (in practice - if the second part of the double union does not follow further then so or but, the presence of which requires such a restructuring), and is not put if the indicated second part of the double alliance follows.

Wed: (comma is put) The road seemed to lead to heavenbecause, as many eyes could see, she kept rising(L.); ... He always felt the injustice of his excess in comparison with the poverty of the people and now decided to himself, that, in order to feel completely right, he ... will now work even more and allow himself even less luxury (L.T.); ... it turned outthat, although the doctor spoke very well and for a long time, it was impossible to convey what he said(L.T.); The bear fell in love with Nikita so much,that when he went somewhere, the beast sniffed the air anxiously(M.G.); I read beforethat when I heard the bell ringing on the front porch, I did not immediately understand who was ringing it and why(M.G.); Thus, the enemy creates the situation for himself, inwhich, if we are decisive and courageous without hesitation, he himself will substitute his main forces for us to defeat(A.T.); This silent conversation of glances so excited Lisa,that when she sat down at a table in the large hall, her eyes, without answering anyone, also spoke of embarrassment(Fed.); Finally he felt that he can no longer, that no force will move him from his place and that if he now sits down, he will no longer get up (Paul);

(no comma) Sobakevich ... in a little over a quarter of an hour I drove him[sturgeon] Total, so when the chief of police remembered him, ... he saw that only one tail remained from the work of nature (G.); Anton Prokofievich had, by the way, some pantaloons of such a strange property,that when he put them on, the dogs always bit his calves(T.); Peasant huts followed the garden, which, although they were scattered and not enclosed in the correct streets, showed the contentment of the inhabitants (T.); Hadji Murat sat down and said,that if they only send to the Lezghin line and give an army, then he guarantees that he will raise the whole of Dagestan(L.T.); The ferry was moving so slowly that if it were not for the gradual outlining of its contours, then one would think that it is standing in one place or is going to that bank (Ch.); The blind man knewthat the sun is looking into the room and that if he reaches out the window, then dew will fall from the bushes(Cor.); Who doesn't knowthat when the patient wanted to smoke, it means the same thing that he wanted to live(Prishv.); This is why the locals are convinced that if it were possible to blow up the gorges on the padun and lower the level of the lake, then the shores would dry out and good grass would grow (Prishv.); But, probably, something has already happened in the world or happened at that time - fatal and irreparable, -because although it was the same hot seaside summer, the dacha no longer seemed to me like a Roman villa(Cat.).

2. A comma is not placed between the comparative and subordinate unions: Not so much because her mother told her, but because it was Constantine's brother,for Kitty these faces suddenly seemed utterly unpleasant(L.T.); Report your observationsnot only when the testing of the machine begins, but also during the entire experiment;The article deserves attentionboth because the issues raised in it are relevant, and because they have been studied seriously and deeply.

3. When the "meeting" of the compositional union and the subordinate (or union word) comma between them is placed or not, depending on the conditions specified above (clause 1). Wed:

(comma is put) Gregory, burnt by sudden and joyful determination, with difficulty restrained the horse and,when the last hundred, almost trampling Stepan, rushed past,jumped up to him(Sh.) - with the withdrawal of the subordinate clause with the union when prepositional-nominal combination to him it becomes unclear, but structurally, such an exemption is possible, therefore, a comma between the compositional and subordinate unions in such cases is usually put; Mumu did not go to the manor house and,when Gerasim carried firewood into the rooms,always stayed back and waited impatiently for him at the porch(T.); Levin said goodbye to them, but,so as not to be left aloneclung to his brother(L.T.);

(no comma) The woman's feet were burned and barefoot, andwhen she saidthen she scooped up warm dust to sore feet with her hand, as if trying to calm the pain(Sim.) - when removing or rearranging the subordinate clause with the union when words will be next and ... then; On a cold night ... the boy knocked on unfamiliar houses, asking where Oznobishin lived, andif dead silence did not answer him,then there was a scolding shout or a suspicious questioning(Fed.); Nikolai Nikolaevich tries to walk next to him,but as he gets tangled between trees and stumbles,then he often has to catch up with his companion by jumping(Kupr.); He looked sadly around, and he felt unbearably sorry for the sky, the earth, and the forest, andwhen the highest note of the pipe swept through the air and trembled like the voice of a crying man,he felt extremely bitter and offended by the disorder that was replaced in nature(Ch.) - after an adversarial union but the comma in these cases, as a rule, is not put, even if the second part of the double conjunction does not follow further then, since neither removal nor rearrangement of the subordinate part is possible without restructuring the main part; The sounds gradually died away, andthe further we went from home, the deeper and deader it became around(M.G.) - union and appends a whole complex sentence; He left a long time ago, andwhere is he now, nobody knows- union and appends a whole complex sentence.

4. At the "meeting" of the connecting union and and a subordinate union, the following cases are possible:

1) comma put only before the union and(regardless of whether it connects homogeneous members of a sentence, independent sentences or subordinate clauses), if the clause is followed by the second part of the double conjunction how or but(in this case the union and appends a whole complex sentence): He wore dark glasses, sweatshirt, earspledgedcotton wool, and when he got on the cab, thenorderedlift the top(Ch.) - union and connects homogeneous members of the proposal; Occasionally a little snowflake stuck outside to the glassand if you look closely, thenone could see its finest crystal structure(Paust.) - union and connects simple sentences; The doctor said,that the patient needs peace,and if we do not want to disturb him, thenmust leave the ward- union and connects subordinate subordinate parts; Find out pleasewhether the reviewer read the manuscript,and if you read it, thenwhat is his opinion of her- union and connects subordinate subordinate parts;

2) comma placed only after the union and, if it connects two homogeneous members of the sentence or two subordinate clauses and the second part of the double union does not follow: He thought to surprise her with his generosity, but she evendid not lead and,when he turned away from her, she curled her pursed lips contemptuously(T.); Apparently, in his wordsattachedit is not a small value and, in order to aggravate their price,triedpronounce them in a stretch(H); It turned out,that the manuscript has not yet been finally edited and,until additional work is done on it,you cannot put it in a set;

3) comma is put before the union and, and after it, if it connects two simple sentences (and the second part of the double conjunction does not follow after the subordinate clause): Gulyaev was a strong man, and,when he returned to the Urals,behind him was the brilliant glory of a millionaire(M.-S.); For some reason they said about him that he was a wonderful artist, and,when his mother died,grandmother sent him to Moscow, to the Komissarov School(H); This newborn gentleman especially irritated Samghin, and,if Klim Ivanovich were able to hate,he would hate him(M.G.); ... My head became lighter, clearer, everything somehow thickened, and,while this thickening was happening in my head,the street became quieter too(M.G.); She looked at the calmly beautiful Elizaveta Mikhailovna with large, tender eyes, and,when she caressed her with a soft and tender hand,her heart sank sweetly(S.-Sh.); Liza went to the deserted square, and,when her legs began to fall hard from the round bald spots of the cobblestone,she remembered how she returned to this square on a sunny day after the first meeting with Tsvetukhin(Fed.); A frisky wind from the sea blew the sails, and,when the sun rose and the city walls remained behind the stern of the last plow,a loud song spilled over the expanse of the Volga(Evil.); And the woman kept talking and talking about her misfortunes, and,although her words were familiar,Saburov's heart suddenly sank from them(Sim.); At the bends, the sled was thrown to the banks, and,so that it does not break on sharp stones sticking out from under the snow,Alitet kicked off(Sem.).

5. The placement of a comma between the accessory union (at the beginning of the sentence, after a period) and the subordinate union following it depends on the meaning of the union:

1) usually after the union and no comma: And whenLevinson, having completed all the everyday affairs, finally gave the order to speak,- there was such jubilation in the detachment, as if with this order all sorts of ordeals actually ended(F.); And althoughthe weather has improved significantly, the danger of drought has not passed; ANDinstead ofturn right, drove straight by mistake;

2) after the accession union but the comma is also omitted: And whenthe sun rose, a view of the snowy peak opened in front of us;What ifto believe the reports of forecasters, tomorrow warming should come;

3) after the union butcomma not put in the absence of a pause between unions and put if a pause is made; Wed: But whenhe, leaning on a stick, got out of the staff bus into the square ... and, not waiting for him to be hugged, he began to hug and kiss everyone who fell into his arms, something pinched in the wound(Paul.); But ifeven the enemy managed to repel the attackers, the infantry rushed into the attack again(Sim.);

4) after the union butcomma usually put: However, ifcircumstances will require it, I will not stand aside.

Note. For various cases of the use of the connecting union at the very beginning of the sentence, the following rules are established:

1) comma placed after unions and and but and is not placed after the union but, if a separate turnover follows (most often - a construction with a gerunds): And, lingering at the exit,he turned around;But, not wanting to return to what was said,the speaker missed this part of his message; BUThearing these words,he exclaimed ...(see § 20);

2) a comma, as a rule, is not put after the accession union, if an introductory word or an introductory sentence follows: And probablyyou will not wait for him;But maybe,the question has not yet been considered;However,and this optionacceptable; And imaginethe random answer turned out to be correct(see § 25, item 6);

3) comma placed before the subordinate clause, depending on the meaning of the accession union and the presence or absence of a pause in reading (see § 36, paragraph 5).

From the book of 100 Great Plane Crashes author Muromov Igor

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From the book Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation. Complete Academic Handbook the author Lopatin Vladimir Vladimirovich

§ 9. Double consonants at the root and at the junction of the prefix and the root 1. Double w is written in the roots of the words reins, yeast, burning, hum, juniper and their roots. Wed: to burn (car + burn) - you burn (car + burn), also kindled. Note 1. In the presence of audio interleaving

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§ 110. A comma at the junction of two unions 1. With two adjacent subordinate unions (or a subordinate union and a union word), as well as when a composition union and a subordinate (or union word) meet, a comma is placed between them if the subordinate clause is removed

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§ 9. Double consonants at the root and at the junction of the prefix and the root 1. Double w is written in the roots of the words reins, yeast, burning, hum, juniper and their roots. Wed: ignite (car + burn) - burn (burn + burn), also ignited. Note 1. In the presence of sound alternation

From the author's book

XVI. SPELLING OF UNIONS § 61. Fusion spelling of unions 1. A union so that it is written together as opposed to a combination that would (pronoun and particle), for example: The editor met with the author and (in order to) agree on the changes made to the manuscript; It is important that people are

From the author's book

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From the author's book

For freedom of association, see Right of Association.

With two adjacent subordinate unions (or a subordinate union and a union word), as well as when a composing union and a subordinate (or union word) meet comma between them put if the second part of the complex union does not follow further - then so, but:

1. The large, dispersed hut, in which the bursa was located, was decisively empty, and how much the philosopher did not rummage in all corners and even felt all the holes and traps in the roof, but nowhere did I find a piece of sacha ichi, at least the old knish, which, as usual, was hidden by the bursaks (no comma, since there is a conjunction after the subordinate clause but)

Compare: The large, dispersed hut, in which the bursa was located, was decisively empty, and how much the philosopher did not rummage in all corners and even felt all the holes and traps in the roof, nowhere did he find a piece of the net or, at least, the old knish, which, as usual, was hidden by the bursaks (in this case, a comma is supplied, since there is no union but.)

2. and when she rested on the cheek, then he discerned clearly that it was a drop of blood.

Compare: It even seemed to him as if a tear had rolled from under the eyelash of her right eye, and when she rested on her cheek, and he made out clearly that it was a drop of blood.

He hurriedly walked over to the winged bird, opened the book and to more encourage myself, began to read in the loudest voice . The philosopher stood in the highest place in the courtyard, and when turned and looked in the opposite direction, he presented himself with a completely different view. I was surprised what when you will not come to grandfather, everything is in the same form as ten years ago, exactly time has stopped here, as in an enchanted kingdom. Shining in the blaze of the sun, the sea exactly smiled with a good-natured smile at Gulliver, realizing what if he wants, one movement - and the work of the midgets will disappear.

Hint on the topic Comma at the junction of two unions

Put a comma at the junction of conjunctions if the sentence can be rearranged without distorting the meaning by rearranging the clause:

The stars lit up and when the moon appeared in the sky, the steppe lit up with a bluish light. - The stars lit up, and the steppe lit up with a bluish light, when the moon rose. (Wed: The stars lit up and when the moon appeared in the sky, then the steppe was lit up with a bluish light. and and then).

The sowing is over and although it was possible to rest a little, the machine operators started to repair the equipment. - Sowing is over, and machine operators started to repair equipment, although it was possible to rest a little. (Compare: The sowing is over and _ although it was possible to rest a little, but the machine operators started to repair the equipment. In this sentence, such a permutation is impossible, since there will be and and but).

The forest was silent and if if not the sharp, painful cries of a night bird, the silence would be dead. - The forest was silent, and the silence would be dead if a would not be the painful cries of a nocturnal bird.

Angelina Semyonovna found out that Broom did not give injections and that now it is too late to do them, because if the dog was mad So and Broom in the coming days must certainly go berserk.

Lesson summary "Comma at the junction of two unions."

The union "and" can connect:

• homogeneous members of the sentence (definition and definition, predicate and predicate, etc.);
• simple sentences as part of a complex.

Putting a comma in front of the union "and", connecting homogeneous members of the sentence.

Comma BECAME if the conjunction is "and"

1.with homogeneous members, it is repeated:

And the birch tree is lovely in the sun, on a gray day, and in rain.

2.connects more than two homogeneous members:

In the forest alone it is noisy, and creepy, and sad, and fun.

The comma DOES NOT BECOME if

1.homogeneous members are connected in pairs (pairs are separated from each other):

In Crete, they lived freely and cheerfully, wide open and not hiding.

Putting a comma in front of the conjunction "and", connecting simple sentences in a complex one.

The comma is BURNED if

1. simple sentences are connected as part of a compound:, and.

A thunderstorm was approaching, and clouds covered the whole sky.

2.the subordinate clause of the sentence is followed by the second part of the double conjunction TO, HOW or BUT:

He wore dark glasses, a sweatshirt, and covered his ears with cotton wool , and when he got into a cab, then ordered to lift the top.

Occasionally a small snowflake stuck outside to the glass , and if you look closely, then one could see its finest crystal structure.

The comma DOES NOT BECOME if

1.both parts of a complex sentence have common minor term, most often this is a circumstance of place or time, less often an addition:

On the Christmas tree at school(this is a common minor member) children read poetry and Santa Claus gave them gifts.

At the Snow Maiden (and this is also him) there were large gray eyes and white braids dropped to the waist.

2. two impersonal sentences are combined (that is, there is no subject in the sentence), which have synonymous members in their composition:

It is necessary wrap a scarf around the throat and it is necessary try to rinse it with baking soda.

3.general subordinate clause:

While Santa Claus was saving the Snow Maiden, Wolf and Fox stole the lights from the tree and the holiday was again under threat.

4. a common introductory word (most often this is a word indicating the same source of the message for both parts:

According to the pilgrim Feklusha, people in this country with dog-headed heads and a fiery serpent began to harness for speed.

Fortunately, New Year happens only once every 365 days and gifts in such quantities have to be bought infrequently.

5. two interrogative, motivating, exclamation or nominative sentences are combined:

Who are you and where are you from?

Let winter end and warm days come!

6. two homogeneous subordinate clauses are connected as part of a complex-subordinate clause:

We went on a hike when the rain ended andwhen the sun came out.

Important! In cases of placing a comma before the conjunction "and" connecting SIMPLE PROPOSITIONS IN THE COMPLEX SUBMISSION, the logic of setting the sign is the same as for homogeneous terms.

It was as if the whole forest was being uprooted at once and the earth was groaning in pain.(union AND single)

He recalled how the Nazis attacked them suddenly, and how they were surrounded, and how the detachment still managed to get through to their own.(union And repeats)