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Ggt in the biochemical analysis of blood, its norm and alarming indicators. What is the GGT indicator in the biochemical blood test? The structure of the GTF

The materials are published for information purposes only, and are not a prescription for treatment! We recommend that you consult a hematologist at your hospital!

GGT or gamma-glutamyltransferase is a protein that is directly involved in amino acid metabolism in the cells of the body. Most of it is found in the cells of the kidneys, pancreas and liver. With an increased content of this protein, specialists can determine the degree of damage to liver cells.

general information

A small amount of gamma glutamyltransferase is found in the brain, heart, spleen and intestines. The enzyme is located directly in the cell itself, however, when it is destroyed, it enters the bloodstream.

The activity of this enzyme in small amounts is quite normal, due to the constant renewal of cells. However, due to the death of a significant number of cells, the activity of the protein increases significantly. Therefore, an excessive amount of GGT in the biochemical blood test indicates the presence of problems in the patient's body.

Important! The main source of serum GGT activity is the hepatobiliary system. Therefore, deviations of this indicator from the norm make it possible to diagnose various liver diseases.

Most often, GGT rises against the background of the course of such diseases:

  • Obstructive liver damage.
  • Cholestasis.
  • Cholangitis, cholecystitis.
  • Jaundice.

Important! In the last three cases, it is studies on GGT that give more accurate results, since it tends to manifest itself earlier than other liver enzymes, persisting for a longer time.

  • Cirrhosis caused by excessive alcohol consumption.
  • Drug intoxication.
  • Fatty degeneration of the liver, in which this indicator increases several times.
  • Pancreatitis.

Important! The development of infectious hepatitis leads to the fact that GGT rises up to five times. Therefore, specialists in this case are more often guided by.

In addition, ggt in a biochemical blood test increases for reasons unrelated to liver problems, including:

  • Alcoholism.
  • Oncology of the prostate and pancreas.
  • Taking paracetamol, phenobarbital and similar drugs.

In what cases is the study for GGT carried out?

Most often, the biochemistry of GGT is prescribed by a narcologist, due to the sensitivity of the liver to alcohol. Also, the analysis is carried out in such cases:

  • If preparations are underway for the operation.
  • If it is necessary to diagnose liver problems.
  • When a patient develops symptoms of hepatitis or cirrhosis.
  • If the patient complains of weakness, pain in the abdomen (right).
  • When vomiting, nausea occurs.
  • If a recently detected malignant disease is being checked.

Features of the analysis

Having figured out what a GGT blood test is, consider how it is performed. This study belongs to the group of liver tests and is carried out during a biochemical blood test. Blood sampling is most often done from a vein. In this case, the patient must properly prepare for the delivery of the analysis:

  • Since blood sampling must be done on an empty stomach, the last meal is allowed at least 8 hours before the test.

Note. Before donating blood, the patient may drink a small amount of water.

  • Fatty foods and alcohol should be excluded a couple of days before blood sampling.
  • You should also give up heavy physical exertion and sports.
  • The patient must definitely notify his attending physician if he takes any medications... It is advisable to temporarily stop taking them.
  • If fluoroscopic or ultrasound examinations are scheduled on the day of the patient's analysis, they should be performed after blood sampling.
  • Physiotherapy procedures (some types) are also prohibited, and the specialist must inform the patient about this.

A few words about normal performance

The rate of indicators may differ depending on the patient's gender, age, and even his belonging to a particular race.

In the male population, GGT indicators are relatively higher, since a certain amount of these enzymes is present in the prostate gland. The indicators in infants are also high, since at first this enzyme is contained in the placenta, and only over time does its production begin in the liver.

Important! In pregnant women, these indicators are largely determined by the gestational age.

What can influence the result

The analysis results may change under the influence of such factors:

  • A decrease in performance can occur due to the intake of ascorbic acid.
  • The increase in GGT is facilitated by aspirin, paracetamol, antibiotics, antidepressants, etc.
  • Overestimated rates are also observed in patients prone to obesity.

Important! The assessment of the dynamics of changes should be carried out only taking into account other blood parameters. These include ALT, AST, LDH lipase and others. For the final diagnosis, the ratio of the indicators of this enzyme with other parameters is very important.

Why is GGT increasing?

If GGT is elevated, then specialists first of all pay attention to the diagnosis of liver diseases. However, the problem may lie elsewhere. Most often, an increase in the level of this enzyme occurs for the following reasons:

  • Heart failure.
  • If high rates are present against the background of alkaline phosphatase, then this may indicate the development of autoimmune diseases.
  • Mammary cancer.
  • Problems with the biliary tract.
  • Diabetes.
  • Arthritis.
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Myocardial infarction, etc.

What are the reasons for the decline in performance?

There can be three main reasons:

  • Hypothyroidism
  • Taking certain medications.
  • If a patient is being treated for alcoholism, then after a month of such therapy, his GGT can be significantly reduced. This decrease is explained by the absence of ethanol, which stimulates the synthesis of this enzyme in liver cells, to which the body develops addiction.

4.2.1. Primary structure nucleic acids called the sequence of arrangement of mononucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain ... The primary structure of nucleic acids is stabilized by 3 ", 5" -phosphodiester bonds. These bonds are formed by the interaction of the hydroxyl group at the 3 "-position of the pentose residue of each nucleotide with the phosphate group of the adjacent nucleotide (Figure 3.2),

Thus, at one end of the polynucleotide chain there is a free 5 "-phosphate group (5" -end), and at the other end there is a free hydroxyl group in the 3 "-position (3" -end). It is customary to write nucleotide sequences in the direction from the 5 "end to the 3" end.

Figure 4.2. The structure of a dinucleotide, which includes adenosine-5 "-monophosphate and cytidine-5" -monophosphate.

4.2.2. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is contained in the cell nucleus and has molecular weight about 1011 Yes. Its nucleotides contain nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine , carbohydrate deoxyribose and phosphoric acid residues. The content of nitrogenous bases in the DNA molecule is determined by Chargaff's rules:

1) the number of purine bases is equal to the number of pyrimidine bases (A + G = C + T);

2) the amount of adenine and cytosine is equal to the amount of thymine and guanine, respectively (A = T; C = G);

3) DNA isolated from cells of various biological species, differ from each other in the value of the specificity coefficient:

(G + C) / (A + T)

These patterns in the structure of DNA are explained by the following features of its secondary structure:

1) a DNA molecule is built of two polynucleotide chains linked by hydrogen bonds and oriented antiparallel (that is, the 3 "end of one chain is opposite the 5" end of the other chain and vice versa);

2) hydrogen bonds are formed between complementary pairs of nitrogenous bases. Thymine is complementary to adenine; this pair is stabilized by two hydrogen bonds. Guanine is complementary to cytosine; this pair is stabilized by three hydrogen bonds (see figure b). The more in the DNA molecule steam G-C, the greater its resistance to high temperatures and ionizing radiation;

Figure 3.3. Hydrogen bonds between complementary nitrogenous bases.

3) both DNA strands are twisted into a helix with a common axis. The nitrogenous bases are directed towards the inside of the spiral; apart from hydrogen, hydrophobic interactions also arise between them. The ribose phosphate parts are located on the periphery, forming the skeleton of the spiral (see figure 3.4).


Figure 3.4. Diagram of the structure of DNA.

4.2.3. RNA (ribonucleic acid) is contained mainly in the cytoplasm of the cell and has a molecular weight in the range of 104 - 106 Da. Its nucleotides contain nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil , carbohydrate ribose and phosphoric acid residues. Unlike DNA, RNA molecules are built from a single polynucleotide chain, in which regions complementary to each other can be located (Figure 3.5). These sections can interact with each other, forming double helices alternating with non-helical sections.

Figure 3.5. Scheme of the structure of transport RNA.

There are three main types of RNA according to the features of structure and function:

1) messenger (informational) RNA (mRNA) transfer information about the structure of the protein from the cell nucleus to the ribosomes;

2) transport RNA (tRNA) transport amino acids to the site of protein synthesis;

3) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) are part of ribosomes, participate in protein synthesis.

The synthesis of purine bases occurs in all cells of the body, mainly in the liver. The exception is erythrocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, lymphocytes.

Conventionally, all synthesis reactions can be divided into 4 stages:

1. Synthesis of 5 "-phosphoribosylamine

First reaction purine synthesis consists in the activation of carbon in the C 1 position of ribose-5-phosphate, this is achieved by the synthesis 5-phosphoribosyl-1-diphosphate(FRDF). Ribose-5-phosphate is the anchor on the basis of which the complex purine cycle is synthesized.

Second reaction Is the transfer of the NH 2 -group of glutamine to the activated C 1 atom of ribose-5-phosphate with the formation 5 "-phosphoribosylamine... The specified NH 2 -group of phosphoribosylamine already belongs to the future purine ring and its nitrogen will be atom number 9.

Reactions for the synthesis of 5'-phosphoribosylamine

In parallel, phosphoribosyl diphosphate is used in the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides. It reacts with orotic acid and ribose-5-phosphate binds to it to form orotidyl monophosphate.

2. Synthesis of inosine monophosphate

5-phosphoribosylamine is involved in nine reactions, and as a result, the first purine nucleotide is formed - inosine monophosphoric acid(IMF). In these reactions, the sources of the atoms of the purine ring are glycine, aspartate, one more molecule glutamine, carbon dioxide and derivatives tetrahydrofolic acid(THFK). In general, the synthesis of the purine ring requires the energy of 6 ATP molecules.

3. Synthesis of adenosine monophosphate and guanosine monophosphate

  1. Guanosine Monophosphate(HMP) is formed in two reactions - first, IMP is oxidized IMP dehydrogenase to xanthosyl monophosphate, the source of oxygen is water, the acceptor of hydrogen is NAD. After that it works GMF synthetase, it uses a universal cell donor of NH 2 -groups - glutamine, the source of energy for the reaction is ATP.
  2. Adenosine Monophosphate(AMP) is also formed in two reactions, but aspartic acid acts as a donor of the NH 2 -group. In the first, adenylosuccinate synthetase, the reaction for the addition of aspartate uses the energy of decomposition of GTP, in the second reaction adenylosuccinate lyase removes part of the aspartic acid in the form of fumarate.

Reactions of synthesis of AMP and HMP

4. Formation of nucleoside triphosphates ATP and GTP.

The synthesis of GTP is carried out in 2 stages through the transfer of high-energy phosphate groups from ATP. ATP synthesis occurs in a slightly different way. ADP from AMP is also formed due to the high-energy bonds of ATP. For the synthesis of ATP from ADP in mitochondria there is an enzyme ATP synthase, which forms ATP in reactions

Is one of the most popular research methods for patients and doctors. If you clearly know what the biochemical analysis shows from the vein, you can identify a number of serious ailments in the early stages, among which - viral hepatitis ,. Early detection of such pathologies makes it possible to apply the correct treatment and heal them.

The nurse collects blood for research within a few minutes. Each patient should understand that this procedure does not cause discomfort. The answer to the question of where the blood is taken for analysis is unequivocal: from a vein.

Speaking about what a biochemical blood test is and what is included in it, it should be borne in mind that the results obtained are actually a kind of reflection of the general state of the body. Nevertheless, trying to independently understand whether the analysis is normal or there are certain deviations from the normal value, it is important to understand what LDL is, what is CPK (CPK - creatine phosphokinase), to understand what is urea (urea), etc.

General information about the analysis of blood biochemistry - what it is and what you can find out by doing it, you will get from this article. How much it costs to carry out such an analysis, how many days it takes to get the results, should be found out directly in the laboratory where the patient intends to conduct this study.

How is the preparation for biochemical analysis carried out?

Before donating blood, you need to carefully prepare for this process. For those who are interested in how to pass the analysis correctly, you need to take into account several fairly simple requirements:

  • donate blood only on an empty stomach;
  • in the evening, on the eve of the upcoming analysis, you cannot drink strong coffee, tea, consume fatty foods, alcoholic beverages (it is better not to drink the latter for 2-3 days);
  • you must not smoke for at least an hour before the analysis;
  • the day before the tests, you should not practice any thermal procedures - go to the sauna, bath, and a person should not subject himself to serious physical exertion;
  • you need to pass laboratory tests in the morning, before carrying out any medical procedures;
  • a person who is preparing for analyzes, having come to the laboratory, must calm down a little, sit for a few minutes and catch his breath;
  • the answer to the question of whether it is possible to brush your teeth before taking tests is negative: in order to accurately determine blood sugar, in the morning before conducting the study, you need to ignore this hygienic procedure, and also not drink tea and coffee;
  • should not be taken before taking blood, hormonal drugs, diuretics, etc.;
  • two weeks before the study, you need to stop taking drugs that affect lipids in the blood, in particular statins ;
  • if you need to submit a complete analysis again, it must be done at the same time, the laboratory must also be the same.

If a clinical blood test was performed, the deciphering of the indicators is carried out by a specialist. Also, the interpretation of the indicators of a biochemical blood test can be carried out using a special table, which indicates the normal indicators of analyzes in adults and in children. If any indicator differs from the norm, it is important to pay attention to this and consult a doctor who can correctly "read" all the results obtained and give his recommendations. If necessary, blood biochemistry is prescribed: an extended profile.

Table for decoding a biochemical blood test in adults

Indicator in the study Norm
Total protein 63-87 g / l

Protein fractions: albumin

globulins (α1, α2, γ, β)
Creatinine 44-97 μmol per l - in women, 62-124 - in men
Urea 2.5-8.3 mmol / l
Uric acid 0.12-0.43 mmol / l - in men, 0.24-0.54 mmol / l - in women.
Total cholesterol 3.3-5.8 mmol / l
LDL less than 3 mmol per liter
HDL higher or equal to 1.2 mmol per l - in women, 1 mmol per l - in men
Glucose 3.5-6.2 mmol per liter
Total bilirubin 8.49-20.58 μmol / L
Bilirubin direct 2.2-5.1 μmol / L
Triglycerides less than 1.7 mmol per liter
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST for short) alanine aminotransferase - the norm in women and men - up to 42 U / l
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT for short) up to 38 U / l
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT for short) normal GGT indices are up to 33.5 U / L in men, up to 48.6 U / L in women.
Creatine kinase (abbreviated as CC) up to 180 U / l
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP for short) up to 260 U / l
Α-amylase up to 110 E per liter
Potassium 3.35-5.35 mmol / l
Sodium 130-155 mmol / l

Thus, a biochemical blood test makes it possible to conduct a detailed analysis to assess the work of internal organs. Also, the interpretation of the results allows you to adequately "read" which ones, macro- and microelements, needed by the body. Blood biochemistry allows you to recognize the presence of pathologies.

If the obtained indicators are correctly deciphered, it is much easier to make any diagnosis. Biochemistry is a more detailed study than KLA. After all, the decoding of indicators of a general blood test does not allow obtaining such detailed data.

It is very important to conduct such research when. After all, a general analysis during pregnancy does not provide an opportunity to obtain complete information. Therefore, biochemistry in pregnant women is usually prescribed in the first months and in the third trimester. In the presence of certain pathologies and poor health, this analysis is performed more often.

In modern laboratories, they are able to conduct research and decipher the obtained indicators for several hours. The patient is provided with a table in which all the data are indicated. Accordingly, it is possible even to independently track how much blood counts are normal in adults and children.

Both the table for decoding the general blood test in adults, and biochemical analyzes are decrypted taking into account the age and gender of the patient. After all, the rate of blood biochemistry, like the rate of a clinical blood test, can vary in women and men, in young and elderly patients.

Hemogram Is a clinical blood test in adults and children, which allows you to find out the amount of all blood elements, as well as their morphological characteristics, ratio, content, etc.

Since blood biochemistry is a complex study, it also includes liver function tests. Deciphering the analysis allows you to determine if the liver function is normal. Hepatic parameters are important for the diagnosis of pathologies of this organ. The following data make it possible to assess the structural and functional state of the liver: ALT, GGTP (GGTP is the norm in women a little lower), alkaline phosphatase, level and total protein. Liver tests are performed when necessary to establish or confirm the diagnosis.

Cholinesterase is determined in order to diagnose the severity and condition of the liver, as well as its functions.

Blood sugar is determined in order to assess the functions of the endocrine system. What is the name of the blood sugar test, you can find out directly in the laboratory. The sugar designation can be found on the results sheet. How is sugar indicated? It is denoted by the term "glucose" or "GLU" in English.

The norm is important CRP , since a jump in these indicators indicates the development of inflammation. Indicator AST indicates pathological processes associated with tissue destruction.

Indicator MID in a blood test is determined during a general analysis. The MID level allows you to determine the development, infectious diseases, anemia, etc. The MID indicator allows you to assess the state of the human immune system.

ICSU Is an indicator of the average concentration in. If the MCHS is elevated, the reasons for this are associated with a deficiency or, as well as congenital spherocytosis.

MPV - the average value of the volume measured.

Lipidogram provides for the determination of indicators of total, HDL, LDL, triglycerides. The lipid spectrum is determined in order to identify violations of lipid metabolism in the body.

Norm blood electrolytes indicates the normal course of metabolic processes in the body.

Seromucoid Is a fraction of proteins that includes a group of glycoproteins. Speaking about what seromucoid is, it should be borne in mind that if connective tissue is destroyed, degraded or damaged, seromucoids enter the blood plasma. Therefore, seromucoids are determined for the purpose of predicting development.

LDH, LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) - it is involved in the oxidation of glucose and the production of lactic acid.

Research on osteocalcin carried out for diagnosis.

Analysis on ferritin (protein complex, the main intracellular iron depot) is carried out with suspicion of hemochromatosis, chronic inflammatory and infectious diseases, tumors.

Blood test for ASO important for diagnosing a variety of complications after a streptococcal infection.

In addition, other indicators are determined, as well as other follow-ups (protein electrophoresis, etc.) are carried out. The rate of a biochemical blood test is displayed in special tables. It displays the rate of biochemical blood analysis in women, the table also provides information about normal indicators in men. But nevertheless, it is better to ask a specialist about how to decipher a general blood test and how to read the data of a biochemical analysis, who will adequately assess the results in the complex and prescribe the appropriate treatment.

Deciphering the biochemistry of blood in children is carried out by a specialist who ordered the study. For this, a table is also used, which indicates the norm in children of all indicators.

In veterinary medicine, there are also norms of biochemical blood parameters for a dog, a cat - the biochemical composition of the blood of animals is indicated in the corresponding tables.

What do some indicators mean in a blood test is discussed in more detail below.

Protein means a lot in the human body, as it takes part in the creation of new cells, in the transport of substances and the formation of the humoral.

The composition of proteins includes 20 basic ones, they also contain inorganic substances, vitamins, lipid and carbohydrate residues.

The liquid part of the blood contains about 165 proteins, and their structure and role in the body are different. Proteins are divided into three different protein fractions:

  • globulins (α1, α2, β, γ);
  • fibrinogen .

Since the production of proteins occurs mainly in the liver, their level is indicative of its synthetic function.

If the conducted proteinogram indicates that there is a decrease in total protein in the body, this phenomenon is defined as hypoproteinemia. A similar phenomenon is noted in the following cases:

  • with protein starvation - if a person observes a certain one, practices vegetarianism;
  • if there is an increased excretion of protein in the urine - with, kidney disease,;
  • if a person loses a lot of blood - with bleeding, heavy periods;
  • in case of severe burns;
  • with exudative pleurisy, exudative, ascites;
  • with the development of malignant neoplasms;
  • if protein formation is impaired - with hepatitis;
  • with a decrease in the absorption of substances - with , colitis, enteritis, etc.;
  • after prolonged use of glucocorticosteroids.

An increased level of protein in the body is hyperproteinemia ... Distinguishes between absolute and relative hyperproteinemia.

The relative growth of proteins develops in the case of loss of the liquid part of the plasma. This happens if you are worried about constant vomiting, with cholera.

An absolute increase in protein is noted if there are inflammatory processes, multiple myeloma.

The concentration of this substance changes by 10% with changes in body position, as well as during physical exertion.

Why do the concentrations of protein fractions change?

Protein fractions - globulins, albumin, fibrinogen.

A standard blood bioassay does not involve the determination of fibrinogen, which reflects the process of blood clotting. Coagulogram - analysis in which this indicator is determined.

When is the level of protein fractions elevated?

Albumin level:

  • if fluid loss occurs during infectious diseases;
  • with burns.

Α-globulins:

  • with systemic diseases of the connective tissue ( , );
  • with purulent inflammation in an acute form;
  • with burns during the recovery period;
  • nephrotic syndrome in patients with glomerulonephritis.

Β- globulins:

  • with hyperlipoproteinemia in people with diabetes mellitus;
  • with a bleeding ulcer in the stomach or intestines;
  • with nephrotic syndrome;
  • at.

Gamma globulins are elevated in the blood:

  • with viral and bacterial infections;
  • with systemic diseases of the connective tissue (rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, scleroderma);
  • with allergies;
  • with burns;
  • with helminthic invasion.

When is the level of protein fractions lowered?

  • in newborns due to underdevelopment of liver cells;
  • with lungs;
  • during pregnancy;
  • with liver diseases;
  • with bleeding;
  • in case of accumulation of plasma in the body cavities;
  • with malignant tumors.

The body is not only building cells. They also disintegrate, and nitrogenous bases accumulate in the process. Their formation occurs in the human liver, they are excreted through the kidneys. Therefore, if the indicators nitrogen exchange elevated, it is likely a dysfunction of the liver or kidneys, as well as excessive breakdown of proteins. The main indicators of nitrogen metabolism are creatinine , urea ... Less commonly, ammonia, creatine, residual nitrogen, uric acid are determined.

Urea (urea)

  • glomerulonephritis, acute and chronic;
  • nephrosclerosis;
  • poisoning with various substances - dichloroethane, ethylene glycol, mercury salts;
  • arterial hypertension;
  • crash syndrome;
  • polycystic or kidney;

Reasons for downgrading:

  • increased urine output;
  • the introduction of glucose;
  • liver failure;
  • decrease in metabolic processes;
  • starvation;
  • hypothyroidism.

Creatinine

The reasons for the increase:

  • renal failure in acute and chronic forms;
  • decompensated;
  • acromegaly;
  • muscle dystrophy;
  • burns.

Uric acid

The reasons for the increase:

  • leukemia;
  • deficiency of vitamin B-12;
  • acute infectious diseases;
  • Vakez disease;
  • liver disease;
  • severe diabetes mellitus;
  • pathology of the skin;
  • carbon monoxide poisoning, barbiturates.

Glucose

Glucose is considered the main indicator of carbohydrate metabolism. It is the main energy product that enters the cell, since the vital activity of the cell depends precisely on oxygen and glucose. After a person has taken food, glucose enters the liver, and there it is utilized in the form glycogen ... Control these processes of the pancreas - and glucagon ... Due to a lack of glucose in the blood, hypoglycemia develops, its excess indicates that there is hyperglycemia.

Violation of the concentration of glucose in the blood occurs in the following cases:

Hypoglycemia

  • with prolonged fasting;
  • in case of impaired absorption of carbohydrates - with enteritis, etc.;
  • with hypothyroidism;
  • with chronic liver pathologies;
  • with insufficiency of the adrenal cortex in a chronic form;
  • with hypopituitarism;
  • in case of an overdose of insulin or hypoglycemic drugs that are taken orally;
  • with, insuloma, meningoencephalitis, .

Hyperglycemia

  • with diabetes mellitus of the first and second types;
  • with thyrotoxicosis;
  • in case of tumor development;
  • with the development of neoplasms of the adrenal cortex;
  • with pheochromocytoma;
  • in people who practice glucocorticoid treatment;
  • at;
  • with injuries and brain tumors;
  • with psycho-emotional arousal;
  • if carbon monoxide poisoning occurs.

Specific colored proteins are peptides containing metal (copper, iron). These are myoglobin, hemoglobin, cytochrome, cerulloplasmin, etc. Bilirubin Is the end product of the breakdown of such proteins. When the existence of an erythrocyte in the spleen ends, biliverdin reductase produces bilirubin, which is called indirect or free. This bilirubin is toxic, so it is harmful to the body. However, since there is a rapid connection with blood albumin, poisoning of the body does not occur.

At the same time, in people who suffer from cirrhosis, hepatitis, there is no connection with glucuronic acid in the body, therefore the analysis shows high level bilirubin. Further, indirect bilirubin binds to glucuronic acid in liver cells, and it turns into bound or direct bilirubin (DBil), which is not toxic. Its high level is noted when Gilbert's syndrome , biliary dyskinesia ... If liver function tests are performed, their transcript may demonstrate high levels of direct bilirubin if liver cells are damaged.

Rheumatic tests

Rheumatic tests - a comprehensive immunochemical blood test, which includes a study to determine the rheumatoid factor, an analysis of circulating immune complexes, the determination of antibodies to o-streptolysin. Rheumatic tests can be carried out independently, as well as as part of studies that involve immunochemistry. Rheumatic tests should be performed if there are complaints of joint pain.

conclusions

Thus, a general therapeutic detailed biochemical blood test is a very important study in the diagnostic process. For those who want to conduct a full extended HD blood test or CBC in a clinic or laboratory, it is important to take into account that each laboratory uses a certain set of reagents, analyzers and other devices. Consequently, the norms of indicators may differ, which must be taken into account when studying what a clinical blood test or the results of biochemistry shows. Before reading the results, it is important to make sure that standards are indicated on the form issued by the medical facility in order to decipher the test results correctly. The CBC rate in children is also indicated in the forms, but the doctor must evaluate the results obtained.

Many are interested in: blood test form 50 - what is it and why take it? This is an analysis to determine the antibodies that are in the body if it is infected. The f50 analysis is done both for suspected HIV and for the purpose of prophylaxis in a healthy person. It is also worth preparing for such a study.

Education: Graduated from Rivne State Basic Medical College in the specialty "Pharmacy". Graduated from Vinnitsa State Medical University named after V.I. MI Pirogov and an internship at its base.

Work experience: From 2003 to 2013 - worked as a pharmacist and head of a pharmacy kiosk. She was awarded with diplomas and distinctions for long-term and conscientious work. Articles on medical topics were published in local publications (newspapers) and on various Internet portals.

Guanosine triphosphate
General
Abbreviations GTP, GTP
Traditional names Guanosine triphosphate
Rat. formula C 10 H 16 N 5 O 14 P 3
Physical properties
Molar mass 523.18 g / mol
Classification
Reg. CAS number 86-01-1
SMILES

3 (((O3) CO (= O) (O) O (= O) (O) OP (= O) (O) O) O) O) c (nc2 = O) N]
Data are based on standard conditions (25 ° C, 100 kPa) unless otherwise noted.

Guanosine triphosphate(GTP, GTP) is a purine nucleotide.

Biological role

GTP is a substrate for RNA synthesis during transcription. The structure of GTP is similar to the guanyl nucleoside, but differs in the presence of three phosphate groups attached to the 5 "carbon atom.

GTP takes part in signal transduction reactions, in particular, it binds to G-proteins, and is converted into GDP with the participation of GTPases.

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Natasha did not answer and went to her room to read Princess Marya's letter.
Princess Marya wrote that she was in despair at the misunderstanding that had occurred between them. Whatever her father's feelings were, Princess Marya wrote, she asked Natasha to believe that she could not help but love her like the one her brother had chosen, for whose happiness she was ready to sacrifice everything.