Speech, grammatical errors,
ethical, factual ...

Getting ready to check essays on the exam

I must admit:
poor education among today's youth.

(From the essay on the exam)

Speech errors

Errors associated with incorrect or not the most successful use of words or phraseological units are classified in school practice as speech errors. USE experts assess compliance with speech (lexical) norms according to criterion 10: if more than three mistakes are made in the work, the examinee gets zero points instead of possible two.

Graduates violate the communicative accuracy of statements, using words and phraseological units in an unusual meaning or without due regard for stylistic or emotionally expressive shades of expression: This word has no prototype in Russian. People who are stuck in laziness lose a lot. Our officials suck up to the mayor. These examples denounce the poet as a romantic. Slavka appears in this text as a workaholic patriot. Laziness is the monster of today's youth.

Numerous examples mixing of paronyms, that is, cognate or similar-sounding words with different meanings: The book gives hormonal education to a person. She has always been a closed, hidden person. Crystalline honesty. He didn't want to be treated for alcohol. The book must be treated very frugally, it deserves it. The author maliciously denounces indifferent people.

Pleonasm is a mistake consisting in the use of an extra word, it is also often found in the writings of graduates: German Germany. The working proletariat. In a rural village. Thoughtfully and carefully you need to read each book. But these heroes only talk and talk. An interesting problem is revealed and touched upon here. Mother stood quietly and silently. These women of fashion are only interested in dresses and outfits. Flattering compliments. Money penalty.

Examiners are often violated the usual lexical collocation words- as a result, speech errors occurred: Today's youth reads little, does not improve their horizons. His speech is saturated with an abundance of bookish words. Nerves and excitement overwhelmed the author. We have a dangerous and ill-mannered teenage generation today.Mother stood with a pitiful appearance, torn off, in impoverished clothes. The son is shamelessly treating his mother. The veteran just wanted more understanding. Each word has its own unrivaled story.

Very little time is devoted to the study of phraseological units in the school curriculum - as a result, students have a very vague idea of ​​\ u200b \ u200bthe norms of using stable combinations. They do not know the meaning of phraseological units, they often distort their composition, which leads to the destruction of the two-planarity of the image underlying it; there is an inconsistency of images and context, which makes it possible to understand the expression literally:

One can only agree with this provision with a squeaky heart.

These children were deprived of joy.

A hard lot fell on the head of our people.

The children were poor; they ate bread and salt.

Low bow to those who fought.

They played a joke on him.

This act was the last straw that overflowed the barrel of gunpowder.

To avoid such hooliganism, it is necessary to strengthen and increase the internal organs.

Stylistic mistakes

Most of the speech errors are errors that are actually stylistic. These are anachronisms, that is, errors due to the mixing of vocabulary from different historical and social eras: Once Marmeladov had a job, but then he was laid off. Stylistic are also mistakes as a result of mixing expressions of different styles, unmotivated use of dialectal, colloquial expressions, which contradicts the norms of the literary language: I slightly disagree with the author's point of view. Gogol Plyushkina showed a similar miser. We need to stuff our heads with knowledge. Catherine II strove to ensure that philosophers and writers glorified her name all over the world. The author's position is expressed by a proverb that says:–they see them off according to their minds. " Sharikov, having received some power, became an outrageous man.

Quite often, speech defects in the texts of examination essays are felt, but it is very difficult to classify them; in this case, in our opinion, the score should be reduced by criterion 6, not 10. The same should be done with the next group of errors leading to a violation of the requirements for purity, richness and expressiveness of speech - these are speech defects that worsen speech, but this is less gross violations than mistakes. Deficiencies are viewed from the point of view "better - worse, well - not quite well said"; they are less rigorously assessed both at school and by experts on the exam. This is a tautology - a mistake consisting in the use of words repeated in a small context, the use of weed words: I kind of looked in the mirror and saw myself. Based on the above, Tendryakov concludes ... ... I think that we should not be angry with Ukrainians and even Estonians.

Grammatical errors

Criterion 9 is used to assess compliance with grammatical norms in the texts of examination essays. Grammatical errors are caused by violation of the norms of word formation (word-formation mistakes), form formation (morphological errors), norms of syntactic connection of words in phrases and sentences, as well as simple sentences in complex (syntactic errors).

Word formation errors- this is the result of word creation in violation of norms: words are formed according to models that do not exist in the literary language, or it is not taken into account that the set of actually existing lexemes does not completely coincide with the system of words that could be in the language, but they are not used in speech:

Shyness, shame, shame for the poor look of the mother. Bribery is the scourge of our time. Gadgets of heroes. The main problem is the timidity of the young teacher. Dealing with impudence is difficult. Colloquial words. Public organization. On an asphalt path. Since childhood, she had an addiction to music. The warriors showed tenacity and courage. We must understand that all this was not done in vain. The unwavering character of the heroes evokes respect. L. Tolstoy called the people the pushers of history. It is known that Gumilev ridiculed Akhmatova's talent.

Deficiencies in the formation of the forms of certain parts of speech are also varied and numerous.

At first Petrusha Grinev was also a minor.

There is no worse example.

In those years, Russia was hungry and destitute.

Vysotsky's work cannot be confused with anyone.

You can tell about the fate of both sisters.

The veteran wanted words without falsehood.

The news on television constantly broadcasts about violence against people.

We will learn about their plans.

A person was needed who could help in this matter.

Even Gogol wrote about the greatness of the Russian people.

Let's remember Gorky Larra - he is also selfish and selfish.

What courage one must have to sing like that before death!

Vadim was haunted by repentance, but not for long.

Youth is a good time. Young, walking.

I was seized by heart-fluttering thoughts.

Recently, the Estonian Seimas approved a decree on the demolition of the monument to the liberator soldier.

The Russian language is immense.

This was the most beautiful way out of the situation.

Among syntax errors there are violations of management norms, norms of agreement between predicate and subject, incorrect word order in a sentence, mixing of direct and indirect speech, errors in construction complex sentence:

Upon arrival in Britain, he himself immediately goes to London.

From a backward country, Russia has become a great power.

Russian youth are ready to lie on the embrasure to prevent this from happening.

Those who love literature know this name.

Good triumphs over evil - even fairy tales convince of this.

D. Likhachev draws attention to the problem of nationalism.

Not only he, but even all of us together could not do anything.

In support of this, I will cite the following episode.

Cultural monuments are being destroyed, which should be proud of, not destroyed. Travel is not only a source of information, but also a component of history.

Our public transport is a good example of this problem.

For the feat of the scientist, he was awarded the order.

I am sincerely surprised and admired by the talent of the writer.

Violations in adverbial sentences are especially common:

Commenting on this text, it seems to me that the author loves to travel.

After visiting museums, the traveler became bored looking at all these physical values.

Not caring about the monuments of small nations, they can disappear from the face of the earth.

Sitting by the river, I enjoy watching the life of the ducks.

Without becoming to develop talent, it can be ruined.

Since 2006, two additional items have been included in the grading system for items with a detailed answer: K – 11 - Compliance with ethical standards and K – 12 - Compliance with factual accuracy in the background material.

Ethical mistakes

In the first case, we mean a special type of speech errors - ethical. Rarely, but there were works in which the manifestation of speech aggression, ill will was recorded, statements were found that humiliate human dignity, expressing an arrogant and cynical attitude towards the human person:

This text pisses me off.

Mikhalkov is a pistol himself, so he encourages everyone to read books.

The works of Tver graduates are also not completely free from shortcomings of this kind:

You have to be completely crazy to read books today.

But you can't be too kind, because you yourself will be left without pants.

Ageev is a very bright writer of his time, the writer's story is an example of human stupidity.

These pensioners are tired: they all cry; but if you don't like it, let them go to the next world.

Why does the school curriculum force you to read all the old stuff that is called classics?

While studying at school, I, like all modern youth, was engaged in nonsense.

It is ethically incorrect to call a writer only by name and patronymic: Alexander Sergeevich considered ...; condescendingly evaluate the actions of famous writers: Dmitry Likhachev expressed his idea quite clearly. I would like to thank the author of the text for the ability to convey his thoughts.

The presence of harsh jargon is also considered an ethical error: Small peoples gave our country a lot of things, knowledge, and we, like the last pigs, turned our backs on them. If I were there, then for such an attitude towards my mother, I would give this cupcake to gnaw.

Factual errors

Compliance with factual accuracy in the background material is also assessed against a specific criterion. This refers to errors in retelling the content literary works, confusion in the dates of historical events, in the titles of works, names of heroes, surnames of their authors, inaccuracies in citation, etc .: The book means a lot to me, because even Lenin said: "Live and learn!" Bazarov was a nihilist and therefore killed the old woman with an ax. The soldiers who defeated fascism returned to a peaceful life and continued to write: “Moscow, how much in this sound has merged for the Russian heart !. Having killed the usurer for money, Raskolnikov also kills her pregnant sister Lizaveta. Happiness for Oblomov, as you know, was loneliness and indifference. In Turgenev's story "Crime and Punishment" ... ... The surname of the writer V. Tendryakov was distorted by the examinees as follows: Tundrikov, Trendyakov, Trundikov, although it was in the text before the eyes of the writers.

Exercise. Find and correct speech errors.

Examples of sentences for finding and qualifying speech errors:

Bulgakov regretted that white army crashed.

This young man repels everyone with his selfishness and selfishness.

The young teacher had no other choice but to show his vast knowledge.

This fact made a huge impression on me.

The main feature of Russia has always been respect for rank.

Nowadays nobody does anything unselfishly and for free.

This man was a nobleman from marrow to bone.

This is the main problem inherent in the text.

After reading the text, you clearly understand and see the problem that the author brings to us.

Chess develops skill and memory.

We are advised to listen to Mozart's music in order to increase mental performance.

The writer of this article says that the great Volga is located throughout Russia.

The name of my favorite writer Gogol burns like hot coal in the fire of world literature.

The high school student, embarrassed by the poverty of his mother, lies to the guys that this is his former governess

Vadichka burned out in shame in front of his comrades, but nevertheless approached his mother.

This problem is provoked by the active development of science.

It was the fate of fate.

She wanted to help her family and father.

School years were not in vain.

A person in our time reads a book out of need.

The negative material given in the article can be used when preparing for exams for future graduates.

N.M. SERGEEVA,
Tver

Class = "clearfix">

Modern linguists approach the definition of the concept of “speech error” in different ways: they understand a speech error as an unsuccessfully chosen word, an incorrectly constructed sentence, and a distorted form of a word, and in general any case of deviation from the current linguistic norms.

The most complete definition of speech errors and shortcomings is given in the works of Doctor of Science Professor Taisa Alekseevna Ladyzhenskaya, a leading specialist in the field of rhetoric and speech culture. By her definition, speech error- “this is a violation of the requirements correctness speech ", and speech defect- “this is a violation of the recommendations related to the concept good speech, that is, rich, precise and expressive. " In other words, if you cannot speak (write) like that, this is a speech error, but if you say so (write), in principle, it is possible, but it will be inaccurate, meager and inexpressive - this is a speech defect.

Test yourself: you may find yourself making (or not, which is very gratifying!) Mistakes in speaking and writing.

TO speech errors T.A. Ladyzhenskaya attributes the following:

1. Misunderstanding of the meaning of a word, the use of a word in an unusual sense. (He back began to command! Right : again, again. The bonfire is getting bigger was inflamed, blazed. Right: flared up.)
2. Mixing of the temporal forms of the verb. (In water jumping rats , ran lapwings - mixing of time. Right: jump, run or jumped, ran. When came December, the weather is harsh changes - mixing of species . Right : or came, changed, or comes, changes.)
3. Unsuccessful use of pronouns, leading to ambiguity or ambiguity of speech ( When the boy said goodbye to his father, he did not cry... It is unclear who did not cry, boy or father: say he you can about that, and about the other. Right: Saying goodbye to father boy didn't cry... Or like this: When the boy said goodbye to his father, he did not cry(this is if we want to say that the father was crying).
4. Unjustified use of vernacular and dialect words. (Kolya walked in the back... Right: behind, behind.)
5. Mixing of paronyms. (I was told to stay at home, but I across the board refused. Right: flatly refused . This man leads festive life. Right: celebrating life.)
6. Pronominal doubling of the subject. (Olya - She was the youngest in the family. Correct: Olya was the youngest in the family.)

TO speech deficiencies all experts attribute the following:

1. Violation of the word order in the sentence. ( The dog helped people dig the snow with its paws and muzzle. The narrow strip only connects the island to the shore.)

2. The use of an extra word. (He will come in the month of January... Better this way: He will come in January. All guests received memorable souvenirs... Needed: All guests received souvenirs. Souvenir already means “ memorable gift».)

3. Non-discrimination of shades of meaning of synonyms or words of similar meaning. (The team lost and the goalkeeper returned home with dull head. It is necessary like this: ... with drooping head. Yesterday I was sadly... Had sad.)

4. Violation of the collocation of words (Soldiers fulfilled the oath... The oath cannot be fulfilled, you can take an oath, be true to an oath, a execute can promise, assignment, assignment, order.)

5. Unjustified repetition of the same word within a sentence or in adjacent sentences. ( Birds birds about to touch the water. It's better this way: Birds were running low-low over the river, it seemed that they is about to touch the water.) Note, however, that repetition is not always an indicator of speech deficiency. It can strengthen the author's thought, give it a special emotional coloring. Compare: There is a certain level of happiness in life, from which we count, as we count from sea level. (D.S. Likhachev)

6. The use of nearby or closely related words, or tautology. (This happening with me happened summer. Better like this: case happened. The watchman kept watch at night, and slept during the day. Better to replace one of two words: or the watchman worked or he was guarding... Today hunt something reluctance... Suggest your options for editing this sentence.)

Classification of errors corrected and taken into account when assessing student work

Grammatical errors(G) - these are errors in the structure of a linguistic unit: words, phrases or sentences, i.e. violation of any grammatical norm - derivational, morphological, syntactic.

P / p No.	Error type	Examples of
	Erroneous word formation. Erroneous formation of forms of a noun, adjective, number, pronoun, verb (personal forms of verbs, real and passive participles, gerunds).	Nobility, miracle of technology, for a dash, laugh over; more interesting, prettier; with five hundred rubles; juggled with both hands, their pathos, there is nothing around him; how we have lost moral principles due to the loss of spirituality; them moves feeling of compassion; streams of water, stacked down, struck the author of the text; embroidering onto the stage, the singers bowed.
	Violation of the norms of approval	I am familiar with a group of guys, seriously addicting jazz.
	Violation of management norms	We need to make nature more beautiful. Everyone was amazed at him by force.
	Disruption of the connection between the subject and the predicate or the way of expressing the predicate	The main thing that now I want to pay attention to isartistic side of the work. He wrote a book that epic. Everyone was happy, happy and funny.
	Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members	The country loved and was proud of the poet. In the essay, I wanted to sayabout the meaning of sport and why I love it.
	Errors in constructing a sentence with an adverbial turnover	Reading the text , there is such a feeling of empathy.
	Errors in constructing a participial sentence	The narrow path has been coveredfailing snow underfoot.
	Errors in the construction of a complex sentence	This book taught me to value and respect friends,which I read as a child. It seemed to the man what a dream.
	Mixing direct and indirect speech
G10	Violation of sentence boundaries	He was not accepted into the basketball team. Because he was short.
G11	Violation of the temporal correlation of verb forms	Freezes for a moment heart and suddenly knocks again.
G12	Skipping a member of a sentence (ellipsis)	The meeting was accepted (?) to hold a clean-up day.
G13	Errors associated with the use of particles: separation of a particle from the component of the sentence to which it belongs	It would be nice if the picture stood would artist's signature. In the text Total two problems are revealed.

Speech errors (P)- these are errors not in the construction of a sentence, not in the structure of a linguistic unit, but in its use, most often in the use of a word, that is, a violation of lexical norms. These are pleonasm, tautology, speech cliches, inappropriate use of colloquial vocabulary, dialectisms, jargon; expressive means, nondiscrimination of paronyms. Errors in the use of homonyms, antonyms, synonyms, ambiguity not eliminated by the context.

P / p No.	Error type	Examples of
	The use of a word in an unusual sense	We were shocked wonderful acting. Thanks to fire, the forest burned down.
	Unjustified use of dialectal and colloquial words	Such people always succeed swear others ... Oblomov did nothing for days was playing the fool.
	Bad use of pronouns	The text was written by V. Belov. He refers to the artistic style; I immediately had a picture in your imagination.
	The use of words of a different style; mixing vocabulary of different eras; inappropriate use of clerical, expressive, emotionally colored words, outdated vocabulary, jargon, inappropriate use of phraseological units	As conceived the author, the hero wins; Molchalin works the secretary of Famusov; In the novel by A.S. Pushkin take place lyrical digressions; Author every now and then resorts to the use of metaphors and personifications.If I were there, then for such an attitude towards my mother, I would I would give a cupcake to gnaw; Zoshchenko do not put your finger in your mouth,but let me just make the reader laugh.
	Non-discrimination of shades of meaning introduced into a word by a prefix and a suffix	In such cases, I look in the dictionary.
	Non-discrimination of paronyms,synonymous words;errors in the use of antonyms when constructing an antithesis; destruction of the figurative meaning of phraseological units in a poorly organized context	Effective measures were taken; This poet's name is familiar in many countries; The third part of the text is not funny, but alsonon-major motivemakes us think; the gramophone record has not yet said its ownlast word.
	Violation of lexical compatibility
	The use of unnecessary words, including pleonasm	Young boy; very lovely.
	The use of nearby or closely related words (tautology)	In that the story is toldabout real events.
P10	Unjustified repetition of a word	Hero the story does not reflect on his action. Hero does not even understand the depth of what he has done.
P11	Poverty and monotony of syntactic constructions	When the writer came to the editorial office, he was received by the editor-in-chief.When they spoke, the writer went to the hotel.
P12	Use of unnecessary words, lexical redundancy	Then about so that you can smile, about it our bookstore will take care of it.

Logical errors (L).Logical errors are associated with a violation of the logical correctness of speech. They arise as a result of violation of the laws of logic, admitted both within one sentence, judgment, and at the level of the whole text.

P / p No.	Error type	Examples of
	Comparison (opposition) of two logically heterogeneous (different in scope and content) concepts in a sentence, text	The lesson was attended bydirector, librarian, and Anna Petrovna Ivanova and Zoya Ivanovna Petrova; He leaned back on the battery; For good studies and parenting parents students received letters of thanks from the school administration.
	Violation of the causal relationship	In recent years so many made to modernize education, but teachers work in the old way, because issues of modernization of education are being addressed weak.
	Skipping a link in an explanation, a "logical leap".	It is hardly possible to block the flow of people through our courtyard. [?] And how do you want the courtyard to be a decoration of both the school and the village.
	Rearrangement of parts of the text (if it is not due to an assignment for an essay or presentation)	It's time to return this word to its true meaning! Honor ... But how to do it?
	Unjustified substitution of the person from whom the story is told (for example, first from the first person, then from the third person)
	Comparison of logically incomparable concepts	Syntax encyclopedic articles is excellent from other scientific articles.
Compositional errors
	Unsuccessful start	The text begins with a sentence containing an indication of the previous context, which is absent in the text itself, with the presence of indicative word forms in the first sentence, for example: В this text the author ...
	Errors in the main part	A) The convergence of relatively distant thoughts in one sentence. b) Lack of consistency in the presentation; incoherence and violation of the order of sentences. c) The use of sentences of different types in terms of structure, leading to difficulty in understanding the meaning.
	Bad ending	Duplicate output,unjustified repetition of a previously expressed thought.

Actual errors(F) - a kind of non-linguistic errors, which consists in the fact that the writer gives facts that contradict reality, gives incorrect information about the factual circumstances, both related and not related to the analyzed text (background knowledge)

P / p No.	Error type	Examples of
	Distortion of the content of a literary work, misinterpretation, poor choice of examples	Bazarov was a nihilist and thereforekilled the old woman with an ax; Lensky returned to his estate from England; It was happiness for Oblomovloneliness and indifference.
	Inaccuracy in the quote. No indication of the author of the quote. Incorrectly named author of the quote.	The book means a lot to me, because even Lenin said: “Live and learn!»
	Ignorance of historical and other facts, including temporary displacement.	Great Patriotic War 1812; The capital of the USA is New York.
	Inaccuracies in the names, surnames, nicknames of literary heroes. Distortions in the titles of literary works, their genres, an error in the indication of the author.	Turgen yev; Taras and Bulba; v Turgenev's stories"Crime and Punishment".

Ethical mistakes(NS) - violation of the system of values ​​and ethical rules in the work:statements that humiliate human dignity, expressing an arrogant and cynical attitude towards the human person, ill will, manifestations of speech aggression, slang words and phrases.

P / p No.	Error type	Examples of
	Speech incorrectness. Manifestation of speech aggression: rude, offensive statement; verbal expression negative emotions, feelings or intentions in a form that is unacceptable in a given speech situation; threat, rude demand, accusation, ridicule; the use of swear words, vulgarisms, jargon, argot; statements degrading human dignity, expressing an arrogant and cynical attitude towards the human person	This text pisses me off ; You have to be completely crazy to read books today; Why the school curriculum forces you to read everything junk what is called a classic? Mikhalkov in his repertoire! He writes children's books, and therefore requires that they read it in childhood. This is real PR! Nothingfool peopleoutdated truths.

SPELLING, PUNCTUATIONAL, GRAPHICAL, DESCRIPTION ERRORS

errors are taken into account

• the learned rules;
• non-coarse (two non-coarse ones count as one):

• in exceptions to the rules;
• in writing a capital letter in compound own names;
• in cases of separate and continuous writing not with adjectives and participles acting as a predicate;
• in spelling and and s after prefixes;
• in difficult cases, the distinction is neither (Wherever he turned to! Wherever he turned, no one could give him an answer. Nobody else is ...; none other than…; nothing else ...; nothing else but ... and etc.);
• in cases where instead of one punctuation mark another is put;
• in the omission of one of the combined punctuation marks or in violation of their sequence;

• repetitive (counts as one error repeatin the same word or at the root of the same root words);
• the same type ( the first three errors of the same type are counted as one error,

each nextsuch an error is counted asindependent):

errors per rule, if the conditions for choosing the correct spelling are enclosed in the grammatical (in the army, in the grove; prick, fight) and phonetic (pie, cricket) features of the word.

Not considered the same typeerrors on such a rule, in which, to find out the correct spelling of one word, it is required to choose another (pivotal) word or its form (water - water, mouth - mouth, sad - sad, sharp - harsh).

The concept of errors of the same type does not apply to punctuation errors.

Errors (two or more) in one unchecked word are counted as one error.

When testing literacy (K7-K8) errors are not taken into account

• spelling:

• in word wrap;
• letters e / e after consonants in foreign words ( racketeering, plein air ) and after vowels in proper names ( Marietta);
• uppercase / lowercase letters

• in titles related to religion: M (m) aslenitsa, R (r) expectation, B (b) og.
• with the figurative use of proper names (Oblomov and Oblomov).
• in proper names of non-Russian origin; spelling of surnames with first parts don, van, sep ... ( don Pedro and Don Quixote).

• continuous / hyphen / separate spelling

• in compound nouns without a connecting vowel (mostly borrowings), not regulated by the rules and not included in the minimum dictionary (lend-lease, lula-kebab, know-how, papier-mache, tumbleweed, walk-town paperweights, but beef stroganoff, head waiter, porch, price list);
• to rules that are not included in the school curriculum (for example, the rule of continuous / separate writing of adverbial units / adverbs with a prefix / preposition, for example:on the flood, to scold for the eyes, to match, on the run, in installments, back down, into a wonder, to the touch, in the wings, to put on the priest(cf. valid spellingrecklessly, scattered);

• punctuation errors:

• a dash in an incomplete sentence;
• isolation of inconsistent definitions related to common nouns;
• commas for restrictive and excretory turns;
• distinguishing homonymous particles and interjections and, accordingly, not highlighting or highlighting them with commas;
• in the transfer of the author's punctuation;

• graphical errors(means of writing the language, fixing the relationship between letters in writing and the sounds of oral speech); various methods of reducing words, using spaces between words, various underscores and font emphasis;
• misspellings and misprints:

Distortion of the sound of the word ( rotates instead of works, memle instead of earth); ...

Missing letters (the whole novel costs on this conflict;

Permutations of letters (new names products);

Replacing some alphabetic characters with others (Lesgendary Battle of the Ice);

Adding extra letters ( in any, dashzhe the most difficult conditions).

Is Grammar Nazi your middle name? On the one hand, it is very unethical to pretend to be a know-it-all, both in person and in online correspondence on social networks. But on the other hand, this is ignorance - to be illiterate and not know your native Russian language. Everyone has a girlfriend or boyfriend who regularly says "call". How it hurts the ear, and you spite her with undisguised irritation for it. But what if you try to say "Call you" in a playful way? It will be much more effective, and one day you will hear the long-awaited correct stress!

Examples of speech errors in Russian

People communicate using speech, this is a kind of communication channel. And, as you know, if the signal is broken, the connection can be cut off. Therefore, for human bonds to remain unbreakable, speech must be correct. What kind typical mistakes are made in the pronunciation of a proper name?

Ukraine or Ukraine?

All derived country names must be pronounced with accent on the consonant AND: Ukraine, resident - Ukrainian, language - Ukrainian. It is a mistake to stress the letter A.

Marilyn Monroe reading

We declare Maria Tsigal in cases

Who what?
- Maria Tsigal.
- Whom, what?
- Maria Tsigal.
- To whom; to what?
- Maria Tsigal, etc.
Women's surnames that end in a soft sign are not inflected.

In Ivanovo or in Ivanovo?

How often do we hear: “We live in Ivanovo” or “We live in Ivanovo”. Right - live in the city of Ivanovo, live in Ivanovo.
Below are examples of typical speech errors in the Russian language and the peculiarities of the use of these words.

Inside? INSIDE!

While dressing, we tuck the blouse INSIDE the skirt. Opening the envelope, we look INSIDE. No prefixes "in" must not be.

Dress? PUT ON!

This case is perhaps the most common misuse of the word in speech. There is a simple rule by which it is easy to remember the correct use of these words depending on the context. WEAR HAT - DRESS Daughter... When it comes to yourself, in this case, Wear, someone else - Dress.

Marilyn Monroe reads the book carefully

Finish school, university? FINISH!

The school was asked to make their own project. And here's the deal PER it's over. You cleaned the house - finished. As you understand, they finish the job, and the educational institution (university, school, auto courses) O finish.

Boiling white? BIG WHITE!

You cook pasta or meat, and a snow-white foam always forms on the surface - boiling, as our ancestors called it once in ancient times.

Therefore, white wardrobe items are boiling white - and no others!

Colleagues? Just COLLEAGUES!

By default, the word “colleague” has the following meaning: “a person who works with me or has a similar profession,” so explain that "Vasya is my work colleague" is an excessive expression.

Creams, sweaters, jumpers? CREAMS, SWEATERS, JUMPERS!

The ending "a" in these words we hear regularly, it brings a kind of "simplicity" into colloquial speech. It is much more “poetic” and more correct to use the “s” at the end: today we went shopping and bought warm jumpers, and then went to the cosmetics department and bought nutritious creams.

Eat? THERE IS!

When uttering the phrase “I ate,” remember that it sounds like it comes from the mouth of a mannered coquette. The word "is" is universal. It is worth distinguishing between boundaries, you can not. Asking a child if he ate is quite ethical.... However, an adult man who answered about himself: “I ate” is bad manners.

Lie down? CLUTCH!

One of the most common mistakes in speech is this one. Remember the rule: the word "lie down" does not exist, it is used only with prefixes: Put on the table, Put in a pile, etc. The famous phrase from the movies: "hang up" is also not the norm. Just put it in, put it in.

Hardly in half? LITTLE, WE WILL HAPPEN!

Remember the popular Na-na group in the 90s? So: in the case of these words, no "na-na" is needed: it IS NOTHING to go anywhere today, to divide the fruit into a HAPPEN.

Marilyn Monroe reading a book in bed

Upon arrival, upon arrival, at the end? ON ARRIVAL, ON ARRIVAL, AT END!

The correct use of these words is primarily assigned to your visual memory, frequent reading and interest in dictionaries, since there are no test rules for them. It remains only to remember well, to memorize.

Sheet? SHEET!

How easy it is to make a mistake with the ending of the words "ny, nya." Go away colloquial "sheet" from our vocabulary! To do this, you will have to remember childhood and the famous poem by Chukovsky "Moidodyr":

"The blanket ran away, the sheet flew away, and the pillow, like a frog, galloped away from me ..."

Vacuuming? Vacuuming? CLEAN WITH A VACUUM CLEANER!

The struggle for cleanliness in the home often ends with the struggle for correct speech! You are cleaning up, but suddenly a friend called and asks what you are doing. You answer: "I vacuum ... I vacuum ... I suck the dust" ... That's right - "I clean with a vacuum cleaner"!

According to the order, orders? According to the ORDER, ORDER!

After the preposition "according to" there is always a noun in genitive , that is, answering the question “to what”: “according to what? I will order. " The bonus for the month was written out according to the order of the director of the enterprise.

Wash? WASH!

Using in words to wash, rinse, remove the additional ending "sya", you, as it were, ascribe the action to yourself, that is, you are going to rinse your beloved, wash and wipe off dirt.

A shoe? SHOE!

It is impossible not to recall the famous phrase from the film "Prisoner of the Caucasus", which has become almost winged: "Whose shoe". The word "shoes" is unchanged. Correct Usage: tried on a pair of shoes today which I really liked.

Tea, sugar or TEA, SUGAR?

The experts of the Russian language reference service "Gramota.ru" answer: both options are acceptable. And they add: if earlier the forms in -u, -yu (to drink tea, eat soup, add sugar) were preferable, now they have acquired a colloquial shade and are gradually losing their popularity to forms in -a, -ya (pour tea, put sugar) ...

Marilyn Monroe is reading a book while lying on the couch

Expresso? ESPRESSO!

And why not go for a cup of your favorite espresso. If you hear this, you are practically insulted to the core! This is the most common misuse of the word in speech. The reason for the confusion is the confusion of two words from Italian and English languages with similar sound and the same meaning: espresso - fast in Italian, express - "fast, urgent, emergency" in English. We will travel by express from Moscow to St. Petersburg, enjoying a cup of our favorite espresso, sitting in the dining car.

What are there:

1. Pronouncing: pays (wrong) - pays (right), of course (wrong) - of course (right).
2. Lexical: Indian - turkey.
3. Phraseological: the combination of two stable phrases ("carelessly" and "folded hands") - "You can't do it with your sleeves folded."
4. Morphological: towels, pianos, cheaper, etc.
5. Syntactic: there are many books on the table (incorrect agreement).
6. Spelling: tubaret, vogzal, here, etc. (found in written speech).

Funny mistakes in words

We often make funny mistakes in words and don't even notice it. Sometimes it happens by accident (slip of the tongue), but more often than not, the person really doesn't know how to pronounce the word correctly. Yevoshny, Yevonny, theirs - it's so rustic... These are incorrect derivatives of the words "his" and "them." "It would be funny if it weren't so sad." The most common mistakes in Russian are often made automatically. We heard this word somewhere, remembering it at a subconscious level. Therefore, if you do not want to accidentally embarrass yourself at some performance at work, in public, carefully "filter the bazaar."

"Ettovat" - what kind of beast is this?

Few people know such a word, how to do it. But it turns out it exists. Its meaning can be compared to the English Do, meaning action, but undefined. It is a universal verb that can be substituted for another depending on the context.
- "What did you do today?"
- "Yes, it was all day!"
or
- "Enough here for me!"
This is such a diverse Russian language, different in it and the peculiarities of the use of words in speech. Some words that are now not used are often mistaken for speech errors by those who do not know their meaning. For example: lamb - lamb, city - city, blueberry - nun and etc.

Crib! You can check the word you are interested in - its pronunciation, stress, spelling, peculiarities of meaning and use - using the portals "Gramota.ru", "Gramma.ru", "Yandex-dictionaries". The site "Spelling ..ru" allows you to get rid of errors whole sentences and paragraphs - to put things in order, for example, in the text of a comment, letter. It is interesting to train literacy by doing online dictations (have you all heard of the Total Dictation project?) And interactive exercises, which are many on Gramota.ru

Examples of sentences with frequent speech errors constantly on hearing:

1. I have no bills paid.
2. You need to lay things down like this.
3. Will you call me?

Even the media often admit this: "Thanks to the earthquake, thousands of residents were killed."

Conclusion

Speak on native language right - this is not only the duty of a citizen of the country, but also his respectful attitude to other members of society. That is why it is so important to instill in a child a love of language learning from childhood. Incorrect inarticulate speech leads to misunderstanding when communicating between people.

What are speech errors? These are any cases of deviation from the language norms that are in force. A person without knowledge of these laws can work normally, live, build communications with others. However, in certain cases, the effectiveness may suffer. There is a risk of being misunderstood or misunderstood. In these and other cases, you just need to know what errors exist and how to deal with them.

Correcting speech errors in sentences is not always easy. In order to understand what exactly to pay attention to when composing this or that oral statement or written text, we have created this classification. After reading this article, you will find out exactly what shortcomings will need to be corrected when you are faced with such a task.

When classifying speech errors, it would be logical to consider the unit of the language tier as the fundamental criterion - that, the norms of writing, education, the functioning of which was violated. The following levels are highlighted: words, phrases, sentences and text. A speech error classification was created using this division. This will make it easier to remember their different types.

At the word level

The word is the most important unit of language. It is it that reflects the changes taking place in society. Words not only name a phenomenon or an object, but also perform an emotionally expressive function. Therefore, when choosing which of them are appropriate in a particular case, one should pay attention to the stylistic coloring, meaning, compatibility, use, since a violation of at least one given criterion can lead to the appearance of a speech error.

Here you can note spelling errors, that is, a violation of spelling that exists in modern Russian. Their list is known, so we will not dwell on this in detail.

Derivative at the word level

At the word level, there are also word-formation speech errors, that is, a violation of various norms of word formation of the Russian literary language. These include the following types:

• incorrect direct word formation. An example is the use of the word "hare" instead of the correct version of "hare", or "pensive" (instead of "pensive") look and others.
• speech error associated with incorrect reverse word formation. For example, "log" (from the word "spoon"). This use is usually inherent in children of primary school or preschool age.
• one more type - substitutional word formation, which manifests itself in the replacement of one or another morpheme: "hang" (from the word "hang"), "throw away", used instead of "spread out".
• word-of-word, that is, the creation of a derivative unit, which cannot be regarded as occasional: a reviewer, a breeder.

All these are types of speech errors that relate to word formation.

Grammar at the word level

There are also other types of misuse of words. In the Russian language, in addition to word-formation, there are grammatical and speech errors. You should be able to distinguish between them. Grammatical errors are an incorrect formation of various forms, a violation of the properties of the formative system in different parts of speech. These include the following varieties:

• associated with a noun. This can be the formation of the accusative case of some inanimate noun by analogy with an animate one. For example, "She asked for a breeze" (you should use the accusative case "breeze"). Here we also include the opposite situation - the formation of the accusative case in an animate noun in the same way as in an inanimate one. Example: "Harnessed two bears in a sleigh" (correct: "two bears"). In addition, during the formation of case forms, there may be a change in the gender of the noun: "February azure", "jam pie". There are times when non-declining names are inclined: "ride the meter", "play the piano." Some of us sometimes form plural forms in nouns, when they have only one, and vice versa: "a tray of teas".
• speech errors associated with the adjective. This may be the wrong choice of short or full forms: "The man was quite full", "The building was full of people." Here we also include the incorrect formation of the degrees of comparison: "Lena was weaker than Luda", "The newcomers are becoming more and more militant."
• another speech error is an error associated with the verb (forms of its formation). Example: "A man is rushing about the room."
• speech errors associated with participles and gerunds. Examples: "Looking around, there was a hunter", "Driving in the bus".
• mistakes associated with the misuse of pronouns: "I didn't want to tear myself away from (the book)," "Their contribution to the common cause," and others.

Lexical at the word level

The next type of errors is lexical, that is, a violation of various lexical norms, lexical-semantic compatibility and norms of word use. They are manifested in the fact that compatibility is violated (less often - in a sentence, more often - at the level of a phrase).

This may be the use of an unusual meaning for the word. Such a speech error was made in the sentence "All walls of the room were covered with panels" (you cannot use the word "covered" in this context). Another example: "Luxurious (that is, living in luxury) was the landowner Troyekurov."

It should be noted here the violation of the lexical-semantic compatibility of a certain word: "The sky was bright" ("to stand" in the meaning of "to have a place" can be used only in relation to the weather), "The rays of the sun were lying in the clearing" (correctly: "they illuminated the clearing" ). This type of error primarily affects the verb.

In addition, one can single out the attribution of some figurative meaning to a word that does not have it: "The hard-working hands of this person claim that he had to work a lot."

The use of synonyms can also be misleading. These are speech errors, examples of which are as follows: "Mayakovsky uses satire in his work" (instead of "uses"), "With his legs wide apart, the boy looks at the football field on which the players are fighting" (correctly - "fighting"). Here we highlight the confusion of the meanings of the paronyms: "His eyebrows rose surprisingly" (instead of "surprised"), "This work is a typical image of a fantastic genre (right -" sample "). these lakes live several days a year. "

At the level of a phrase

When choosing a word, one should take into account not only its meaning in the literary language, but also lexical compatibility. Not all words can be combined. This is determined by their semantics, emotional coloring, stylistic affiliation, grammatical properties, etc. When it is difficult to determine whether certain words can be used together, one should turn to the compatibility dictionary. This will help to avoid mistakes at the level of phrases, sentences, and also text.

Errors at this level occur when there is a violation of various syntactic links... For example, agreements: "I want to teach everyone volleyball - this good, but at the same time hard sport" (good, hard sport). Management: "I feel a thirst for fame", "I am amazed at its strength", "gain strength." The connection between the predicate and the subject may be broken: “Neither heat nor summer is eternal (instead of the plural form, the form of the only is used instead of the plural). All these are types of speech errors at the level of a phrase.

Sentence-level errors

At this level, syntactic and communicative ones can be distinguished. Let us consider in detail these speech errors in Russian.

Syntax errors at the sentence level

This may be unjustified parcelling, violation of structural boundaries. As an example, the following sentences with speech errors can be cited: "Seryozha went hunting. With the dogs", "I see. My dogs are running around the field. They are chasing a hare." Syntax errors include violations in the construction of various homogeneous series: the choice different forms in a row of homogeneous members: "She was smoothly combed, rosy." Another variety is their different structural design, for example, as a subordinate clause and as a secondary sentence: "I wanted to tell you about the incident with that person and why he did this (rightly" and about his act "). There may also be a mixture of indirect and direct speech: "She said that I will definitely fight (here the same subject is meant -" she ", rightly -" will be "). Violation in the subordinate and main clauses of the species-temporal correlation of predicates or homogeneous members: "She goes and said", "When the girl was asleep, she has a dream." And one more variety - a separation from the defining clause word: "One of the works in front of us hangs, which is called" Spring ".

Communication errors at the sentence level

The next section is communicative errors, that is, a violation of various norms that regulate the communicative organization of some utterance. They are as follows:

• actually communicative (violation of logical stress and word order, leading to the fact that false semantic connections are obtained): "The boys settled down on the boat with their keels up."
• logical-communicative (violation of such a side of the statement as conceptual-logical). This can be a substitution of the subject making the action ("Masha's eyes and facial outlines are carried away by the film"); substitution of the object of action ("I like Pushkin's poems, especially the theme of love"); connection of logically incompatible concepts in one row ("He is always serious, of average height, his hair is slightly curly at the edges, not offended"); violation of various genus-specific relations ("The tone of angry gatherings is not difficult to predict - angry speeches addressed to the regime, as well as calls to rally the ranks"); an error when using causal relationships ("But he (that is, Bazarov) calmed down quickly, since he did not really believe in nihilism").

• constructive and communicative, that is, violation of the laws of constructing statements. It may be a bad connection or lack of it between parts of the statement: "They live in the village, when I visited him, I saw his blue eyes." This also includes the use of the adverbial phrase without connection with the subject related to it: "Life should be shown as it is, without worsening or embellishing it." Another type of such mistakes is the break of the participle: "There is little difference between the questions written on the board."
• information and communication, or semantic and communicative. This type is close to the previous one, but it differs in that there is a deterioration in communicative properties not due to incorrect, unsuccessful structuring of the statement, but due to the absence of part of the information in it or its excess. This may be the ambiguity of the primary intention of the statement: "We are inextricably linked with the country, with it we have the main blow - a blow to the world." You can also attribute here its incompleteness: "I myself adore plants, so I am glad to see that our village in the summer becomes so unrecognizable." This can be the omission of part of the utterance and the necessary words, semantic redundancy (repetitions of words, tautology, pleonasms, duplication of information), etc.
• stylistic errors, that is, a violation of the unity of the functional style, the use (unjustified) of stylistically marked, emotionally colored means. For example, the use of various vernacular words in literary speech, book expressions in reduced and neutral contexts, expressively colored vocabulary, which is unjustified ("A couple of robbers attacked the American embassy"), unsuccessful comparisons, metonyms, metaphors.

At the text level

All mistakes at this level are communicative in nature. They can be of the following types:

• logical violations are very common mistakes at the text level. Here we include a violation of the logic of thought, the absence of connections between sentences, a violation of various cause-and-effect relationships, operations with an object or subject, a violation of generic relations.
• grammatical violations. This type of error is also common. Here there may be a violation in different sentences of the species-temporal correlation of various verb forms, as well as a violation of the agreement in the number and gender of the predicate and the subject in different sentences.
• information and communication disorders. These include constructive and information-semantic insufficiency, that is, a gap in the text of a part of the statement; constructive and information-semantic redundancy (in other words, an excess of meaning and a heap of constructions); inconsistency of the constructive predestination of the semantics of statements; unsuccessful use of pronouns as a means of communication; pleonasms, tautology, repetitions.

Stylistic errors in the text

Style violations existing at the text level can be considered in a similar way. It should be noted that we also attribute to them the monotony and poverty of syntactic constructions, since texts such as: "The boy was dressed very simply. He was wearing a jacket lined with a tsigeyika. Socks, eaten by moths, were on his feet." syntactic violations, and about the inability to express thoughts in a variety of ways. At the level of the text, speech disorders are more complicated than at the level of utterance, although in the latter they are "isomorphic." As a rule, textual errors are syncretic in nature, that is, they incorrectly use the constructive, lexical, logical aspects of the speech unit. This is natural, since the text is more difficult to build. At the same time, we need to keep in our memory the previous statements, as well as the semantics of the entire text and the general idea, creating its continuation and completion.

The ability to find shortcomings in the text, as well as the correction of speech errors are important tasks that each graduate of the school faces. Indeed, in order to write the Unified State Exam in the Russian language well, it is necessary to learn how to identify all the above types of mistakes and try to avoid them if possible.