Games

All summaries of literary works. All works of the school curriculum in a summary. Russian literature. Place in modern literature

M .:1999 .-- 616 p.

In this book you will find a summary and a detailed analysis of all the works included in the school curriculum on literature, biographical information about the authors, abstracts of critical articles. The book is an indispensable assistant for schoolchildren and applicants during classes and when entering a university. The book will be very useful in preparing for the exam in literature, writing essays, as well as for general development. Especially valuable in this book is that it contains brief biographical information about the authors (Born., Studied., What and when he wrote., Where and when he died.). The book also provides a theory of literature (types of literature, genres, trends, etc.).

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CONTENT
THEORY OF LITERATURE
Childbirth of literature 3
Epic genres 3
Lyric genres 4
Drama genres 5
Literary trends and trends 8
Classicism 9
Romanticism 10
Sentimentalism 13
Naturalism 14
Realism. ... 15
Symbolism 17
Literary trends in Russia in the XIX-XX centuries.
Natural School 18
Acmeism 19
Futurism 19
Imagism 21
OBERIU (Association of Real Art). 21
The structure of a work of art
Artwork idea 22
The plot of the work of art 22
Composition of artwork 22
Poetics of a work of art, figures of speech 23
Features of poetic speech and versification
Stanza 25
Rhyme. 25
Foot 25
Double sizes 25
Three-syllable poetic dimensions 26
"A word about Igor's regiment, Igor Svyatoslavich, Olegov's grandson"
Summary. 28
"The words..." . 29
M.V. LOMONOSOV
Brief biographical information. thirty
Ode "On the day of accession to the throne of Elizabeth Petrovna",
1747 31
"Evening meditation on the majesty of God on occasion
great northern lights ". 32
G. R. Derzhavin
Curriculum Vitae 33
Ideological and artistic content of Derzhavin's od 33
"For the Lords and Judges" .34
I. A. KRYLOV
Curriculum Vitae 35
"Quartet" 35
"Swan, Pike and Cancer" .36
"Dragonfly and Ant" 37
"The Crow and the Fox" 38
V. A. ZHUKOVSKY
Curriculum Vitae 38
"Forest Tsar" 39
"Svetlana" (excerpt) 40
A. S. GRIBOEDOV
Curriculum Vitae 42
"Woe from Wit"
Executive summary 43
I. A. Goncharov. "Million of Torments" 55
A. S. PUSHKIN
Brief biographical information. 56
Prose
"Belkin's Tale"
Summary:
"Station keeper" 58
"The young lady-peasant" .59
Ideological and artistic originality of "Belkin's Tales" 60
"Dubrovsky"
Executive summary.61

"Dubrovsky". 65
"Captain's daughter"
Executive summary 66
Ideological and artistic originality of the story
"The Captain's Daughter" 71
Dramaturgy
"Little Tragedies"
Summary:
"The Miserly Knight" 72
"Mozart and Salieri". 75
"The Stone Guest" 78
"A Feast in Time of Plague" 83
Ideological and artistic originality
"Little Tragedies" 85
Lyrics
Lyric genres of Pushkin 87
The theme of the poet and poetry in the works of Pushkin 88
Reflection of the ideas of "poetry of reality"
in the lyrics of Pushkin (after Belinsky) 93
The theme of love in the lyrics of Pushkin 94
Philosophical Lyrics 96
"Eugene Onegin"
Executive summary 97
Ideological and artistic originality of the novel in verse
"Eugene Onegin" . 111
Belinsky about Pushkin's novel (Articles 8 and 9) 112
Author's digressions and the image of the author in the novel
"Eugene Onegin" 116
M. Yu. LERMONTOV
Curriculum Vitae 126
"Hero of our time"
Executive summary 127
V. G. Belinsky about the novel "A Hero of Our Time" 137
Ideological and artistic originality of the novel
"A Hero of Our Time" 139
"A song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, a young oprichnik and daring merchant Kalashnikov ..."
Executive summary 140
Ideological and artistic originality of "Songs ..." .141
Belinsky about "Song ...". 142
"Mtsyri"
Executive summary 142
. 144
Belinsky about the poem "Mtsyri" 144
The main motives in the lyrics of Lermontov 145
N.V. GOGOL
Curriculum Vitae 155
"Inspector"
Executive summary 156
Ideological and artistic originality of the comedy "The Inspector General". ... 163
"Overcoat"
Executive summary 166
Ideological and artistic originality of the story "The Overcoat". ... 168
"Dead Souls"
Executive summary 168
Ideological and artistic originality of the poem
"Dead Souls" 183
On the second volume of Dead Souls 185
I. S. TURGENEV
Curriculum Vitae 186
"Fathers and Sons"
Executive Summary 186
D.I. Pisarev. "Bazarov" 200
Ideological and artistic originality of the novel
"Fathers and Sons" 204
N. A. Nekrasov
Curriculum Vitae 206
"Who lives well in Russia"
Executive summary 207
Ideological and artistic originality of the poem
"Who lives well in Russia" 236
Lyrics
Periodization of creativity 237
"Yesterday at six o'clock ..." 238
"Reflections at the front door" 238
"In memory of Dobrolyubov". 241
"Elegy" 242
A.N. OSTROVSKY
Curriculum Vitae 243
"Thunderstorm"
Executive summary 243
Ideological and artistic originality of the drama "Thunderstorm" 252
A. I. GONCHAROV
Brief biographical information. 256
"Oblomov"
Executive summary 257
N.A. Dobrolyubov. "What is Oblomovism?" 274
F.I. Tyutchev
Curriculum Vitae 278
"Spring Thunderstorm" 279
"Spring waters" 279
"There is in the autumn of the original ..." 280
"The mind cannot understand Russia ..." 280
"When decrepit forces ..." 280
A.A. FET
Curriculum Vitae 281
"I came to you with greetings ..." 282
"Whisper, timid breathing ...". ... 282
A. K. TOLSTOY
Curriculum Vitae 283
"My bells ...". 284
"Amid a noisy ball, by chance ..." 284
From the works of Kozma Prutkov. "From Heine" 285
M. E. SALTYKOV-SHCHEDRIN
Curriculum Vitae 285
"Lord Golovlevs"
Executive Summary 286
Ideological and artistic originality of the novel
"Lord Golovlevs" 293
Fairy tales
Summary:
"The story of how one man of two generals
fed ". 294
"The Wise Piskar" 295
Ideological and artistic originality
tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin 296
F.M.DOSTOEVSKY
Curriculum Vitae 297
"White Nights"
Required Information 298
Executive summary 299
Ideological and artistic originality of the story 300
"Crime and Punishment"
Required information 300
Executive summary 300
Ideological and artistic originality of the novel 317
L.N. TOLSTOY
Curriculum Vitae ..... 319
"War and Peace"
Summary 320
Ideological and artistic originality of the epic novel
"War and Peace" 416
"War and Peace" as an artistic whole 416
"The thought of the people." ... 416
"Family thought" 420
Female Images in the Novel 422
Spiritual quest of the heroes of Tolstoy (Andrei Bolkonsky
and Pierre Bezukhov) 424
"War and Peace" - an epic novel (genre originality) 426
"Dialectics of the soul" (features of psychologism
Tolstoy) 427
"After the ball"
Summary. 428
Ideological and artistic originality of the story 429
A. P. CHEKHOV
Curriculum Vitae 430
"Ward number 6"
Summary 430
Ideological and artistic originality of the story 435
"Ionych"
Executive summary 436
Ideological and artistic originality of the story 438
"The Cherry Orchard"
Summary. 438
Ideological and artistic originality of the play 443
A.M. GORKY
Curriculum Vitae 445
"Old Isergil"
Executive summary 447
Ideological and artistic originality 450
"Chel kash"
Executive summary 450
Ideological and artistic originality "453
"Song of the Petrel" 453
"Song of the Falcon" 454
Ideological and artistic originality of "Songs
about Stormbringer "and" Songs of the Falcon "456
"At the bottom"
Executive summary 457
Ideological and artistic originality of the play "At the bottom" 464
A. I. KUPRIN
Curriculum Vitae 465
"Duel"
Executive summary 465
Ideological and artistic originality of the story 473
I. A. BUNIN
Curriculum Vitae 474
Stories
Summary:
"Antonovskie apples" 476
"Lirnik Rodion" 477
Chang's Dreams. 478
"Sukhodol" 479
The originality of realism I. A. Bunin, I. A. Bunin
and A.P. Chekhov. 481
Genres and styles of works by I. A. Bunin; 482
"Eternal themes" in the work of I. A. Bunin 482
I. A. Bunin's works about the village. Problem
national character, 483
"Cursed days"
Ideological and artistic originality 484
L. N. ANDREEV
Curriculum Vitae 484
Stories Summary:
"Bargamot and Garaska". ... 485
"Petka at the dacha" 486
"Grand Slam" 486
"The Story about Sergei Petrovich" 487
The theme of loneliness in the stories of L. Andreev 488
Judas Iscariot
Executive summary 489
Ideological and artistic, venerable originality of the story
Judas Iscariot 491
S. A. ESENIN
Curriculum Vitae 492
"Anna Snegina"
Executive summary 492
Ideological and artistic originality of the poem. ... 49 7
Lyrics
"Letter to Mother" 498
"Uncomfortable liquid moon ..." 499
“The feather grass is sleeping. The plain is dear ... "501
A. A. BLOK
Curriculum Vitae .....; 502
Lyrics
"Factory" 502
"Stranger" 503
"Russia" 505
"On the railway" * . ... ... ... 506
"Twelve"
Summary 508
Ideological and artistic originality of the poem 512
V. V. MAYAKOVSKY
Curriculum Vitae 514
Lyrics
Satire in the lyrics of V.V. Mayakovsky 515
The theme of the poet and poetry in the work of V.V. Mayakovsky 516
"At the top of my voice" 518
"Good!"
Summary 524
Ideological and artistic originality of the poem 533
"Silver Age" of Russian poetry
Symbolists
K. D. BALMONT
Curriculum Vitae 534
"Fantasy" 535
"I was dreaming of catching the outgoing shadows ..." 536
"Reeds". 536
V. Y. BRYUSOV
Curriculum Vitae 537
"To the young poet" 538
"Creativity" "538
"Shadows" 539
ANDREY WHITE
Curriculum Vitae 539
"On the mountains." 540
Futurists
V. V. MAYAKOVSKY
"Could you?" 541
"Violin and a little nervous" 542
V. V. Khlebnikov
Curriculum Vitae 543
"Freedom comes naked ..." 544
"Don't be naughty!" ... 544
IGOR SEVERYANIN
Brief biographical information .... ". 545
"It was by the sea" 546
Overture. 546
"Igor Severyanin". ... 546
"Classic roses". ... ... 547
Acmeists
N. S. GUMILEV
Brief biographical information. 547
"Giraffe" 548
"Worker" 549
O. E. MANDELSHTAM
Curriculum Vitae 550
"I was given a body - what should I do with it ..." 551
"The air is cloudy, humid and echoing ..." 551
"The bread is poisoned and the air is drunk ...", 552
"Leningrad". 553
"You and I will sit in the kitchen ..." 553
"I'll tell you with the last ..." 553
"For the explosive valor of the coming centuries ..." 554
"Armed with the sight of narrow wasps ..." 554
"We live without feeling the country under us ..." 555
A. A. Akhmatova
Curriculum Vitae 555
“I have learned to live simply, wisely ...”. ... ... 556
“I had a voice. He called comfortably ... ".556
"Twenty first. Night. Monday ... "557
From Requiem * 557
B.L. PASTERNAK
Brief biographical information. ... 561
"February. Get ink and cry ... ". 562
"Winter Night" 562
"In everything I want to walk ..." 563
M. A. SHOLOKHOV
Curriculum Vitae 564
Virgin Soil Upturned
Summary. 565
Ideological and artistic originality of the novel 597

Briefly website ( summaries literary works posted on the Internet) - is very popular at the present time with users and, unfortunately, very often replaces the modern audience with reading the original text. On the other hand, this project has many supporters who note the convenience of this form of acquaintance with the book with a minimum investment of time. This article examines both the advantages and disadvantages of the project of A. Skripnik, who founded the portal dedicated to the condensed characterization of works.

pros

The Briefly website is very popular among the youth of today. Briefs of fiction books are in increasing demand of the readership these days. Therefore, one of the undoubted advantages of Skripnik's project is the fact that reading the synopsis often helps the reader to decide on the choice of literature. A cursory and superficial acquaintance with a particular essay allows people to figure out what they want to read and what they don’t want to read. Perhaps, no one wants to waste their precious time on a work that they may not like, much less wasted on the purchase of printed materials.

Therefore, the Briefly pages allow you to get an idea of the books. Brief contents of both small and voluminous novels, novellas, and stories presented on the site also have the undoubted advantage that they reflect the main compositional elements of the essays, which help to concentrate on the idea, theme, idea of the author. Such a preliminary acquaintance later will help to focus attention on the main aspects of the book.

Flaws

At the same time, one cannot ignore the negative consequences of the abuse by pupils and students of the content of the Briefley website. The summaries of works, unfortunately, often almost completely replace the reading of works of art for modern schoolchildren. The presence of a small laconic retelling saves them from direct acquaintance with the original. Even worse is the fact that this fully justifies itself, since in literature lessons, due to the limited time, the teacher usually asks only the most necessary things about a particular work, which just contain concise paraphrases, characterized by schematic, dry presentation of the text.

Although they contain everything that is necessary for preliminary acquaintance with the work, nevertheless they are clearly not enough for the reader to completely immerse himself in the world of the writer. This site is aimed at acquaintance with literature, but is not intended to replace the reading of literary text. Of course, nothing can compare with reading the source material, which is often interesting not so much from the plot as from the linguistic, stylistic and, of course, ideological points of view.

Place in modern literature

The Briefly website is very useful for modern readers. The summary of stories, novels, poems, thanks to the indicated advantages, has already become an integral part of the Internet. Each user these days one way or another turns to this project, where he can find a retelling of any book. This helps to save time and to understand the main content of a literary essay. And although many rightly point out that such a way of acquaintance with the literature spoils in readers the taste for the classical language and love for prose and poetry, nevertheless the majority of users will speak out in favor of this resource.

Meaning

Finally, it should be noted that the Briefley site is based on the needs of the audience. The summary of books as a preliminary form of acquaintance with fictional works has a right to exist. Moreover, such a literary form, in principle, has always existed. Even before the development of the Internet, published and published books initially contained a synopsis, in which the publisher, in several sentences, told the reader about the composition of the work, its idea and features. At the present time, the Briefley project is rapidly developing, which, however, is explained by the requests of the reading public. I would like to hope that such a scale will not harm fiction, but, on the contrary, will arouse interest in books.

Beginning with De tranquillitate animi (“On Peace of Mind” or “On Peace of Mind” by Seneca), people have written about self-development and how to be better. But since the time of Seneca, only the form in which people write about it has changed, the essence remains the same and it is quite easy to convey it in several pictures, which is what skitalets did in his LiveJournal.

1. This is about ikigai, finding yourself, instead of working, the meaning of life and how to do what you like.

2. The further you move, the more discomfort in life will arise, as you expand the zone of contact with the unknown. This picture was drawn by Socrates when he explained to his student why he does not know more things than his student does not. It's just that his circle of knowledge is larger, so he comes into contact with the unknown more.

3. The picture explains why we have a 10,000 hour rule and why finishing something is more difficult than starting. Anyone can learn to drive, but getting better at it is difficult. The better you understand the topic, the more expert and professional you are of those who quit and were unable to acquire specific skills.

4. Development occurs after some event, when your skills improve or you notice it. Athletes celebrate this after the competition, in terms of life it works after some shocks or difficulties.

5. When you have a sufficient amount of knowledge and skills, there is a chance to catch the state of "flow" when it will be high. Flow is when you answer complex challenges with high professionalism. That is, you cannot achieve it if you don’t know how.

6. All time management and a bunch of life hacks in terms of time management in one picture.

7. “To do more, the already well-known 80/20 rule helps: we spend 20% of our efforts to achieve 80% of the result. If you follow it within reasonable limits, then you can do five times more in 100% of the time than the rest. But then we must not forget to bring the result of at least one of the projects to 100%. "

In addition, it must be remembered that the more you work in principle, the more you do. A person who follows the 80/20 principle and works 10 hours will do more than someone who follows this principle and works 5. This is very briefly formulated by the well-known rule among MMO fans: "while you sleep, the enemy is swinging."

8. A very important lesson that the author of the original post gives in this picture is the importance of communication and expressing one's position. If you are very smart but introvert, you will be used. First you start talking in meetings and then you get promoted. With no exceptions.

9. Among the officials there are honest, effective professionals who do not take bribes and work conscientiously. In any group of people, there are hot-tempered and unrestrained people. There is nothing discrete in life - black and white - there is a very big middle and very few “ends”. But these tails of distribution often hide some very interesting things.

10. In mathematics, there is the concept of "Markov process". The main idea is that the state at the current moment of time is random for him and does not depend on the past. If it rains today, it does not guarantee that it will rain or sun tomorrow.

In life, the past does not directly affect the future, and each moment called "present" is a potential point of change in life's trajectory. Which direction she will go tomorrow is your own choice.

To fully understand this picture, you need to imagine the past and the future not as a line that runs from left to right, but as if you are walking along a road. The past is what you have passed and is behind your back, and the future is the part of the road that you have to go through.

Try walking down the street, constantly looking back to understand how stupid it is to live in the past.

11. Beyond that, it's never too late to get started. There is a popular picture on the Internet about people who founded big companies. The story of Colonel Sanders and KFC and other companies. This infographic was originally drawn as a result of research by the Founders Institute, now it has an interactive

The name of the application for android speaks for itself - it is a collection of a huge amount of literature. However, the books are not presented in a full-fledged format, but in the form of small retellings. Absolutely all materials presented on the site are available completely free of charge. They are not subject to copyright.

Functional

It should be noted that the program appeared on the basis of a full-fledged website, so now you can use such a convenient service in mobile mode.

An application has been created for various user audiences. It will be able to help people who like to read, but find it difficult to choose a book; schoolchildren and students who need a quick study of the main ideas, the plot of the work, etc.

In the main menu, you can quickly find the necessary literature by category or use the search by title (author). There are popular and new books, a catalog of authors, materials from the school curriculum for different classes and much more. When you select a book, its retelling opens. There may also be pictures, film adaptations, quotes and other additions. You can read user comments and share your own thoughts with them.

Interface, graphics, sound

The application has a wonderful, extremely simplified interface. There is nothing superfluous here. After starting, the main menu immediately opens, in which popular works are displayed. Navigation through the content of the application is carried out by pressing one button - in the upper left corner. A sidebar with categories appears. The graphics are not too important - the text and pictures are clearly visible. The audio files are available in excellent quality.

Full access to all application materials;
- great amount works;
- Convenient classification of literature according to several criteria;
- availability of video and audio materials;
- the ability to read user comments and leave your own;
- creating requests for retelling books that are not yet in the application;
- nice interface;

This application will be useful to everyone who wants to plunge into the world of literature, but lack of time does not allow doing this. Thanks to the offline mode and about 1500 works, you can always allocate 5-10 minutes to read an interesting novel or other book.

Introduction:

Reading books is a very interesting activity, which is not very popular in our time, as it was before. The eternal lack of free time, and in most cases laziness, does not allow us to take and master a book of at least 500 pages. In such cases, a brief retelling of a work can be very helpful. You will at least know what this is about and you might even want to read the full version of the book. The application “Literature. Abstracts ", which contains approximately 1500 works of world literature, from 670 writers and poets. In general, the choice is huge and you can choose.

Interface:

The interface of the application is quite simple and is made in Holo style. The main screen is occupied by a list of authors, which are arranged alphabetically. Under the name of the author, his initials and years of life are indicated. On the top panel there is a "Favorites" button, where you can always find your favorite summaries and delete those that are already boring. Click on an author to view the available works. Under the title of the work, the type of summary (novel, collection, etc.) is indicated, as well as the approximate time for which you can read the works (if you read more than 150 words per minute, then you will completely meet this time). The most important thing is that you will read a book, for example, 500 pages long, in just 10 minutes. And at the same time you will be aware of all the events that took place in it. Of course, maybe not in such accuracy and detail as we would like, but on the other hand, how much time saved. Summaries can even be called a brief overview of the book (if we round off this concept very much), and after reading it, you can understand whether it is worth reading the full version of the book or it will be a waste of precious time.

Reading window: