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Presentation on the topic of military reforms of Peter the Great. Presentation on history "Peter I. Military reforms." Presentation on the topic

Reforms of Peter I. Cultural transformations

Education Science and Enlightenment New in everyday life Study of nobles abroad Opening of schools and colleges Marine Engineering Artillery Civil font Vedomosti newspaper 1702-1703 Public library 1714 Kunstkamera 1714 New Reckoning 1700 European clothing “Assemblies” Etiquette Academy of Sciences 1725 Barber shaving Tools Plants

The Assembly of Peter I is a celebration introduced by Peter into the cultural life of Russian society in December 1718. The idea of assemblies was borrowed from leisure forms he saw in Europe. They were held at all times of the year, in the summer - outdoors. The assemblies included food, drinks, dancing, games and conversation. The etiquette of behavior at assemblies was regulated by Peter's decree. According to the decree, attendance at the assemblies was mandatory for nobles and members of their families. After Peter, the assemblies were transformed into balls. 1718 g

The time of day began to be calculated in a new way. Chimes installed on the Spasskaya Tower at the beginning of the 17th century. had a dial with 17 divisions, the dial rotated and brought one of the numbers to the arrow. The number of day and night hours in a day ranged from 7 to 17. Under Peter, the number of hours in a day became unchanged - 24. At the beginning of the 18th century. The Kremlin chimes were replaced by Dutch ones, with movable hour and minute hands, and a dial with 12 divisions. During the reign of Peter, the Julian calendar came into use. The calendar began to be calculated from the Nativity of Christ. Due to this event, the beginning of the year was now considered January 1, rather than September 1. Thus, instead of the year 7208, the year 1700 began in Russia. From now on, on January 1, it was prescribed to congratulate each other on the New Year, decorate houses with branches and trees of pine, spruce and juniper. In honor of the holiday, cannon firing and fireworks were held. Fireworks were seen for the first time in Russia during the reign of Peter the Great. They were held on major holidays: New Year's Eve, the Tsar's birthday, and in honor of military victories. “The great sovereign ordered that henceforth summers be counted in orders and in all matters and fortresses written from this January from the 1st of the Nativity of Christ, 1700,” 1700

In 1700, Peter I voluntarily moved the beginning of the New Year to January 1. As it was explained then, this was not due to economic factors, but with the goal of integration with Europe, in which the New Year began on January 1. Celebration of the New Year in pre-Petrine times (September 1) 1700

The state tried to forcibly change the appearance of its subjects, and first of all, the boyars. During the reign of Peter the Great, a number of decrees were issued devoted to this problem: on punishment for wearing a beard, on the establishment of a special tax and a special cut of dress for all ranks wearing beards, on the procedure for collecting fines from bearded men, on how to deal with those who who does not shave his beard and does not wear a “stately” dress. Trade in Russian dresses and boots was punished. It was forbidden to accept petitions from bearded men, etc. Russian society had difficulty accepting changes that affected not only everyday, but also religious consciousness. The reforms of Peter I radically broke the everyday foundations of Russian society. One of the first was the decree of January 16, 1705 “On shaving the beards and mustaches of all ranks of people, except for priests and deacons, on collecting a fee from those who do not want to comply with this, and on issuing badges to those who have paid the fee.” Failure to comply would result in severe punishment, even exile to hard labor. 1705 g

In January 1700, a royal decree was issued on the abolition of old-fashioned Russian dress; men and women were ordered to change into Hungarian and German dress. In the city, samples of new clothes were hung in prominent places; sewing and selling old ones was prohibited. The new fashion was difficult to take root. However, no matter how rich and beautiful the men’s outfits were, it was difficult for them to compete with the women’s. The lady, dressed in an elegant dress, resembled an elegant porcelain figurine. 1700

The attire of the Russian nobleman changed beyond recognition; a white shirt and a tie in the form of a ribbon became an invariable element of the men's dress; a camisole and a caftan were worn on top. The caftan was worn unbuttoned - wide open. In those days, France was considered the trendsetter, so many items of clothing had French names, for example, “culottes” - short men's trousers, which were accompanied by white silk stockings.

Fashionable shoes were considered to be blunt-toed shoes with small heels with large metal buckles, or boots - over the knee boots - with wide flares at the top of the tops. In the Armory Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin, among the items of clothing, there is a pair of rough leather boots that belonged to Peter. There is an opinion that the king, who mastered many crafts to perfection, sewed them with his own hands. At the same time, the wig also came into fashion. For all its inconvenience, it also had considerable advantages: it retained its shape for a long time, hid the bald head, and gave its owner a representative appearance.

In Peter's time, books even began to be designed in a new way: pages were numbered with numbers, a title page, table of contents, subject and name indexes were introduced, drawings and illustrations appeared in books. Texts began to be divided into paragraphs. The format of books also changed - books of new times were small in size. In 1708, at the direction of Peter, the first pocket books were printed. More books were published in the first quarter of the 18th century than in the previous 150 years. Peter understood perfectly well that without books it is impossible to disseminate knowledge, so he contributed in every possible way to their printing. In 1700, a whole program of book publishing was put forward. Peter himself often indicated which book should be translated into Russian. At the same time, he gave the following recommendations to translators: it is not so important to adhere to proximity to the text, how important it is to convey its main content.

The growth in the production of books and great interest in knowledge stimulated the development of librarianship. In 1714, a public library was founded in St. Petersburg. In 1725, the library contained 11 thousand books, including ancient ones. In Peter’s time there were also many personal libraries; Peter himself had more than one and a half thousand books. These were mainly publications necessary for the king in his daily work; three quarters of the collection were books of non-religious content. Most of them were related to maritime affairs, military art, history, architecture and gardening. 1714 g

Peter I in 1708 introduced a new civil font, which replaced the old Kirillov semi-charter. To print secular educational, scientific, political literature and legislative acts, new printing houses were created in Moscow and St. Petersburg. The development of book printing was accompanied by the beginning of organized book trade, as well as the creation and development of a network of libraries. Since 1702 The first Russian newspaper Vedomosti was systematically published. 1708 g

From the beginning of the 18th century. a lot has changed both in oral and written Russian speech. Books were published with rules of good manners, recommendations on etiquette, and behavior in various areas of life. Appeals to “You”, “Dear Sir”, “Mister” appeared. The letters ended with the signatures: “Your humble servant,” “I remain ready to serve.” During the Peter the Great era, the Russian language was enriched with many new words, mostly of foreign origin.

Civil font is a font introduced in Russia by Peter I in 1708 for printing secular publications as a result of the first reform of the Russian alphabet (changes in the composition of the alphabet and simplification of the letters of the alphabet). Peter's reform of the Russian typographical font was carried out in 1708-1710. Its goal was to bring the appearance of Russian books and other printed publications closer to what Western European publications of that time looked like, which were sharply different from the typically medieval-looking Russian publications, which were typed in Church Slavonic font - semi-ustav. In January 1707, based on sketches supposedly made personally by Peter I, the draftsman and draftsman Kulenbach, who was at the army headquarters, made drawings of thirty-two lowercase letters of the Russian alphabet, as well as four uppercase letters (A, D, E, T). A complete set of type characters in three sizes based on Kulenbach’s drawings was ordered in Amsterdam from the printing house of the Belarusian master Ilya Kopievich; At the same time, fonts based on these designs were ordered in Moscow, at the Printing Yard. 1708 g

The Naval Cadet Corps is a naval educational institution in St. Petersburg, and as the successor to the Moscow “navigation school” (1701-1715) it is the oldest in Russia. The Naval Cadet Corps was called from February 11, 1891 to December 20, 1906, from December 20, 1906 to March 9, 1916 - Naval Corps (His Imperial Highness the Heir Tsarevich Corps) - Imperial Naval Cadet Corps, from September 14, 1916 to March 9 1918 - Naval School. On January 25, 2001, the institution again received the name Naval Corps and was given the name of its founder, Peter the Great. On January 14, 1701, the highest decree was issued on the establishment in Moscow of a school of “mathematical and navigational, that is, nautical and cunning arts of learning.” The school was ordered to be under the jurisdiction of the armory, and to enroll in training “those who want to voluntarily, but others, even more so, under compulsion.” The first teacher was the Englishman Henry Farvarson, who entered Russian service in 1698. Since 1713, 22,456 rubles per year were allocated for the maintenance of the school. 1701 g

It was founded in 1701 by Decree of Peter I in Moscow and was called a military engineering school. Over the centuries-old history, the name of the educational institution has changed several times: engineering school, cadet corps, Main (then Nikolaev) military school, First Soviet courses, Military engineering college, branch of the Military engineering university, military school (institute). The oldest military engineering educational institution in the country is world famous. Its graduates over the years included the great Russian commander M. I. Kutuzov, the writer F. M. Dostoevsky, the famous scientist P. N. Yablochkov, the composer Ts. A. Cui, the Russian physiologist, resident of Nizhny Novgorod I. M. Sechenov, the founder of the Nizhny Novgorod Radio Laboratory M. A. Bonch-Bruevich, Russian historian and statesman V. N. Tatishchev, Hero of the Soviet Union D. M. Karbyshev ... Nizhny Novgorod Higher Military Engineering Command School 1701

Full name – State educational institution of higher professional education “Military Academy of Strategic Missile Forces named after Peter the Great” of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. In 1701, an artillery school for 300 people was opened in Moscow, and in 1712 a second artillery school was opened in St. Petersburg. To train engineering personnel, two engineering schools were created (in 1708 and 1719). To train naval personnel, Peter I opened a school of mathematical and navigational sciences in Moscow in 1701, and a Maritime Academy in St. Petersburg in 1715. 1701, 1712

1724 - The St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences was established in St. Petersburg by order of Emperor Peter I by Decree of the Government Senate of January 28 (February 8), 1724. The Academy is based on the model of Western European academies. In contrast to them (which are autonomous), the Russian Academy of Sciences is more dependent on the state. The regulations of the Academy were approved in 1747. L. L. Blumentrost was appointed the first president. The first academicians of the Academy of Sciences (mathematician J. German, astronomer J. N. Delisle, physiologist and mathematician D. Bernoulli and others) came to Russia from Europe. The first domestic academician was M.V. Lomonosov. The main scientific directions of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences of the mid-18th century remained physical, mathematical and natural sciences, to the development of which M. V. Lomonosov, J. N. Delisle, L. Euler, S. P. Krasheninnikov, I. I. Lepyokhin made significant contributions , G.F. Miller and others. L. L. Blumentrost. 1724 g

The Kunstkamera is a cabinet of curiosities, the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the first museum in Russia, established by Emperor Peter the Great and located in St. Petersburg. It has a unique collection of antiques that reveal the history and life of many peoples. But many people know this museum for its collection of “freaks” - anatomical rarities and anomalies. 1714 g

What tools of labor, not used before, appeared on the farms of peasants in Rus'? What plants were brought to Russia under Peter I?

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Reforms of Peter I. Military reforms

Creation of a new army Since 1699, the army was staffed on the basis of conscription (soldier) sets. In 1698, immediately after returning from Europe, Peter disbanded all the old regiments. The army began to be divided into types of troops. An important component of the military reform was the creation of Russian artillery. In 1696, a naval fleet was founded in Voronezh. The Russian armed forces now have a main symbol - the battle flag. The state organized the re-uniting of the army according to the model of the Saxon army. A system of professional military education was established. Military science was emerging. Since 1705, Peter donated the St. Andrew's flag (a blue oblique cross on a white field) to the navy. Russian award system

The procedure for recruiting recruits The entire tax-paying population gave one recruit every year for a certain number of souls, first with 500, then with 300 and even with 100). At first it was decided to take only singles from 15 to 20 years old; later these age limits were not respected. They even took 45-year-olds. Military service was for life. Recruit - in the Russian army and navy (Armed Forces) from 1705 to 1874 - a person enrolled in the army under conscription, which was subject to all tax-paying classes (peasants, townspeople, etc.) and for whom it was communal and lifelong and they supplied a certain number of recruits (soldiers) from their communities. The recruitment of serfs into the army freed them from serfdom.

The army began to be divided into types of troops Dragoon (cavalry) Infantry Artillery The core of the army became mobile, well-armed cavalry. 30 dragoon regiments of 1300 people each were formed

He did a lot to standardize artillery, its technical re-equipment and reorganization. Abram Petrovich Hannibal, a favorite of Peter I, also began serving in the artillery at this time. An important component of the military reform was the creation of Russian artillery. One of the organizers of the Russian artillery was an associate of Peter I, Ya.V. Bruce. Creation of Russian artillery

two large gunpowder factories in St. Petersburg Okhta, as well as a complex of iron smelting plants in the center, north and Urals. During the reign of Peter I, domestic artillery was created. Domestic industry began to satisfy the army's needs for weapons and ammunition. Before the Northern War, artillery pieces came from Sweden. Now the needs of artillery were provided by two large arms factories in: Tula Sestroretsk,

In 1696, a naval fleet was founded in Voronezh. By the end of the 90s. About 30 warships were built. With the beginning of the Northern War in Arkhangelsk, the construction of the Baltic Fleet began in the Baltic. In the 20s The Caspian Fleet was created in the Caspian Sea. In 15 years, a powerful military and merchant fleet was created in a completely land-based country - 48 battleships, 800 galleys with a crew of 28 thousand people. The beginning of the navy was laid

The Russian armed forces now have a main symbol - the battle flag. These colors symbolized the ancient Russian understanding of the world: red color - the physical, earthly world; blue - heavenly, white - the divine world. The Russian armed forces now have a main symbol - the battle flag. Under Alexei Mikhailovich, the first warships sailed under white-blue-red banners with a double-headed eagle.

Re-uniforming the army on the model of the Saxon army.

Since 1705, Peter donated the St. Andrew's flag (a blue oblique cross on a white field) to the navy. The white-blue-red flag was transferred to merchant ships. Each regiment had its own banners using the symbols of the place where the regiment was recruited. St. Andrew's flag (blue oblique cross on a white field).

A system of professional military education has been established. In 1699, a bombardment school was opened at the Preobrazhensky Regiment. In 1701, an artillery school was opened in Moscow, in 1712 - in St. Petersburg. Then two military engineering schools were opened. The Preobrazhensky Semenovsky regiment became the base for officer training. Boyars and nobles began their service there. Then they were sent to other regiments as officers.

Military science was emerging. Ultimately, by the 20s. Russia was able to fully supply the army and navy with its own personnel of naval, infantry, artillery and engineering officers. To train lower officers, a huge network of garrison schools was organized. To train personnel for the fleet, a naval school, a naval academy for officers, and a midshipman school (a midshipman is a future naval officer) were opened.

The first in the Russian army was the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called, established by Peter I on November 30, 1698. “To reward and reward some for loyalty, courage and various services rendered to the sovereign and the Fatherland, and to others to encourage all noble and heroic virtues,” wrote Peter I about his status. This order had the insignia: a gold cross, a blue ribbon over the shoulder, an eight-pointed star and a gold chain. They were officially awarded on March 10, 1699. It was received by the Tsar’s closest ally, Admiral General F. Golovin. Among those awarded this order are B. Sheremetev, A. Menshikov, F. Apraksin. The king himself became his 7th cavalier. Under Peter, a domestic award system began to take shape. The highest award for women was the Order of St. Catherine the Great Martyr, established by the Senate, which was awarded to the Tsar’s wife Catherine I in 1714, who showed steadfastness and courage in difficult days for the Russian army on the Prut. The order looked like a gold medallion in a diamond setting. The Latin inscription on the back reads: “By labor one is compared to one’s spouse.” This insignia was worn on a bow with the motto “For Love and Fatherland.”

Peter also conceived the third Russian order - St. Alexander Nevsky. But its official approval took place after the death of the emperor - on May 21, 1725. In accordance with the motto “For Labor and the Fatherland,” it was awarded to both military and civilian ranks for exploits and faithful service. The ends of the cross on the order were decorated with ruby glasses, between which were golden double-headed eagles. In the center is a white enamel medallion with the image of the prince-commander. On the reverse side there is the Latin monogram "A" (St. Alexander) under the princely crown. His first gentlemen were A. Menshikov, M. Golitsyn, A. Repnin and Ya. Bruce. Subsequently, this order was awarded to persons no lower than the rank of lieutenant general or the corresponding civilian rank. A more common award under Peter was medals. In allegorical form, with the help of certain symbols, they perpetuated the valor of Russian soldiers. One of the very first Peter’s medals is “Unprecedented Things Happen,” which was awarded to active participants in the battle at the mouth of the Neva in May 1703. The traditions of gold signs were also embodied in the award medals of Peter I. After the Battle of Poltava, he established medals - “For the Victory at Lesnaya” and “For the Poltava Victoria”. Medals of different sizes were minted in honor of Poltava.

The result of the military reform was the emergence of a regular army in Russia, one of the strongest armies in Europe. It numbered up to 200 thousand people, including 100 thousand Cossacks. The Russian army was able to defeat its main opponents.

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Reforms of Peter I. Reforms of the public administration system

Key dates and events of 1708-1710. - provincial reform. 1711 - establishment of the Senate. 1712 - decree on the establishment of commercial and industrial companies. 1714 - decree on unified inheritance. 1718-1720 - introduction of boards. 1718-1724 - tax reform. 1721 - church reform. 1722 - adoption of the Table of Ranks. 1722 - decree on uniting master craftsmen into workshops. 1724 - introduction of a protective customs tariff.

Terms and concepts of lessons Assembly (from the French assemblee - meeting) - meetings-balls with the participation of women in the houses of the Russian nobility, introduced and regulated in 1718 by Peter I. Governor General - the highest position of the local administration of Russia in 1703-1917. ; possessed civil and military power, and since 1775 headed the General Government. Prosecutor General was one of the highest government positions in Imperial Russia. Oversaw the legality of the activities of the state apparatus, headed the Senate; from 1802 he was also the Minister of Justice. Datochny people - in Russia XV-XVII centuries. persons from the tax population, assigned to lifelong military service. From the middle of the 17th century. as part of the regiments of the new formation. Replaced by recruits. A board is a group of persons forming a governing, advisory or administrative body (for example, a ministry board, a panel of judges). The name of the highest government institution in Russia in the 18th century. The magistrate is a class body of city government in Russia since 1720 (in 1727-1743 it was called the town hall). Initially it had administrative and judicial functions, but since 1775 it has had predominantly judicial functions. Abolished by the Judicial Reform of 1864. Mercantilism (from Italian mercante - merchant, merchant) - the economic policy of the era of the so-called primitive accumulation of capital, was expressed in the active intervention of the state in economic life and was carried out in the interests of the merchants. !

Poll tax - in Russia in the 18th-19th centuries. basic direct tax. Replaced household taxation in 1724. All men of the tax classes were taxed, regardless of age. Canceled in the 80-90s. XIX century Provinces are administrative-territorial units in Russia in 1719-1775. within the province. They were divided into shares and districts (smaller administrative-territorial units). Protectionism is an economic policy of the state aimed at protecting the national economy from foreign competition. Implemented through financial incentives for domestic industry, export stimulation, and import restrictions. Rank - government appointments for military, state and court service, taking into account localism in Russia in the 15th-17th centuries, respectively, records of appointments (in rank books). Senate - in Russia in 1711-1917. - The Governing Senate, the highest government body subordinate to the emperor. Established by Peter I as the highest body for legislation and public administration. Synod (from the Greek synodos - meeting) - a meeting of the highest church hierarchy in the Russian Orthodox Church, introduced in 1721. He led the Russian Orthodox Church until 1917. Table of ranks - a legislative act in Russia in the 18th-20th centuries, which determined the order of service officials. Published by Peter I in 1722. The Table of Ranks established 14 ranks (classes, class ranks, 1st - the highest) in three types: military (army and naval), civilian and court. Abolished after 1917

Prerequisites for reforms Economic 1) Reducing the economic disunity of the country's regions, the beginning of the process of developing an all-Russian market; 2) Specialization of agricultural production; 3) the emergence and development of manufacturing; 4) development of handicraft production in the city and industrial villages. Socio-political 1) Tendency towards the establishment of an absolute monarchy; 2) the beginning of the consolidation of various groups of feudal lords into a single class-estate; 3) strengthening the role of urban elements in the economic life of the country; 4) the inability of the institutions of the estate-representative monarchy to cope with the rise of the peasant movement; 5) the growing economic and cultural lag of Russia not only from the advanced bourgeois states, but also from less developed countries; 6) the threat of loss of national independence during the Northern War of 1700-1721.

Goals of reforms The need for victory in the Northern War The need to increase the international authority of the country The need to overcome the gap with Western European countries To achieve access to the Baltic Sea The return of territories taken from Russia during previous wars Peter’s desire to strengthen the royal power

Features of the reforms 1) were carried out according to the European model; 2) They were carried out using harsh methods and at a fast pace; 3) there was no system in their implementation; 4) took place on the basis of the state system of serfdom; 5) covered all spheres of activity and life of society; 6) depended on foreign policy. The main driving force behind Peter's reforms was war.

Peter's state activities can be conditionally divided into two periods: I period II period 1695-1715 The reforms were more systematic and aimed at the internal development of the state. Haste and not always thoughtful in nature, which was explained by the conduct of the Northern War. The reforms were aimed primarily at raising funds for the war, were carried out by force and often did not lead to the desired result. In addition to government reforms, at the first stage, extensive reforms were carried out with the aim of modernizing the way of life. 1715-1725.

Military Admiralty Foreign Affairs. Prosecutor General SENATE Chief Prosecutor Instead of 44 orders - 12 collegiums Synod of the Chief Fiscal Prosecutors (public control) Fiscals (secret control) Governorates Provinces Districts (counties)

Public control - prosecutors Prosecutor General of Foreign Affairs Admiralty Military Secret control - fiscal Ober fiscal SENATE Provinces Provinces Districts (counties)

SENATE (February 22, 1711, 9 people) The reason for its creation was Peter’s departure to the war with Turkey. “To have an unhypocritical court, and to punish unrighteous judges by taking away their honor and all their property, so should the snitches.” “Look at expenses throughout the state, and leave unnecessary ones, and especially vain ones.” Members of the Senate were appointed by the king. The recruitment of the Senate was based not on the principle of nobility, but on competence, length of service and closeness to the king. justice issues, treasury expenses and taxes, trade, control over administration at various levels. “How can one collect money, since money is the artery of war?” The highest court in Russia The reform of 1722 turned the Senate into the highest body of central government, standing above the entire state apparatus. The highest legislative and executive body, and in the absence of the tsar, the legislative and executive body

Prosecutor General was one of the highest government positions in Imperial Russia. Oversaw the legality of the activities of the state apparatus, headed the Senate; from 1802 he was also the Minister of Justice. All cases received by the Senate passed through the hands of the Prosecutor General P. Yaguzhinsky. The first Prosecutor General of Russia, the Senate played a big role in strengthening absolutism. He concentrated the leadership of central and local government bodies, and his decisions were not subject to appeal. An independent position in the Senate was occupied by the Prosecutor General with his assistant, the Chief Prosecutor. The position of chief prosecutor was established in 1722 for public oversight of the activities of all institutions, including the Senate. The prosecutor general, responsible only to the king, was subordinate to the collegiums and court courts. 1722 g

Synod (from the Greek synodos - assembly) - a meeting of the highest church hierarchy in the Russian Orthodox Church, introduced in 1721. It led the Russian Orthodox Church until 1917. In 1721, the patriarchate was liquidated, and the "Holy Governing Synod" was created to govern the church. , or Spiritual College, also subordinate to the Senate. 1721 Adrian 1700

1711 March 2, 1711 to the Senate, it is said: “to organize fiscals on all sorts of matters, and what to do, news will be sent to them.” The Ober-Fiscal was the highest official in secret supervision of affairs; in the provinces there were “provincial fiscals,” one for each branch of government; they had “lower”, urban ones “under them”. It is said about all of them that they “have in everything the same strength and freedom as the chief fiscals.”

Collegiums are the central bodies of sectoral management in the Russian Empire, formed in the Peter the Great era to replace the system of orders that had lost its significance. Collegiums existed until 1802, when they were replaced by ministries. The collegium system, however, began to take shape only at the end of 1717. “Breaking down” the order system overnight turned out to be no easy task, so one-time abolition had to be abandoned. Orders were either absorbed by the collegiums or subordinated to them (for example, the Justice Collegium included seven orders). Already in 1718, a register of collegiums was adopted: Foreign Affairs. State taxes. Justice. Commerce Collegium (trading). Staff office (maintaining government expenditures and compiling staff for all departments). Chamber Collegium (government revenue management: appointment of persons in charge of collecting state revenues, establishment and abolition of taxes, compliance with equality between taxes depending on the level of income) Berg Manufactory Collegium (industry and mining). The activities of the boards were determined by the General Regulations, approved by Peter I on February 28, 1720 (lost their significance with the publication of the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire). 1718 g

Table of ranks (“Table of ranks of all military, civil and court ranks” - a law on the order of public service in the Russian Empire (ratio of ranks by seniority, sequence of ranks). Approved on January 24 (February 4), 1722 by Emperor Peter I, existed with numerous changes until the revolution of 1917. 1721

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The army began to be divided into types of troops Dragoons (cavalry) Infantry Artillery Mobile, well-armed cavalry became the core of the army. 30 dragoon regiments of 1,300 people each were formed

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Hypothesis The presence of a strong army had a positive impact on Russia’s authority in Europe. The goal is to identify directions in the reform of the military system. Objectives To describe the forms of transformation in the army and navy; Explore the conditions for carrying out transformations; Identify what changes occurred during the reign of Peter the Great; Justify the effectiveness of military reforms.

Results Peter I became a major commander and naval commander, the founder of the national military school, which received recognition in the country and abroad as the “Petrine Military School”. Among the great merits of Peter I was the creation of the Russian regular army on the basis of conscription. This system of recruiting the army made it possible to form not only experienced soldiers, but also convinced patriots of Russia. With the personal participation of Peter I, the Military Regulations were developed (1716, 1722). He also introduced compulsory military service for young nobles, who only after this received the rank of officer. In the field of military doctrine, Peter I was an innovator. He rejected Western strategic doctrine. Peter I put forward a more far-sighted strategic doctrine, the idea of which was that in the event of an attack by an aggressor, it is necessary to mobilize all forces and means to wage a defensive war on land and at sea in order to ensure decisive superiority over the enemy and their flexible use until complete victory over the aggressor . Peter I managed to create a new organizational management structure of the army: regiments were united into divisions and brigades, artillery was assembled in special large blocks - artillery regiments, special artillery regiments were created to storm fortresses and break through strong enemy defenses; Grenadier and dragoon regiments were created, as well as a special light cavalry corps - the "corvolant" with artillery attached to it. As a result of the transformations, a strong regular army and a powerful navy were created, which Russia simply did not have before. By the end of Peter's reign, the number of regular ground forces reached 210 thousand (of which 2600 were in the guard, cavalry, 75 thousand in infantry, 74 thousand in garrisons) and up to 110 thousand irregular troops. The fleet consisted of 48 battleships; galleys and other vessels 787; There were almost 30 thousand people on all ships.

Conclusions Reforming the army and creating a navy became necessary conditions for victory in the Northern War. Russia gained access to an ice-free sea. The original Russian territories were returned.

The process of development of Russia was initiated by the reforms of Peter I, which covered various spheres of society.
Prerequisites for reform

Russia was a backward country. This posed a threat to the national security of the Russian people.
Industry developed poorly and was serf-like. It lagged far behind the industry of Western European countries.
Agriculture was based on the forced labor of serfs.
The Russian army consisted of archers who were poorly trained and armed.

Peter's strong personality and his activities have always interested historians and publicists. Peter 1 carried out grandiose transformations that covered all spheres of human life. The assessment of Peter's activities is contradictory. There is an opinion that Peter I did not have a thought-out plan for reforms. Therefore, decrees and regulations often contradicted and sometimes abolished each other.

All historians believe that under Peter the state began to actively interfere in the life of the people, economic, civil, and everyday life.

Military reform

Because of the war with Turkey and Sweden, the need arose for changes in the army. A decree of 1699 determined the formation of regiments. Recruits were immediately freed from serfdom, as were their children.

A “Military Charter” was published for a combat-ready army, which lasted for about 150 years. The charter regulated relationships in the army. The Russian army became one of the strongest in Europe, thanks to the efforts of Peter I. The Baltic Fleet was created.

Industry

Having visited Europe, Peter is engaged in industrial reform. Priority was given to those industries that were needed to supply and arm the army and navy.

Peter attracts Russian and foreign specialists to look for coal, silver ores, saltpeter and peat.

Features of the Russian economy

Almost all manufactories were budgetary and state-owned.
Industry was regulated and controlled by the state.
The state was the customer for manufactories.
Serfs worked in the factories.

National industry and trade had priority.

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As a military leader, Peter I stands among the most educated and talented builders of the armed forces, generals and naval commanders in Russian and world history of the 18th century. The work of his whole life was to strengthen the military power of Russia and increase its role in the international arena. The military reform of Peter I included a set of government measures to reorganize the system of army recruitment and military command, create a regular navy, improve weapons, develop and implement a new training system and education of military personnel.

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Army reform The Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments, which grew out of the childhood fun of the young tsar, became the first regiments of the new Russian army, built with the help of foreigners according to the European model. Peter I introduced a new system of recruiting the regular army. In 1699, conscription was introduced, legalized by the decree of Peter I in 1705. Its essence was that the state forcibly annually recruited a certain number of recruits into the army and navy from the tax-paying classes, peasants and townspeople. From 20 households they took one single person between the ages of 15 and 20. By the end of Peter’s reign, the number of all regular troops, infantry and cavalry, ranged from 196 to 212 thousand people.

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Creation of the Navy Along with the reorganization of the land army, Peter began to create a navy. By 1700, the Azov fleet consisted of more than 50 ships. During the Northern War, the Baltic Fleet was created, which by the end of the reign of Peter I consisted of 35 large battleships, 10 frigates and about 200 galley (rowing) ships with 28 thousand sailors.

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Military Administration Reform A reform of military administration was carried out. Instead of Orders, Peter I established a military collegium in 1718, which was in charge of the field army, “garrison troops” and all “military affairs”. The final structure of the Military College was determined by a decree of 1719. During the reform of the army, a unified system of military ranks was introduced, which was finally formalized in the Table of Ranks of 1722. The service ladder included 14 classes from field marshal and admiral general to warrant officer. The service and ranks of the Table of Ranks were based not on nobility, but on personal abilities. Paying much attention to the technical re-equipment of the army and navy, Peter I established the development and production of new types of ships, new types of artillery guns and ammunition. Under Peter I, the infantry began to arm itself with flintlock rifles, and a domestic-style bayonet was introduced.

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The government of Peter I attached particular importance to the education of the national officer corps. At first, all young nobles were required to serve as soldiers in the Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky Guards regiments for 10 years, starting at the age of 15. Upon receiving their first officer rank, noble children were sent to army units, where they served for life. However, such a system of training officers could not fully satisfy the growing needs for new personnel, and Peter I established a number of special military schools. In 1701, an artillery school for 300 people was opened in Moscow, and in 1712 a second artillery school was opened in St. Petersburg. To train engineering personnel, two engineering schools were created (in 1708 and 1719). In 1715, the Maritime Academy was opened in St. Petersburg.

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Peter I forbade the promotion to officers of persons who had not received appropriate training at a military school. There were often cases when Peter I personally examined “minors” (children of the nobility). Those who did not pass the exam were sent to serve in the navy as privates without the right to be promoted to officers. Taking care of the morale of the troops, Peter I awarded distinguished generals with the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called, established by him in 1698, and soldiers and officers with medals and promotions in ranks (soldiers also money). At the same time, Peter I introduced severe discipline in the army with corporal punishment and the death penalty for serious military crimes.

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