Priorities of Russian state economic policy in 2011-2013

Basic strategic objectives (priorities) of state economic policy for the medium term (2011-2013) were formulated by President D. Medvedev in the budget message for 2011-2013.

Economic and budget policy, as its component part, should be aimed at carrying out a comprehensive modernization of the economy, creating conditions for increasing its efficiency and competitiveness, long-term sustainable development, improving the investment climate, and achieving specific results.

Based on this, it is necessary to solve the following problems.

First. Security macroeconomic stability , which includes, among other things, a balanced budget, a consistent reduction in the budget deficit, predictable inflation parameters, and a reduction in the size of the budget deficit.

In the medium term, it is necessary to limit the use of oil and gas revenues, focusing on ensuring a balanced federal budget with reasonable forecast estimates of the cost of oil.

Second. Coordination long-term strategic and budget planning.

It is necessary to soberly assess the priority of strategic tasks, comparing them with real opportunities. Only an integrated approach to making strategic decisions that fully takes into account the lessons of the crisis, new internal and external conditions for the development of the Russian economy, will make it possible to redistribute resources in favor of effective directions of public policy.

We need clear rules for assessing the volume of existing expenditure obligations and procedures for accepting new expenditure obligations, providing for increased responsibility for the reliability of their financial and economic justification.

Any proposed new solution must be analyzed from the point of view of its financial support and contribution to achieving the strategic development goals of the country.

Third. Ensuring that the budget system is focused on achieving concrete results .

The Government of the Russian Federation has created a set of interrelated measures to improve the efficiency of the entire public administration system. Changes in the legal status of state and municipal institutions are aimed at increasing the accessibility and quality of state and municipal services (to implement these measures, Order No. 1021-dated June 10, 2011 approved the “Concept for reducing administrative barriers and increasing the accessibility of state and municipal services for 2011 - 2013").

The practical implementation of these decisions will make it possible to avoid paying only for the very fact of the institution’s existence, regardless of the results of its work.

Fourth. Development and implementation of tools innovation support .

In the coming years, it is necessary to ensure an integrated approach to the formation of the innovation system and the investment environment as a whole, to create conditions for the full cycle of innovation development, including by ensuring macroeconomic stability, protecting competition and property rights, and eliminating administrative barriers.

It is necessary to develop and implement in practice specific mechanisms for introducing and supporting innovative technologies, primarily within the framework of projects in such areas as energy efficiency, medical technology and pharmaceuticals, space and telecommunications, nuclear technologies, strategic computer technologies and software.

To increase the competitiveness of Russian products on the foreign market, it is necessary to actively use the potential of trade missions, improve the system of providing export credit, export insurance and government guarantees. First of all, this concerns the export of products from high-tech industries, nuclear and power engineering, as well as military equipment.

Fifth. Improving quality human capital .

No modernization is possible without qualified specialists, talented scientists, without quality education and constant professional training. It is necessary to strive to grow the scientific potential of our country, accumulate intellectual property, ensure, for these purposes, the continuity of generations in the field of scientific research and technological development, attract and retain young people in it.

In addition to developing our own scientific schools, attention should be paid to attracting highly qualified foreign specialists, as well as promoting the qualifications of Russian specialists in foreign educational institutions.

Serious attention should be paid to both education and improving the health of citizens, creating a healthy lifestyle, and creating conditions for increasing labor and creative activity.

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Ural State Economic University"

Center for Distance Education

Test

by discipline: State regulation of the economy

Ekaterinburg

1. Classical direction (A. Smith): defining the role of the State in the economy

2. Fiscal policy

3. Priorities of Russian state economic policy

1. Classical direction (A.Smith): determinedthe role of the state in the economy

Scottish economist A. Smith is considered by many to be the first great economist. A. Smith received such recognition due to the fact that his book “The Wealth of Nations” is the first work in the history of economic science in which its systematic presentation was given. According to M. Blaug, economic works before A. Smith are “dress rehearsals for science, but not yet science itself.”

A. Smith's research methodology is similar to that of the physiocrats. The basis of the universe is a certain “internal”, “natural order”, which creates harmony between the individual actions of free individuals independent of each other.

But at the same time, his methodology contains elements of novelty associated with the concepts of “economic man” and “invisible hand”; these concepts later became the foundation of the main direction of modern economic science (transformed accordingly into the principles of rationality and equilibrium).

According to the concept " economic man", each individual, when carrying out his actions, is guided by personal interests and strives for maximum benefit for himself. Thus, every person is an "economic man." A. Smith characterizes the behavior of an economic person as follows:

“He is more likely to achieve his goal if he appeals to their selfishness and manages to show them that it is in their own interests to do for him what he requires of them. Anyone who offers another a transaction of any kind is offering to do just that. Give me what I need, and you will get what you need - this is the meaning of any such proposal."

According to the concept "invisible hands", the behavior of individuals who behave in accordance with the concept of "economic man" ultimately results in the greatest possible social welfare. Its maximization is achieved with unlimited freedom of market activity. A. Smith does not directly define the “invisible hand”, mentioning it casually, arguing that the individual “... pursues only his own benefit, and... he is guided by an invisible hand towards a goal that was not at all part of his intentions ; Moreover, society does not always suffer from the fact that this goal was not part of its intentions. In pursuing his own interests he often serves the interests of society more effectively than when he consciously seeks to serve them.”

Already from the title of A. Smith's main work it follows that the main object of his interests is wealth. This entire book is dedicated to identifying the factors that promote or hinder the accumulation of wealth.

According to A. Smith, wealth is the value of material goods (“necessaries of life and convenience”) in the hands of the nation (people). Wealth consists of the products of the labor of the people of a given country and the products of the labor of other peoples acquired in exchange for the wealth of the nation. The purpose of economics is to study how the maximum wealth of a nation can be achieved.

Among the main factors of wealth, A. Smith identifies the following.

a) Division of labor.

b) Capital accumulation.

c) Government intervention in the economy.

The first two factors influence wealth positively, the third - negatively. The entire further structure of A. Smith’s book is directly or indirectly “adapted” to the analysis of these factors. And first of all, A. Smith is interested in the first factor of wealth - the division of labor.

The division of labor represents its differentiation; identification and existence of various types of labor activity. In a technical sense, it is the division of work activity into many functions and operations within one enterprise. A. Smith describes in detail this division and the benefits it brings. According to the concept of the classic, the division of labor makes it possible to increase its productivity and, thereby, increase the wealth of the nation.

What gives rise to the division of labor? According to A. Smith, it is the result of people’s natural inclination to exchange and trade (arising from their behavior in accordance with the concept of “economic man”). The degree of division of labor is determined by the possibilities of exchange, the determinants of which are the development of communication routes and the size of the market. These dimensions are used to the fullest when money is used. smith wealth state budget

According to the views of A. Smith, money arises in the process of exchange. He defines them as "the great wheel of circulation." At the same time, he considers money only as a means of exchange, without taking into account its function as a store of value. Moreover, the use of money only allows the maximum use of the size of the market - and therefore, the division of labor itself only allows increasing the wealth of the nation - when the exchange of goods for money is carried out “correctly”. To understand in which case an exchange is “right”, it is necessary to turn to Smith’s theory of value.

Any product, according to A. Smith’s concept, has two types of value. On the one hand, it brings certain benefits to its owner when he consumes it. Thus, we can talk about “value in use.” On the other hand, each given product can be exchanged for another product. Therefore, we can talk about its “value in exchange.”

At the same time, A. Smith notes that a product that has a high “value in use” may have little “value in exchange,” and vice versa. He writes about the “paradox of diamond and water”: water is a basic necessity (without it people would die of thirst), but at the same time it is extremely cheap; on the other hand, diamond does not satisfy the most important needs of people, and at the same time it is very expensive. Not knowing how to resolve this paradox (only marginalists managed to do this), A. Smith concentrates his attention exclusively on “value in exchange”, i.e. exchange value or price. What does the exchange value (price) of a product depend on?

A. Smith notes that its determinants are the labor costs for its production. Thus, goods are exchanged for each other (through money) in proportions corresponding to the ratio of labor time spent on their production. Thus, he is the founder of the labor theory of value.

But then he adds that the prices of goods are determined by the input of labor only in societies in the early stages of their development, in which the volume of use of capital and land is negligible. In a developed capitalist system, contemporary to A. Smith, the price of a single product is the sum of the income of the owners of production factors used in the process of its production. In other words, price is the sum of wages (the income of the owner of labor), profit (the income of the owner of capital) and rent (the income of the owner of land). Thus, A. Smith is also the founder of another theory of value - the theory of factors of production.

Further, A. Smith distinguishes two types of product prices - “natural price” and “market price”. Natural price is the “normal” value of the exchange value of a product. It is equal to the sum of wages, profits and rents that are usual or average (“natural”) in a given area and at a given time. “When the price of any commodity is neither more nor less than what is sufficient to pay, according to their natural rates, the rent of land, the remuneration of labor, and the profit on the capital employed in the extraction, processing, and delivery of that commodity to the market, it sold at its natural price." According to A. Smith, the natural price of a product is the center of gravity of the market (i.e. actual) price. In other words, the market price tends to the natural price. If, for example, the market price turns out to be less than the natural price, then the owners of the factors of production are, as it were, “underpaid”, as a result of which they begin to leave the given area and/or industry, the supply of goods is reduced, and its price rises to the level of the natural price. Conversely, the excess of the market price over the natural one leads to an influx of new resource owners into a given area and/or industry, and the price decreases to the natural level. Thus, the division of labor then leads to an increase in the wealth of the nation when the exchange of goods occurs at “natural prices.”

All this indicates that the question of the natural price is closely connected with the question of the factors influencing wages, profit and rent.

According to A. Smith, the income of production factors is determined primarily by the accumulated capital stock of entrepreneurs. The greater the stock of capital, the greater the product produced by labor and land, and, accordingly, the greater the wages and rent. This is due to the fact that the greater the capital, the greater the amount the entrepreneur can allocate to pay for the activities of these factors of production. It is clear that wages are directly dependent on the capital stock. It is also necessary to take into account that the lower limit of wages forms what is now called the subsistence minimum - the funds necessary to satisfy the physiological needs of the worker and non-working members of his family. Profit, on the other hand, is inversely related to the capital stock. This raises the question of the factors influencing the accumulation of capital, especially since it is one of the determinants of the wealth of a nation.

Capital is a stock of goods or money from the use of which their owner expects to receive income. Depending on the duration of use, capital is divided into fixed capital (circulated over several production cycles, i.e. its value is transferred to the cost of the manufactured product in parts) and circulating capital (circulated during one production cycle, i.e. its value is transferred to the cost of the manufactured product immediately, completely). Fixed capital includes machinery and equipment; building and structures that generate income; improving land quality; acquiring and improving the skills of workers (the latter type in the 20th century will be called human capital).

A. Smith identifies two most important factors in capital accumulation. The first factor is frugality. “Thrift, and not industry, is the immediate cause of the increase of capital.” Thus, following A. Turgot, A. Smith believes that frugality automatically leads to investment and, thereby, contributes to economic growth. Thus, we can talk about the Turgot-Smith concept of growth. The second factor is the share of workers engaged in productive work. To understand the meaning of this factor, it is necessary to turn to Smith's theory of productive labor.

Productive labor is any labor involved in the production of material goods. Accordingly, the labor used to provide services is unproductive. Here we should remember the theory of wealth. A. Smith includes only material goods in wealth. This is why, according to A. Smith, an increase in the share of workers engaged in productive labor gives rise to an increase in the wealth of the nation.

It should be noted that Smith's theory of productive labor was the basis of the national accounting system of the USSR. This led to statistical distortions in the economic development of the Soviet Union and the underdevelopment of the service sector.

As already noted, A. Smith generally has a negative attitude towards government intervention in the economy, believing that it negatively affects the growth of the wealth of nations. This attitude on his part is due to the fact that, in his opinion, the state, through its actions, leads to deviations of market prices of goods from their natural prices. However, it would be a mistake to believe that he denies any economic role of the state at all. He identifies three types of government interventions that are necessary for a market economy because they promote capital accumulation.

a) Expenses for public works.

b) Expenses for maintaining military security.

c) Costs of providing and maintaining the legal system.

This is what the government should do in the economy. Any types of his activities that go beyond the described framework cause harm to the economy. Thus, here too A. Smith continues the traditions of the physiocrats, consistently acting as an ideologist of economic liberalism.

2. Fiscal policy

Objectives of budget policy:

1. Improving the legal regulation of the budget process.

The main innovation of the budget legislation of the coming period will be the preparation of a new edition of the Budget Code, which should summarize the results of the budget reforms, consolidate into a single system numerous adopted federal laws and draft laws on amendments to the Budget Code.

The new edition of the Budget Code should be more resistant to changes, understandable and easy to use.

The new edition of the Budget Code will provide for:

expansion of the subject of the Budget Code in terms of regulation of certain issues in relation to “non-participants” of the budget process (budgetary and autonomous institutions, unitary enterprises, state corporations and companies);

improving the methodology for the formation and execution of expenditure obligations to more clearly determine the volume and structure of the state’s current obligations and planning financial resources for their implementation;

elimination of excessive detail and duplication of provisions of the Budget Code (for example, refusal to preserve the lists of budgetary powers of the Ministry of Finance of Russia and the Federal Treasury);

the introduction of norms establishing the possibility of redistribution by regions in favor of local budgets of certain non-tax revenues, which will allow additional revenues to be directed to local budgets through inter-budgetary regulation and increase their financial security;

clarifying the forms of interbudgetary transfers, including the introduction of subsidies in order to ensure budget balance, “horizontal interbudgetary transfers”, limiting the scope of interbudgetary transfers, tightening requirements for the distribution of subsidies exclusively by laws (decisions) on the budget;

changing the principles of distribution of income from fines, since the current distribution does not have a unified methodology;

establishing requirements for the revenue forecasting methodology, as well as the corresponding budgetary powers of budget revenue administrators;

provision of federal budget funds to the authorized capital and authorized funds of legal entities, subsidies to legal entities within the amount of actual need;

ensuring an assessment of the magnitude and dynamics of tax preferences provided by the state ("tax expenses"), determining the effectiveness of established tax benefits that should be provided for a limited period;

formation of a legal basis for the system of budget payments (including issues of the functioning of its participants, forms of payment and principles of making payments), which will allow:

reduce operating costs associated with the implementation of the budget process, expand payment services, increase the accessibility and comfort of paying for state and municipal services;

ensure the transition from cash to treasury servicing of budget execution using a single treasury account in order to increase the efficiency of distribution of revenues between the budgets of the budget system of the Russian Federation and management of cash balances of the budgets of the budget system of the Russian Federation;

expand opportunities for managing free balances of budget funds, which will increase the liquidity of the single budget account and the profitability of operations from managing them;

clarification of the composition of documents and materials submitted simultaneously with the draft budget (inclusion of the main directions of debt policy, exclusion from the federal list of documents that are essentially information bases and to which constant access can be provided, for example, a register of expenditure obligations);

establishing the legal basis for the preparation of state financial reporting, including data on the public sector and the general government sector;

development of provisions on information systems.

It is assumed that changes to the Budget Code should come into force on January 1, 2016 and be applied starting with the formation of draft budgets for 2016 and the planning period of 2017 and 2018.

In order to ensure budget balance, it is necessary to take measures aimed at increasing budget revenues of the budget system of the Russian Federation.

In order to improve the rules for differentiating the degree of budgetary independence of government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local self-government bodies and to establish dependence exclusively on the share of subsidies in the budget revenues of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities, a draft federal law "On Amendments to the Budget Code of the Russian Federation in connection with improvement of interbudgetary relations and the procedure for changing certain provisions of Articles 104, 104.1, 130 and 136 of the Budget Code of the Russian Federation until 2016."

The changes provide for the establishment of restrictions depending on the share of subsidies in the own revenues of the consolidated budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets, and not on the share of all interbudgetary transfers to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities currently used in calculations (with the exception of subventions and certain types of financial support) in the revenues of the corresponding budgets.

For the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are recipients of subsidies to equalize the budgetary provision of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, restrictions will be established on the implementation of external borrowing on international capital markets and cash services for the execution of regional budgets by the executive bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The proposed approach to setting restrictions also provides for a change in the shares of interbudgetary transfers from 20 to 10% and from 60 to 40%, affecting the degree of budgetary independence of government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Also, in order to create conditions at the legislative level for solving the problem in the field of financial relations between the federal and regional budgets, it is advisable to include in the draft new edition of the Budget Code provisions according to which the distribution of subsidies between the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is approved by the federal law on the federal budget for the next financial year and the planned one. period.

To prepare reports on the execution of the consolidated budget of an urban district with intra-city division, it is planned to introduce amendments to the Budget Code, which will come into force in 2015 and are aimed at ensuring the balance of local budgets in the new conditions, as well as clarifying the existing norms and rules of interbudgetary regulation at the regional and municipal level. levels.

It is envisaged to clarify the amounts of deductions from federal taxes and fees to the budgets of municipal districts and rural settlements, as well as to establish standards for deductions from taxes and fees to the budgets of newly formed urban districts with intracity districts and intracity districts located on their territory.

2. Improving the quality of government programs and expanding their use in budget planning.

Further implementation of the principle of forming budgets on the basis of state (municipal) programs will increase the validity of budget allocations at the stage of their formation, ensure their greater transparency for society and the availability of greater opportunities for assessing their effectiveness.

State programs should more fully reflect the complex of measures and instruments of state policy, thereby increasing their quality as strategic planning documents. It is important to ensure further integration of state programs into the budget planning process, including regulating the process of allocating additional resources, linking it with the achievement of the goals and results of the relevant state programs. At the same time, the need to exercise powers under conditions of strict financial restrictions requires expanding the powers of the main managers of federal budget funds to redistribute funds within programs.

In terms of improving the methodology for the formation of state programs, it is planned to carry out:

full reflection and consideration of the impact on target indicators when forming government programs of all government policy instruments - not only budget expenditures, but also the use of tax incentives (tax incentives should be considered as “tax expenses”), tariff regulation measures, regulatory regulation, participation in management state corporations and companies, etc.;

expanding the practice of implementing government program activities on the principles of project management, which presupposes the obligation to justify the choice of forms and mechanisms for the implementation of specific activities (including the possibility of their implementation without the use of federal budget funds or the feasibility of using public-private partnership mechanisms);

finalizing the requirements for the target indicators of government programs used, since in most cases they do not allow assessing the real results of the development of the relevant industry as a whole and are not linked to the strategic development goals of the country;

refinement of methods for assessing the effectiveness of government programs;

the introduction of mandatory adjustments to government programs that have low efficiency ratings at the end of the reporting year, as well as a procedure for taking into account the results of efficiency evaluation when forming a draft budget and clarifying cost estimates for the longer term.

In order to integrate the processes of budget formation and state programs, it is necessary to ensure the simultaneous submission to the State Duma of the draft federal budget for the next financial year and planning period and draft amendments to state programs.

Refinement of the decision-making procedure that determines the composition and volume of budget expenditures involves:

unity of methodological approaches to planning current and capital expenditures, rejection of a special (separate) approach to planning investment expenditures;

joint consideration at the planning stage of investment and subsequent associated current and operating costs;

consideration of proposals for new facilities only if the state program has resources sufficient to maintain existing and commissioned facilities;

inclusion of budgetary allocations for investments in the budget only if approved project documentation is available;

refusal to approve new federal target programs and inclusion of activities of existing federal target programs in the corresponding state programs;

formation of long-term budget forecasts containing a forecast of the main characteristics of the budget for the long term, including maximum expenditures for the implementation of government programs;

rejection of the practice of making one-time decisions and instructions, including those involving the allocation of budgetary allocations from the federal budget, linking the adoption and execution of such decisions with the achievement of the goals and results of the relevant government programs;

execution of all decisions within the approved maximum expenditures for the implementation of state programs (if, within the framework of a state program, the responsible executive does not find reserves for implementing the decision, he must initiate an adjustment or cancellation of such a decision);

expanding the powers of responsible executors of state programs to redistribute funds between the activities of state programs;

reducing the number of co-executors and participants in government programs by transferring appropriations to federal executive authorities responsible for developing state policy and legal regulation in the relevant area.

3. Reducing the dependence of the budgets of state extra-budgetary funds of the Russian Federation on transfers from the federal budget.

In accordance with certain provisions of Federal Law N 400-FZ, Federal Laws of December 28, 2013 N 424-FZ “On Cumulative Pension”, N 421-FZ “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation in Connection with the Adoption of the Federal Law “On a special assessment of working conditions” (hereinafter referred to as Federal Law N 421-FZ) provides for the implementation of certain measures aimed at reducing the dependence of the budget of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation on federal budget transfers.

a gradual increase in the base for calculating insurance premiums from 160% of the nominally accrued average monthly salary to 230%;

encouraging later assignment of labor pensions;

clarification of the requirements for the minimum insurance period (from 5 to 15 years).

It also provides for a change in the mechanism of preferences for the payment of insurance premiums to the budgets of state extra-budgetary funds of the Russian Federation by certain categories of policyholders so that after the expiration of such preferences (if it is necessary to support certain sectors of the economy), state support measures are provided that do not affect the compulsory social insurance system.

In addition, in 2014 - 2015 it is planned to study the feasibility of transferring the administration of insurance premiums from state extra-budgetary funds to the Federal Tax Service of Russia.

4. Increasing the efficiency of financial relationships with the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets.

The basis for increasing the efficiency of providing interbudgetary transfers is to improve the structure and procedure for their provision, as well as the formation of the volumes of these transfers based on the need to solve priority problems of socio-economic development.

Stability and predictability of interbudgetary regulation is the basis for increasing the efficiency of the use of interbudgetary transfers. Based on this, the draft federal budget for 2015 - 2017 will ensure the maximum distribution of interbudgetary transfers among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

To maintain the level of financial support for constituent entities of the Russian Federation with a relatively low level of per capita tax and non-tax revenues within the planning period, it is planned to increase, taking into account the rate of inflation, the total volume of subsidies provided to the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to equalize budgetary security.

It is planned to continue work on consolidating subsidies allocated to the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation from the federal budget within the framework of state programs.

At the same time, subsidies for co-financing of specific regional and municipal facilities will be provided only on the condition that they are necessary for the functioning of federal property. In order to co-finance other facilities, it is planned to provide a single (comprehensive) subsidy within the framework of state programs, control over the use of which does not provide for the inclusion of regional and municipal facilities in the federal targeted investment program.

After completion of these activities (in the medium term), it is necessary to abandon further changes in the methodology and approaches to the formation, distribution and provision of interbudgetary transfers, adjustments in the distribution of powers between levels of public authority, changes in tax legislation, which will allow government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments realize the advantages of long-term budget planning and the program-target method at a qualitatively new level.

In the context of a significant increase in the volume of state and municipal debt, the main task of providing budget loans will change.

Reducing the level of debt burden of regional and local budgets, in particular, will be facilitated by replacing commercial loans from constituent entities of the Russian Federation with budget loans from the federal budget while simultaneously reducing fees for using budget loans. At the same time, as conditions for granting loans, additional requirements will be used to limit the increase in other borrowings (with the exception of loans for restructuring accumulated debt), optimize the structure and volume of expenditure obligations, and implement an effective revenue administration policy.

5. Increasing the efficiency of providing state (municipal) services.

As part of solving this problem, work will continue to create incentives for a more rational and economical use of budget funds (including when placing orders and fulfilling obligations), and reducing the share of ineffective budget expenditures.

The use of the instrument of state (municipal) assignment for the provision of state (municipal) services in strategic and budget planning will ensure the interconnection of state programs and state assignments in order to create conditions for achieving the goals of state policy in relevant areas and increasing the efficiency of institutions to meet the needs of citizens and society in state and municipal services.

At the same time, summary indicators of state assignments will be included in the indicators of state programs (subprograms), and the parameters of state assignments will be formed in accordance with the goals and expected results of the relevant state programs.

It is also necessary to provide for linking the composition and volume of state (municipal) services (work) with social guarantees and obligations of the state.

The process of developing a transparent methodology for determining the cost of state (municipal) services will be completed by introducing unified (group) values ​​of cost standards for the formation of subsidies for financial support for the implementation of state (municipal) tasks.

It is necessary to continue work on optimizing the structure of the budget network through the liquidation or transformation of state (municipal) institutions that do not provide services directly aimed at implementing the powers of state authorities and local governments, as well as those that do not correspond to the profile of the body exercising the functions and powers of the founder in the organization other organizational and legal form. For this purpose, it is envisaged to develop the basis for making decisions on the advisability of maintaining, reorganizing, changing the type or liquidating state institutions.

During the planning period, the formation of a unified list of state and municipal services and works will be completed on the basis of basic (sectoral) lists of state and municipal services and works developed by federal executive authorities, which will be valid for all public legal entities.

At the same time, a unified list of state and municipal services and works should become the basis for the formation of departmental lists of state (municipal) services and works.

Improving the quality of state (municipal) services (works) is also expected to be achieved by creating an appropriate regulatory framework regulating the involvement of non-governmental organizations in the provision of state (municipal) services (works) through the introduction of competitive placement of state (municipal) orders for the provision of state (municipal) services. services with the participation of non-governmental organizations and the full application of the principles of “effective contract” in state (municipal) institutions.

6. Optimization of labor costs.

As part of the implementation of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On the main directions for improving the public administration system" dated May 7, 2012 N 601, it is proposed to ensure the improvement of the remuneration system for civil servants by increasing the material incentive fund in the period 2015 - 2016, and starting from 2017 - with changes in the structure of the wage fund, in which the share of incentive payments will be 40%, while simultaneously increasing the wage fund by 2.48 times.

In addition, it is planned to optimize budget expenditures on wages, including taking into account the reduction in the number of civil servants and employees of federal government bodies filling positions that are not positions in the federal public civil service, carried out in conjunction with the optimization of the functions of federal government bodies (redistribution of functions , transfer of powers to government bodies of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, elimination of duplicating functions, specialization of functions, etc.).

In 2017, financial support for remuneration costs for employees of federal government bodies is planned to be carried out based on the actual number, taking into account the limitation of funding for vacant positions to no more than 10% of the established number. This approach will optimize the costs of maintaining federal government agencies.

At the same time, in the event of an increase in the actual number (within the limits of the staffing level) during the financial year, the main managers of federal budget funds will be provided with additional budgetary allocations for remuneration of employees from the funds of a reserve specially created for these purposes.

Since 2017, in the context of an increase in the level of remuneration of civil servants, it is planned to reduce the duration of vacations in the state civil service.

In addition, the transition to the full-scale application of the principles of “effective contract” in relation to each employee in state (municipal) institutions will be completed, based on the need to increase wages depending on the quality and quantity of work performed.

7. Removing restrictions on transport infrastructure.

Budgetary policy in the field of transport and road infrastructure will be carried out taking into account:

priority for the implementation of large investment projects in the development of transport infrastructure, which have a significant multiplier effect by reducing transport costs and giving an additional impetus to the development of related sectors of the economy, including the construction of seaport facilities in the area of ​​​​the village of Sabetta, the Moscow - St. Petersburg expressway , the Central Ring Road, projects for the development of the railway infrastructure of the Moscow transport hub, the Baikal-Amur and Trans-Siberian railways, railway infrastructure on the Mezhdurechensk - Taishet section, the development of airports of the Moscow aviation hub;

reducing the volume of support for railway transport, including passenger transportation in suburban services and long-distance trains, while maintaining the financial stability of the open joint-stock company "Russian Railways" by establishing long-term tariff regulation at a level that ensures break-even of the company's activities and the implementation of its long-term investment program in the necessary volumes, the establishment of long-term relations between the open joint-stock company "Russian Railways" and the Russian Federation on the current maintenance and development of railway infrastructure on the basis of a network contract for guaranteed transport provision of infrastructure services, as well as the organization of passenger transportation on the basis of state orders;

ensuring a phased transition to the standard maintenance of inland waterways and navigable hydraulic structures in order to increase the level of safety of navigation of vessels on inland waterways, as well as the level of safety of navigable hydraulic structures; increasing the accessibility of air transportation, including on socially significant and commercially unprofitable routes, as well as supporting new routes to achieve sustainable passenger traffic on them with the abandonment of government support after achieving profitability.

In addition, for the purpose of sustainable development of the transport industry, in the next financial year and planning period, measures should be implemented to:

mobilization of federal budget revenues related to the development of transport infrastructure, in particular by introducing fees for the use of inland waterway infrastructure (including the approval of relevant standards), as well as ensuring the introduction of a toll system to compensate for damage caused to public roads of federal importance vehicles with a permissible weight of over 12 tons;

optimization of standards for financing road work on federal roads;

conducting an analysis of investment projects with a view to expanding the use of public-private partnership mechanisms (concession, life cycle contract) with the involvement of extra-budgetary sources, including the possibility of introducing payment for the use of transport infrastructure facilities.

8. Increasing the efficiency of spending budget allocations for capital investments.

To increase the efficiency of capital investments, it is necessary to create conditions aimed at reducing the risks of delays in construction, reconstruction, and technical re-equipment of capital construction projects, including due to the length of the procedure for making changes to the federal targeted investment program.

Planning budget allocations for capital investments in the construction of the facility itself should be implemented only if, as of May 1 of the current year, approved project documentation is available (project documentation undergoing state examination).

Reducing the time frame and improving the quality of planning budget allocations for capital investments will be facilitated by an additional restriction on the inclusion of these expenses in the draft budget only if there is an approved decision on capital investments or a draft of such a decision agreed upon with all interested federal executive authorities.

At the same time, when making a decision on capital investments in federally owned objects, only the characteristics of the object (its cost, capacity, commissioning period) will be determined. The right to independently determine the method of financial support (subsidies or investments) will be transferred to the main managers.

In 2015 - 2016, the process of centralizing procurement for major repairs and construction and creating an authorized institution for the majority of federal authorities will be completed.

It is also necessary to reduce (gradually until completely abolished) the practice of advance payments when executing state (municipal) contracts for the construction and reconstruction of capital construction projects.

The main task of budget policy in the field of agriculture for 2015 - 2017 remains the optimization and prioritization of existing expenditure obligations of the federal budget to provide state support for agricultural development, taking into account existing instructions of the President and Government of the Russian Federation. In order to mobilize resources to financially support established industry development priorities, the following should be done:

ensure state assistance in increasing the investment attractiveness of the industry within the framework of subsidizing part of the interest rate on attracted investment loans, taking into account the priority fulfillment of expenditure obligations to subsidize investment loans attracted before January 1, 2013, as well as the performance of seasonal field work by subsidizing part of the interest rate on short-term loans , borrowed from Russian credit institutions;

reduce the number of major activities to support agriculture, concentrating budget resources on the implementation of the most significant areas of support for the Russian agro-industrial complex;

tighten the conditions for interbudgetary transfers provided to the budgets of constituent entities of the Russian Federation for the development of agricultural production;

carry out an inventory of investment projects that are planned to be subsidized through federal budget allocations (in terms of areas of support, categories of budget recipients, etc.), as well as economically significant programs of constituent entities of the Russian Federation for the development of certain sub-sectors of agriculture;

prevent the formation of federal budget obligations that are not covered by budgetary allocations under the powers of state authorities of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation on subjects of joint jurisdiction, carried out by these bodies independently at the expense of the budget of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation (with the exception of subventions from the federal budget) and related to the provision of support for agricultural production.

Maneuvering resources, primarily those provided for in the federal budget for providing unrelated support in crop production and subsidizing one liter (kilogram) of milk, should ensure to the maximum extent the achievement of the main key indicators and indicators of agricultural development approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, as well as the results of the implementation of agricultural politicians.

9. Improving the efficiency of managing public debt and public financial assets.

The implementation of debt policy in 2015 - 2017 will be carried out within the framework of solving key tasks of maintaining a moderate debt burden (the ratio of the public debt of the Russian Federation to GDP not exceeding 15 - 20%) and reducing the cost of servicing public debt (the share in the total expenditures of the federal budget, not exceeding 10%), compliance with the indicators and indicators established by the state program "Public Finance Management and Regulation of Financial Markets", as well as for the development of the internal capital market.

The priority direction of the issuance policy on the domestic capital market in the planned period will be the issue of medium- and long-term government securities. The issue of short-term instruments (up to 1 year) is considered an exceptional measure, the use of which is justified only in conditions of extremely unfavorable market conditions in the absence of funding opportunities through the issue of medium- and long-term government securities. This practice will keep the risks of limiting access to refinancing low, as well as optimize the structure of government internal debt by maturity.

The policy of maintaining high liquidity of the OFZ market will be continued by regularly offering to the market new “benchmark” bond issues with constant coupon rates, large volumes in circulation and redemption at “standard” points of the bond yield curve, that is, 3 - 15 years.

In addition, work will continue to create the prerequisites for the further development of the capital market, in particular, on the transition to active operations for managing public debt for a targeted impact on the volume and structure of debt, including through exchange operations of old issues of government securities with a non-standard structure and low liquidity for new standard issues.

The profitability of placed OFZ issues will be formed under the influence, first of all, of the current needs of the federal budget (supply) and depending on market conditions (demand for bonds), including on the international capital market, taking into account the solution of the strategic task of achieving and maintaining the target duration OFZ portfolio at the level of 5 years.

In the development of the domestic debt market, a number of measures will be taken aimed at:

further infrastructure changes in order to create the most comfortable conditions for investors;

ensuring a regular, time-diversified supply of government bonds, taking into account the corresponding demand and in volumes that meet the needs of the federal budget;

further improvement of the investor base by expanding the range of instruments offered;

increasing the transparency of government borrowing policy, ensuring constant active interaction with the investment community, stimulating an increase in the level of investor confidence in the Russian debt market;

improving the quality of information support for the issuer’s actions and disclosure of information about the state and characteristics of public debt.

In order to maintain Russia's presence as a sovereign borrower in the international capital market and maintain constant access to the resources of these markets, in the period 2015 - 2017 it is planned:

continue the placement of Eurobonds of the Russian Federation in limited volumes, taking into account existing demand and current market conditions;

continue to form a representative yield curve for borrowings by the Russian Federation in various currencies, primarily in US dollars and euros;

create further prerequisites for attracting long-term investors, diversified by type and geography;

improve borrowing conditions in the interests of corporate borrowers;

maintain an ongoing dialogue with a wide range of global investors.

In the field of managing sovereign funds of the Russian Federation in the medium term, the main tasks are:

increasing income from managing the resources of the Reserve Fund and the National Welfare Fund through the implementation of less conservative and more profitable investment strategies that involve conducting transactions with corporate securities with the involvement of professional participants in financial markets;

placement of part of the NWF funds in Russian securities related to the implementation of self-sustaining infrastructure projects that generate sustainable investment income.

3. Priorities of Russian state economic policy

The main strategic directions of state economic policy for the medium term (2014-2016) were formulated by President V. Putin in the Budget Address of the President of the Russian Federation on budget policy in 2014-2016.

According to the president, the situation in the Russian and global economy poses fiscal policy to new challenges. Based on high rates of economic development and rising prices for resources, the model of constant growth of budget expenditures has now exhausted its possibilities.

In modern conditions, solving the problems of increasing the efficiency of expenditures and reorienting budget allocations within the framework of existing budget restrictions for the implementation of priority directions of state policy, carrying out socio-economic transformations aimed at increasing the efficiency of all participants in economic relations, achieving measurable, socially significant results comes to the fore. , the most important of which were established by decrees of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 7, 2012.

In the new macroeconomic realities, it is necessary to solve the following problems.

First. Ensuring long-term balance and sustainability of the budget system as the basic principle of responsible budget policy with the unconditional fulfillment of all state obligations and the fulfillment of the tasks set in the decrees of the President of the Russian Federation of May 7, 2012.

In the context of a reduction in previously predicted revenues, it is necessary to develop algorithms for using various sources of financing in the event of an unpredictable increase in the budget deficit.

The budget strategy should contain clear guidelines for the resource provision of government programs and an assessment of the risks of budget imbalance in various forecast scenarios, as well as a recommended algorithm of actions for their implementation.

Second. Optimizing the structure of federal budget expenditures .

The exhaustion of opportunities for increasing the total volume of federal budget expenditures requires the identification of reserves and redistribution in favor of priority areas and projects, primarily ensuring the solution of the tasks set in the decrees of the President of the Russian Federation of May 7, 2012 and creating conditions for economic growth.

The main reserves currently are :

· ensuring long-term balance of the pension system with a gradual reduction of subsidies to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation from the federal budget, subject to a consistent increase in the standard of living of pensioners;

· active use of public-private partnership mechanisms to attract investments and services from private companies to solve public problems, as well as investing funds from the National Welfare Fund and pension savings in investment projects, primarily infrastructure, on a repayable basis;

· possible extension of the deadlines for the implementation of certain areas of the State Armament Program for 2011-2020;

· increasing the targeting of social support for citizens;

· carrying out structural reforms in the social sphere;

· increasing the efficiency of budget expenditures in general, including through optimization of public procurement, the budget network and the number of civil servants.

Third. Development of program-targeted management methods .

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Regional policy in the Russian Federation: concepts, goals, objectives, elements, levels. Strategic goals of the state social policy. State regulation of problem regions. Development of federal relations and the role of local government.

Goals for studying the topic: In this section, we will consider the content and main priorities of the state’s economic policy, study the problems of structural restructuring of the Russian economy, identify the state’s capabilities to form and support the functioning of the financial and budgetary systems, and the infrastructure of the market economy. Basic concepts and terms: financial policy, budget, tax system, taxation system, monetary policy, structural policy

The economy of any country is a complex system, that is, a set of qualitatively defined subsystems, between which there is a natural connection

1. Financial policy of the state State financial resources are generated through the collection of taxes, customs duties, duties, special payments, the sale of state property, proceeds from the privatization of state property, funds from the sale of the country’s gold reserves, the issue and sale of state securities securities, sales of state blocks of shares, profits from state business activities, receipt of funds on the basis of external and internal borrowing, use of reserve and insurance funds. The impact of public finance on socio-economic processes in society depends largely on the correctly developed financial policy of the state. Financial policy is a set of financial measures carried out by government bodies through the links and elements of the financial system. The main task of financial policy is to achieve macroeconomic equilibrium between aggregate demand and aggregate supply

The information base for making management decisions on the effective use of financial resources is the consolidated balance of the state's financial resources. The purpose of developing a balance is to determine the volume of financial resources of the state for the forecast period, the possibilities of using them to finance economic and social development programs, as well as to establish optimal directions for their distribution and use

According to their functional purpose, the expenditures of the state’s financial resources can be combined into five groups: 1. Financing of public services of general purpose (costs of public administration; maintenance of legislative, executive and judicial bodies; international activities, national defense, ensuring public order and security and etc.); 2. Financing the production of public goods (expenses for science, education, culture and art, healthcare, physical culture and sports, social protection and social security, housing and communal services, media, etc.); 3. Financing of public services related to economic activity (expenses for the development of areas of material production; for increasing the efficiency of economic activities, implementing structural transformations in the economy, creating conditions for economic growth, for the implementation of targeted comprehensive programs, etc.) ; 4. Expenditures of state trust funds

5. Other expenses (interest payments and costs associated with servicing public debt, creating reserve funds, general transfers, etc.)

Ineffective government financial policy leads to the emergence of public debt. Public debt is divided into internal and external

Domestic public debt is the total amount of government debt to the population, owners of government securities, equal to the amount of past budget deficits

2. Budget policy The state budget plays an important role in the social redistribution of resources and is the main link in the state financial systems. The state budget is an annual plan of government expenditures and sources of financial coverage. The budget is prepared according to the budget classification

Budget classification is a unified international system of functional grouping of budget income and expenses according to homogeneous characteristics. It provides the opportunity to compare budget data from different budgets, determine the nature of the state’s regulatory actions to search for revenue sources and directions for using the funds received

Functions of the budget: 1. Fiscal (consists of financial support for the state to perform its main functions). When performing this function, it is necessary to remember that the state budget is considered not only as an estimate of revenues and expenses, but, above all, as a way to ensure macroeconomic balance and economic growth, a financial plan

2. Regulatory (withdrawal of part of the social product in the form of taxes and non-tax revenues to the budget allows you to adjust the use of this product, influencing the volume of aggregate demand and the proportion between consumption and savings in the economy). During the recession stage, budget expenditures increase, compensating for the loss of part of public demand, which revives the economy, but worsens the budget balance. At the stage of economic recovery, the growth of tax revenues improves the budget balance. 3. Strategic (determined by the structure of state consumption and public investment and is realized through the influence of the state on the intersectoral and interregional redistribution of resources within the country in accordance with established priorities). 4. Stimulating (consists in the influence of budget policy measures on the activation of economic processes). The main strategic directions of budget policy: - ensuring the full and timely fulfillment of the state’s financial obligations at all levels of government; - eliminating disincentive elements and strengthening the stimulating functions of budget policy; - reducing the debt burden on the economy

The main stages of the budget process: - drawing up a draft budget; - budget review; - budget approval; - budget execution; - drawing up, reviewing and approving a report on budget implementation

3. Tax regulation Tax policy plays a special role in government regulation. Taxes are one of the most important types of government revenue that the state receives on the basis of its powers. A tax is a mandatory payment that is levied on the budget from legal entities and citizens

There are two main groups of taxes: 1. Direct action. These are taxes on the processes of production and circulation of products - capital, labor and land. Examples are income tax, wages and other labor income, property tax, gift and inheritance tax, land tax, etc. The taxpayer experiences direct tax directly as a loss of income (withdrawal of part of it)

2. Indirect action. The subject of taxation are goods and services. Indirect taxes appear during distribution and consumption; they extend their effect to the consumer and represent taxes on his expenses. Examples are excise taxes on goods and services, VAT, sales tax, customs tariffs, duties and fees for the provision of services. The main functions of taxes: 1. fiscal (consists in receiving and accumulating tax payments and the formation of budget revenues on their basis to finance government expenditures) 2. social (its essence is in maintaining social balance through reducing the large discrepancy in real incomes of individual social groups population) 3. regulating (its essence is that, through tax levers, certain forms of economic activity, production and consumption, industries and regions are stimulated (disincentivized). Tax system - a set of taxes levied by the state in a given country, tax rules and bodies implementing tax functions

The system of tax authorities includes tax collection authorities represented by the tax inspectorate and tax supervision authorities represented by the tax police. The tax system is based on the following principles: 1. Mandatory payment of taxes - development of norms for mandatory payments (taxes) determined based on reliable data about the object of taxation and establishment of liability for evasion of their payment

2. Equality of subjects of taxation is the prevention of any manifestations of tax discrimination. It is ensured by a unified approach to business entities when determining their tax obligations. 3. Social justice - ensuring social support for low-income segments of the population through the introduction of economically sound taxation. This is the establishment of a tax-free minimum, the use of differentiated taxation of income of citizens (enterprises) with different levels of income, etc. 4. Stability – ensuring the stability of taxes and obligatory payments during the budget year

5. Scientific validity - the establishment of new or changes in the amount of existing taxes must be scientifically justified and undergo practical testing. 6. Uniform payment of taxes - determined by establishing deadlines for payment of tax obligations, based on the need to ensure the receipt of funds into the budget

7. Accessibility – ensuring openness of information about types of taxes, amounts and forms. 8. Stimulation - when determining types and sizes, a prerequisite is the degree of their influence on socio-economic development

The tax system is the taxpayers normatively determined by the legislative authorities, their rights and obligations, objects of taxation, types of taxes, fees and other obligatory payments to budgets, contributions to state trust funds, as well as the procedure for collecting established tax payments, fees and contributions. Also, instruments of tax regulation are tax benefits, which are enshrined in regulations as exceptions to the general scheme for calculating a specific type of tax, and relate to the object, rate or other components of taxation

According to the types of rates charged, taxes are classified into three groups: 1. Progressive tax means that a higher percentage is taken from high incomes than from low ones (that is, the tax rate increases as income increases)

2. Proportional tax - the same tax rate is charged, regardless of the amount of income

3. Regressive taxation - the percentage of income withdrawn by taxes decreases as income increases. Introduced to stimulate profit growth. At the same time, with regressive taxes, after-tax income inequality increases. Thus, the sales tax (like all indirect taxes levied on the prices of goods, it is regressive) places a greater burden on individuals with low incomes than on those who receive high incomes. In the case of a progressive tax scale, an increase in income leads to an increase in part of tax payments, which is a kind of “built-in” stabilizer that “cools” the economy. Reducing tax rates and increasing government spending is used as a lever to enhance economic dynamics, while increasing tax rates and reducing costs is one of the ways to prevent “overheating” of the economy. In case of overestimation of rates, a number of negative consequences arise, the most important of which are: o undermining the foundations of normal reproduction and scientific and technical progress, o deformation and inhibition of the production process, o decrease in labor activity, o growth of the “shadow” economy, o massive practice of tax evasion , o reduction in state budget revenues. The main objectives of tax reform are: - reduction and equalization of the tax burden, - strengthening tax control over production costs, - minimizing the costs of implementing and administering tax legislation, - reducing tax rates. The tax system should be simplified as much as possible. It is necessary to significantly increase the taxation of non-productive activities: entertainment business, certain types of mediation, etc.

4. Monetary regulation Monetary policy (MP) is a set of measures in the field of money circulation and credit aimed at regulating economic growth, curbing inflation and ensuring the stability of the monetary unit, ensuring employment and equalization of the balance of payments. State monetary regulation is carried out by the Central Bank. Regulatory instruments are divided into direct and indirect. Indirect instruments of monetary policy: 1. Discount rate policy. The Central Bank acts as the main creditor of all other banks. The rate on such loans is called the discount rate. The difference between the discount rate and the rates of commercial banks is a source of profit for the latter. The Central Bank has the right to change this rate at any time. By increasing it, it limits the demand for borrowed funds on the part of commercial banks, by reducing it, it stimulates this demand. The rate cut also stimulates the private sector to make new investments

2. System of required reserves. The required reserve ratio is the ratio of the amount of the prescribed investment of a commercial bank in the central bank to the current liabilities of this bank. Amounts representing the required minimum reserves of commercial banks are kept with the Central Bank in the form of permanent deposits. If a commercial bank does not comply with this requirement, it has to pay penalty interest. The Central Bank, by increasing the amount of the required reserve, restrains the business activity of commercial banks; by decreasing it, it stimulates it

3. Regulation through transactions with securities on the open market. Administrative measures to regulate the credit and banking system - direct instructions to banks in the form of directives, instructions, as well as the application of sanctions. The Central Bank controls the activities of commercial banks and conducts regular audits of them

5. Structural policy Relationships that reflect the relationships and interdependencies between individual parts of the economy in the process of its development are characterized by the concept of “economic structure”. For state regulation, the following main types of structural relationships are of greatest importance - reproductive, sectoral, social, regional, foreign trade

The reproduction structure is characterized by the following relationships: 1. Between the production of means of production and the production of consumer goods

2. Between reimbursement of used means of production and newly created value

3. Between consumption and accumulation

4. Between production areas and infrastructure

The sectoral structure characterizes the contribution of individual industries, industries, inter-industry complexes to the reproduction of GDP

The regional (territorial) structure of the economy characterizes the contribution of individual regions to the reproduction of GDP. The social structure reflects the distribution of the national economy by organizational and legal forms of economic activity, level of income and life of the population

The structure of foreign trade is a kind of mirror of the state of the economy.

The structural policy of the state is the justification of the goals and nature of structural transformations, the definition of a set of measures to support the development of those elements of the economic system that ensure economic growth and solve pressing problems of the present

There are two types of structural policy: 1. Passive structural policy - the state creates a legal basis for the free flow of capital and labor from one industry to another, but does not directly interfere with these processes. The structure changes only due to changes in profit rates. 2. Active structural policy - the state, with the help of a system of measures and means, influences the acceleration of progressive structural changes. A whole range of measures is possible: stimulating the flow of capital into priority sectors; stimulating the development of industries that accelerate the implementation of scientific and technical progress achievements; protection and provision of financial assistance to industries that are in decline and require a radical reconstruction of the production apparatus; curtailment of some production in depressed industries, etc.

The concept of active structural policy is based on a clear definition of the most effective directions for structural transformation of the economy. At this stage of economic development, the main directions of state structural policy include: 1. Growth of production in industries that provide a significant part of the export of finished products

2. Growth in production in industries that are capable of replacing imported products in the domestic market

3. Development of production of goods competitive on the world market

4. Support for industries that use resource-saving technologies

5. Growth of production in industries that are capable of increasing the scientific and technical level and quality of products

6. Development of competition through restructuring and diversification of production

7. Development of production of raw materials, semi-finished products and components to replace imported ones

Currently in Russia there is a process of structural degradation of industry, expressed in the transformation of the structure towards primary, unskilled workers. less technologically complex industries, which, of course, entails both increased dependence of the national economy on the world market and the subsequent degradation of the country’s scientific and technical potential

When discussing the structural restructuring of the Russian economy, the most important issues remain: 1. conversion of branches of the military-industrial complex; 2. support and development of small businesses. 3. policy of support and development of industries in the real sector of the economy

In the economic reforms carried out in Russia and the restructuring of the management system, an important role is played by the reorganization of the activities of enterprises of the military-industrial complex. Partial or complete reorientation of enterprises (production capacities, scientific and technical potential and labor resources) from military to civilian needs constitutes conversion

The priorities in the field of military-industrial complex conversion are: the formation of national research centers for the most important (breakthrough) technologies; creation of financial and industrial groups, technology parks based on the use of dual-value technologies; the formation of transnational companies, new industries based on breakthrough and competitive technologies as forms of participation in the global division of labor; transition in full to the state contract system of placing orders for the needs of the state; regulatory and legal support of the economic mechanism corresponding to the peculiarities of the organization and economy of the military-industrial complex

The real sector of the economy is a sector of the economy directly related to material production, making profits and filling the budget. The state needs support for the functioning of the real sector of the economy, which is mainly implemented through a mechanism for stimulating investment activity in these areas, as well as creating tax incentives. Control questions: 1. What is the financial policy of the state? What are its main tasks and activities? 2. What is the state budget? What are its functions in the economy? 3. What is the state's tax policy? What are the operating principles of the tax system? 4. What is monetary policy? What are its main tools? 5. What is the structural policy of the state? In what directions and how is it being implemented?

The economic objectives of each state are largely determined by the far from perfect qualities of a market economy. The democratic mechanism is characterized by a huge number of shortcomings, which determine the relevance of state participation in the economy.

What is Russia's policy aimed at?

Russia is aimed at eliminating the following negative aspects:

What are the policy priorities of the Russian state in the economy?

As a result of the increase in the scale of production, it is necessary to carry out global injections of capital into the economy, which even the largest domestic enterprises are not able to implement. Political control over the economy has a strategic purpose. The country has a huge number of enterprises that provide economic development, but cannot be entrusted to representatives. Examples include nuclear production and biological research. In matters of economic regulation, it is common for the state to set exclusively global goals. This is not only maintaining macroeconomic balance, but also guaranteeing social production. Goals and priorities tend to change. This will depend solely on what stage of development the country’s economy as a whole is at today.

Economic policy goals

The economic development of Russia can be guaranteed by the goals that the government sets when building its policy. They may change, as mentioned above, but in most situations they come down to a single list. Russian policy is aimed at:

• Supporting harmony in the sphere of social production.
• Stimulating growth in production volumes.
• Guaranteeing full employment of the population.
• Justified
• Stabilization of prices on the market.
• Preventing the process of inflation.
• Conservation of natural resources.

Quite often, obvious contradictions can form between goals. Most often, the problem becomes achieving a balance between increasing production and protection. The new economy is formed under the influence of state policy, which levels out contradictions, eliminates conflicts and develops effective management methods.

From past to future

When studying the question of what are the policy priorities of the Russian state in the economy, it is worth saying that the role of the government as a regulatory entity that creates optimal conditions for the functioning of economic entities is determined historically. Initially, the government was strict in tax collection. With the development of the economy, the list of tasks has increased. Starting from the 20th century, during the existence of the USSR, the government held the position of a total regulator, which determined the mentality of the country’s inhabitants.

Since 1999, economic priorities have become a prerequisite for limiting exposure. This practice did not catch on, and since 2000 everything has returned to normal. The Russian Ministry of Finance testified that by 2000, half of the economic segment was under government leadership. By 2007, this figure had increased. The transition to state regulation was carried out by companies such as Sibneft and Gazprom. The phenomenon has two sides. On the one hand, the state has taken full responsibility for the development of the economic segment, and on the other, it is practically unable to build a system of effective management.

Long-term policy

The main manifestation indicating the intervention of the Russian government in the economy is the formation of a long-term development plan for the latter. In particular, in 2008, a decree on the concept of social and economic development of Russia for the period until 2020 was legalized. If we study what the priorities of the Russian state's economic policy for this period are, we can talk about increasing the well-being of Russian citizens, ensuring a sufficient level of national security, dynamic economic development and strengthening positions in the world market.

Social priorities

The country's new economy is aimed at achieving high standards in people's well-being. According to preliminary estimates, by 2020, not only the level of income, but also the living conditions of each person should correspond to the indicators characteristic of highly developed countries. We can talk about safety, the availability of educational and health services, cultural benefits, as well as the presence of an environmentally friendly environment.

Leadership and Innovation

The directions of Russian economic policy are aimed at leadership and innovation. In the future, the state will not only have to maintain its position as a leader in the energy segment, as well as in the areas of processing and extraction of raw materials. It should form an economy of knowledge and high technology, which will ensure a high level of competitiveness in the global market. We can say that the government’s plans are to provide high-tech goods and intellectual services on the world market, which by 2020 will account for at least 5-10% of the total number of identical offers.

Based on the priorities of the Russian state’s economic policy today, we can talk about plans aimed at forming new territorial growth centers not only in raw material regions, but also in areas where innovation, industrial and agricultural potentials are concentrated. This will ensure a reduction in regional inequality. On the way to this goal, it is planned to create an extensive transport network, which will become a guarantor of interregional integration and territorial mobility.

Features of economic development shaped by the country's goals and priorities

The peculiarities of the Russian economy, determined by the specifics of the transition to an innovative, socially oriented type, determine the relevance of simultaneous solution of problems of both catching up and advanced development.

Global competition in the world market does not allow achieving prosperity and efficiency without the rapid development of sectors of activity that determine the specifications in the global economic system. New priorities and goals in economic policy are predetermined by the transition to a raw materials-export modification of growth. The latter is based on a balance between business freedom and national competitiveness. An approach to prosperity is impossible without implementing a set of transformations, which are determined by the country’s policies, its priorities and goals in economic development.

The most important directions of the Government’s modernization policy for the coming years include:

Carrying out institutional reforms to ensure sustainable and dynamic development of human capital. It is investments in people that are a priority of state policy and a priority of budget expenditures: increasing the efficiency of education, healthcare, pension systems, creating incentives and tools for improving housing conditions. It is these sectors that should become generators of domestic demand, causing growth in many other sectors - in science, research and development, industry and infrastructure.

Strengthening the role of domestic demand in ensuring economic growth. Structural renewal of the economy, leading to a reduction in the dependence of production and the financial system on the export of fuel and raw materials. Consistent demonopolization and development of competition, without which all measures to stimulate demand will not be effective.

Sustainable economic growth is based on the inviolability and security of private property. As the socio-economic situation stabilizes, the state will reduce its share in the ownership of industrial and financial assets. Privatization will be carried out in the interests of the effective owner.

Ensuring macroeconomic balance, which involves reducing the budget deficit, reducing inflation and interest rates, and stabilizing the national currency exchange rate. It is necessary to implement a complex set of institutional and organizational measures to restructure expenditure obligations aimed at increasing efficiency and strengthening the targeted nature of budget expenditures.

It is necessary to develop and begin to consistently implement measures to increase the international attractiveness of the ruble and expand the possibilities of its use in international payments. This requires increased stability of the Russian currency, low inflation rates and lower interest rates.

Increasing the efficiency and reliability of the banking system. This will help increase the availability of financial and credit services, create a stable financial market that is attractive to domestic and foreign investors, and create conditions for the emergence of long-term investment instruments.

Mitigating regional polarization by accelerating the development of depressed and underdeveloped regions, developing a strategic management system at the regional level.

Reducing differentiation by income level, including reducing the gap in the standard of living of the working and disabled population. A consistent policy of targeted social support for low-income groups of the population, fighting poverty, forming and implementing an effective employment policy, including by promoting self-employment and encouraging entrepreneurial initiative of citizens.

Development of the state healthcare system in order to prevent the deterioration of public health indicators during a crisis period, including due to the rising cost of medicines and medications, and a decrease in the availability of quality medical care. State guarantees of free medical care must be specified and fully ensured, and measures must be taken to improve the efficiency of resource use, including structural changes in healthcare. The compulsory health insurance system should become the main source of funds to pay for medical care. Improving law enforcement institutions as a condition for the effective functioning of the economic system (economic institutions). An effective economy requires an effective system for protecting human and property rights and ensuring compliance with current legislation. Reform of the law enforcement (and above all the judicial) system is an integral part of the policy of economic modernization. A radical increase in innovative activity in the economy, the formation of a “critical mass” of effective, dynamically developing, competitive enterprises in all sectors of production, the continuation of technological modernization of domestic industry. Promoting increased energy and resource efficiency. Development of infrastructure - transport, energy, information, creating the basis for increasing efficiency and reducing costs of all sectors of the economy.

The priorities of the economic modernization policy will also be reflected in the formation of budget policy priorities for 2014 and subsequent years.