What do neologisms mean in Russian? Neologisms in Russian. Methods for the appearance of new words
distracted, oh, oh; -ten, tna, tno (book). 1. Abstracted, obtained by abstraction; against. specific. Abstract concepts. 2. Using abstraction, based on abstraction (scientific).
Authoritarian
Aya, th; -ren, -rna (book). Based on unquestioning submission to power, dictatorship. Authoritarian regimes.
Adequate
[lat. adaequatus - equated] - 1) completely corresponding to something, identical, coinciding; 2) decomp. correct.
Shares "z
(fr. accise) - a type of indirect (included in the price or tariff) taxes on goods, mainly of mass consumption, services of private enterprises; paid by buyers (consumers).
Up-to-date
Aya, th; -len, -lna. Important, essential for the present moment. Actual topic.
Alternative
(French alternative, from Latin alter - one of two), the need to choose one of two or more mutually exclusive possibilities; each of the mutually exclusive possibilities.
Ambition
(from Lat. ambitio): Striving to achieve goals, ambition. The requirement for external signs of respect, honor. Pride, dignity. According to TSB: ambition, vanity, arrogance, arrogance; increased sensitivity.
Andegra "und
underground (English unerground - underground) in relation to the Russian. culture is a form of consistent aesthetic. and existential protest against the state-bureaucratic style of managing art and literature.
Antinomy
and, well. [greek. antinomia] (philosophy). The contradiction between two laws, regulations, principles, categories. And, g. [greek. antinomia] (philosophy). The contradiction between two laws, regulations, principles, categories.
Apocalypse
(Greek apokalypsis - revelation) - The Revelation of John, one of the books of the New Testament, the oldest surviving Christian literary works(ser. 68 - early 69). The Church attributes the authorship to John of the prophecy about the "end of the world", about the struggle between Christ and the Antichrist, "the last judgment", "the millennial kingdom of God."
Area
(from lat.area - area, space), part the earth's surface(or water area), within which one or another species (genus, family, etc.) of animals or plants is found.
Aura
(Latin aura - "breath", "breeze") - an astral shell, colorful phenomena "shining around the physical person and enveloping him like a cloud (as if in the shape of an egg)" (Steiner)
Ba "ykers
(English biker, from bike ← motorbike ← motorbicycle "motorcycle") - lovers and fans of motorcycles. Unlike regular motorcyclists, bikers have a motorcycle as part of their lifestyle.
Banal
oh, oh; -len, flax, flax [fr. banal]. Lost expressiveness due to frequent repetition, beaten, very mundane, vulgar. A banal phrase. Banal denouement of the play. B. gesture.
Barter
(from the French barater - to exchange) - natural commodity exchange, in which one thing is exchanged for another without monetary payment, a trade transaction carried out according to the “commodity for commodity” scheme.
Briefing
a brief meeting of officials, representatives of commercial or other structures with representatives of the media, which sets out a position on a particular issue.
Broker
(English broker) - an intermediary on the securities market (stock exchange) or on the commodity exchange, performing the functions of buying and selling securities or exchange commodities on behalf of the client and at his expense.
Vernissage
(from French vernissage - varnishing) - the grand opening of the artist. exhibitions. Name "V." associated with the tradition of artists to varnish paintings the day before the opening of the exhibition.
Winchester
hard disk drive (s), which serves as the basis for external permanent memory of the PC. Consists of three blocks: the first contains one or more disks, on the magnetic surface of which data is written.
Makeup artist-stylist
work with a face in order to find and give a certain image.
Genocide
actions aimed at the complete or partial destruction of a national, ethnic, racial or religious group by killing members of this group, causing grievous harm to their health, violent obstruction of childbirth.
Guru
(from Sanskrit letters - “ important person») - in Hinduism (cm), Buddhism (cm), yoga (cm) - the one whose words are more valuable than the most respected established and generally accepted principles; he is not a dictator, but an advisor.
Digest
the publication or its department, in which the content of publications of many periodicals is transmitted in condensed form with extracts in order to give an idea of all the most interesting that has found a place in the press for a certain period.
Display
(English display - to show, distantion play - playback at a distance) - an electronic device designed for visual display of information. A display in most cases can be called a part of a complete device used to display digital, alphanumeric or graphic information electronically. It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of "display", as a part of the device, and a monitor, which can have displays of different types - CRT, LCD, plasma, etc. For example, a mobile phone has a display for displaying information, but it can also have remote (plug-in) monitor.
Dissident
(lat. dissidens - dissent) - a person whose political views differ significantly from the official regulations in the country where he lives; politically dissenting.
Dilemma
(Greek δί-λημμα double lemma) is a polemical argument with two opposite positions, excluding the possibility of a third. [Sometimes misused to mean "problem"]
Dealer
(English dealer) - 1) an entrepreneur who sells products that he bought in bulk. As a rule, D. is an agent of a large industrial corporation and is part of its dealer company.
Distributor
a wholesale organization that sells goods purchased under a contract with a specific manufacturer on a long-term basis. D. purchases and sells goods on his own behalf and at his own expense.
Deposit
(from Lat. depositum - a thing given for storage) - 1) deposits in banks and savings banks; D. are: urgent, on demand, conditional; 2) entries in bank books, confirming certain requirements of customers to the bank.
Deportation
(lat. deportatio - expulsion, deportation) - forcible expulsion of a person or a whole category of persons to another state or other locality, usually under escort.
Depression
[de], and, well. [latin. depressio]. 1. Depressed, depressed mental state (honey). 2. Decline, stagnation in the economic life of the country (econ).
Deflation
(English - deflation from Latin deflatio - blowing out, deflation) - withdrawal from circulation of a part of the money supply in order to prevent its growth and suppress inflation, a process opposite to inflation.
Dividend
(from Lat. dividendus - subject to division) - a part of the profit of a joint-stock company, which it distributes among shareholders (holders of shares) and pays them annually in accordance with the shares they have and taking into account the dignity.
Image
(from the English image - "image", "image") - an artificial image formed in the public or individual consciousness by means of mass communication and psychological impact.
Immunodeficiencies (IDS)
disorders of immunological reactivity due to the loss of one or more components of the immune apparatus or nonspecific factors closely interacting with it.
Impeachment
(English impeachment - accusation, from Lat. impedivi - "prevented, intercepted") - the procedure for the removal from office of a high-ranking government official, right up to the head of state.
Impresario
(Italian impresario - from impredere - to undertake, to undertake), in some countries a private entrepreneur, organizer of entertainment enterprises or an agent of an artist acting on his behalf, concluding contracts for him, etc.
Inauguration
also inauguration - the inauguration ceremony. The word inauguration comes from lat. inauguro - "I dedicate". Basically, this ritual is borrowed from the coronation ceremonies of monarchs.
Invective
s, g. [from lat. invectivus - abusive, abusive] (bookish). An angry speech against someone., An offensive expression, abuse, attack.
Invest
invest in any enterprise, business.
Indexing
(from lat. index - list, register, index) - a means of protection against inflation, linking the amount of a contract, credit, salary, pension, benefits, deposits, etc. to the consumer price index.
Mortgage
Real estate pledge. In general, the mortgage scheme is as follows - the lender (for example, a bank) issues a loan to the debtor for the purchase of real estate. The debtor purchases real estate through a loan.
Establishment
(from the English. Establishment - the powers that be, the ruling circles, the political elite): 1. The layers of society that have a privileged position and are the backbone of this social system. 2. High Profit Level ... Indifferent - adj. 1. Not showing interest in smb., Smth.; indifferent, indifferent, indifferent. // Expressing indifference, indifference, indifference. 2. Has no influence, no influence on smb., Has no contact with smb., Smth.
Insinuation
instigation (instigate), secret incitement, mood, conspiracy.
Catharsis
m. 1. Mental discharge experienced by the viewer in the process of empathy when watching a tragedy (in the terminology of Aristotle). 2. transfer. Moral cleansing experienced by a person in the process of empathy, etc.
Kidnapping
kidnapping of children or people in general. Crimes against the person.
Kickboxing
kind of modern combat sports. It is a synthesis of the fist technique of European boxing and the technique of kicking, borrowed in a number of oriental martial arts (karate, taekwondo, Thai boxing, etc.).
Kitsch
kitsch [it. Kitsch hack, bad taste] tasteless, cheap work (eg painting, novel, film). The term originated at the beginning of the 20th century. in the circles of Munich artists.
Communicable
sociable, contact; light, companionable, friendly, compatible, artel. At. closed, shy.
Competent
oh, oh; -nten, ntna, ntno [from Latin. competens - suitable, capable] (book). 1. Knowledgeable, who is a recognized expert in some n. question.
Collage
(from French collage - gluing) - a technique in the visual arts, which consists in gluing objects and materials to the substrate that differ from the base in color and texture.
Conversion
(from Lat. conversio - transformation) - a significant transformation, change of conditions, replacement of some objects of production with others or some financial instruments for others.
Consensus
(from Lat. consensus - consent) - a way of making decisions on the basis of general agreement in the absence of fundamental objections from the majority of interested parties.
Conservative
oh, oh; -ven, vna, vno [latin. conservativus - protective] (book). Defending the immutability of the past against any novelty of progress. Conservative views.
Country dance
(French contredanse, from English countrydance, literally - country dance), English folk dance. It arose in the 17-18 centuries. Later, as ballroom dance became widespread in other European countries, in the 19th century. merged with the quadrille.
Contribution
tribute paid to the enemy: during the war - by the population of the occupied territory, at the end of the war - by the government of the defeated country.
Conjuncture
market conjuncture (from lat. conjungere - to connect) - the economic situation in the market, characterized by levels of supply and demand, market activity, prices, sales volumes, and movement of interest rates.
Copyright
Copyright - intellectual property, copyright.
Legitimate
[legitimate] adj. In accordance with the law in force in the state; law.
Leasing
type of investment activity for the acquisition of property and its transfer on the basis of a lease agreement to individuals or legal entities for a certain fee, for a certain period and on certain conditions stipulated by the agreement.
Lobby
representatives of various groups who influence parliamentarians in the course of adopting laws that are beneficial to these groups. English Lobby - lobbies Lobbyism.
Lumpen
lumpen-proletariat (from German. Lumpen - rags) - declassed strata of the population (vagabonds, beggars, criminal elements), who have broken with production activities, alienated from property, morally degraded.
Marketing
(from the English market - market) - a wide range of activities in the field of the market for goods, services, securities, carried out in order to stimulate the sale of goods, develop and accelerate the exchange.
Manager
(from the English manage - to manage) - a specialist in the management of production and circulation of goods, a hired manager. Managers organize work in the firm, manage the production activities of groups of employees of the firm.
Mentality
[from lat. mens, mentis - mind and alis - others] - a system of uniqueness of the mental life of people belonging to a particular culture, a qualitative set of features of their perception and assessment of the world around them.
Modem
an external or internal device connected to a computer for transmitting and receiving signals over telecommunication (telephone) lines. To transmit the signal, the modem converts the digital signal received from the computer into analog form.
Multimedia
(multimedia, from the English multi - a lot and media - a medium, medium). Non-textual types of information - audio and video. Most sites use only text and pictures to present information.
Marginal
(lat. marginalis - edge, border, side) - a person outside his social group, an outcast.
Mercantile
oh, th; -len, -na, -alno. 1. only full. f. app. to mercantilism (in 1 value). Mercantile system 2. transfer Petty-calculating, self-serving. Mercantile interests.
Misanthrope
a, m. (book). A man-hater, unsociable, a person suffering from misanthropy.
Motivate
ruyu, rueh, owls. and not sov. that (book). Bring (bring) motives, arguments in favor of something. M. your proposal.
Notebook
(from English notebook - notebook, notebook) - portable laptop.
Halo
a, m. [from Latin. aureolus - gilded] (book). 1. The glow around the face on the icon is the same as the halo (outdated). 2. transfer., Only units. The charm of success, glory surrounding some n. event or person.
Office
(English office) - a representative office of a company. The office accepts clients, stores and processes documents, archives, etc. Office, main office - the official headquarters of the company, premises.
Offshore
(from the English offshore offshore, beyond borders) is one of the most famous and effective methods of tax planning. The basis of this method is the legislation of many countries, partially or completely exempt from taxation.
Publicity
(from the English. publicity - publicity, glasnost) - a term meaning: 1. Fame or popularity of something, determined by publicity or openness to receive information from its source.
Punk, guys
(English punk - translated. bad, cheesy) is a youth subculture that emerged in the mid-60s in Great Britain, the USA, Canada and Australia.
Playboy
noun hawk, reveler, reveler Syn: reveller, flaneur (colloquial) playboy, playboy, slacker, playboy young actor unreliable, irresponsible person playboy playboy, playboy.
Player
compact tape recorder with headphones.
Pluralism
in constitutional law means the possibility of free existence in society of different political views, schools, ideologies, different political parties and organizations with different goals and programs.
Poltergeist
(from German poltern - "make noise", "knock" and Geist - "spirit") is a term used to denote inexplicable, paranormal phenomena associated with noise and knocking, spontaneous movement (throwing) of objects, spontaneous combustion, etc.
Populism
(from Lat. populus - people) - political position or style of rhetoric, appealing to the broad masses. Populism is based on the desire of this or that political force to win the trust and support of the masses, to please the people.
Price list
an ordered list of goods with prices. Prices of goods.
Rave
1. Modern dance music of techno style with the use of lighting effects. 2. The direction of the youth subculture cultivating such music. 3. The pastime of young people associated with such music, with dancing under.
Rating
(new) scales are designed to quantify the performance of work, either as a whole, or by individual parameters, or as a combination of both. Goal-based assessments are used in conjunction with targeted management approaches.
The respondent
the person answering the questionnaire.
Realtor
a legal entity or individual carrying out entrepreneurial activities without forming a legal entity, carrying out intermediary and other activities in the real estate market on the basis of a special license.
Rockers
Mn. 1. Informal youth groups that emerged in the early 80s. XX century, opposing themselves to society by their demeanor, appearance and extreme driving along the night streets of the city on motorcycles without observing traffic rules.
Rollerball
m. 1. Anyone who skates on rollers [rollers I] (roller skates or skis, as well as on a rolling board) in the appropriate equipment: in a protective helmet, with knee pads and elbow pads. 2. An athlete doing rollerblading.
Racket
(English racket - noise, vanity) - extortion, usually taking the form of organized group crime with the use of threats, brutal violence, hostage-taking.
Summit
(from the English summit) - a summit meeting, that is, negotiations between heads of state and / or government. The term was not used in Russian until the second half of the 1980s.
Sequestration
the prohibition on the use of any property imposed by the authorities.
Certificate
from lat. sertifico - I certify A. A document, a certificate certifying a certain fact. B. Type of bonds. B. A document certifying the quality of the goods (quality certificate, certificate of conformity). D. Document Containing Terms.
Scanner
(eng. scanner) - a device that, by analyzing an object (usually an image, text), creates a digital copy of the image of the object. The process of making this copy is called scanning.
Sponsor
1) guarantor, guarantor; 2) an individual or legal entity financing an economic project, carrying out social events; 3) customer, organizer, organizer of a major event.
Stress
(English stress stress; synonym for stress reaction) is a non-specific reaction of the body that develops under the influence of various intense or new influences (pain, cold, excessive physical exertion, psychoemotional trauma, etc.).
Suicide, suicide
(from Lat. sui caedere - to kill oneself) - purposeful deprivation of life, as a rule, voluntary (although there are cases of forced suicide).
Charisma
[from the Greek. charisma - gift] - attribution or recognition of a person with a set of such properties, traits and qualities that ensure the admiration of her followers.
Hospice
provides outpatient and inpatient care for patients. Outpatient care is provided at home by outpatient hospice teams (“hospice at home”). Inpatient care, depending on the needs of the patient and his family.
Charter
(English charter) - in international merchant shipping and air traffic, a type of contract for the carriage of goods, passengers and luggage, the same as a charter contract.
The passive vocabulary also includes neologisms - new words that have not yet become familiar and everyday names for the corresponding objects and concepts.
The lexicon of the language is constantly replenished, however, over time, new words are mastered and transferred from a passive vocabulary to an active one. And as soon as a new word begins to be used often, it becomes familiar, it is assimilated and stylistically no longer stands out against the background of the rest of the vocabulary. Therefore, the new words mastered by the language cannot be included in the composition of neologisms. Thus, the term "neologism" narrows and concretizes the concept of "new word": when highlighting new words, only the time of their appearance in the language is taken into account, while referring words to neologisms emphasizes their special stylistic properties associated with the perception of these words as unusual names.
Each era enriches the language with new lexical units. They can be grouped according to the time of their appearance: new words of the Peter's era; new words introduced by Karamzin (Lomonosov, Radishchev, Belinsky, and other writers), new words of the beginning of the 20th century, the first years of the revolution, etc. During periods of the most active socio-political and cultural life of the country, the influx of new words especially increases.
The classifications of neologisms are based on various criteria for their identification and evaluation.
1. Depending on the way of appearance, lexical neologisms are distinguished, which are created according to productive models or borrowed from other languages, and semantic, which arise as a result of the assignment of new meanings to already known words.
Among the lexical neologisms according to the derivational feature, words produced using suffixes can be distinguished (land yang e), prefixes (about west), as well as suffix-prefix formations ( at moons ni e, races dock), names created by word composition ( lunar rover, hydraulic weightlessness), compound words ( riot police, special forces., CIS, GKChP) and abbreviated words ( pom., deputy.).
Abbreviation (abbreviation) in modern Russian has become one of the most common ways to create neologisms. However, it should be borne in mind that not all neologisms-abbreviations are perceived adequately by speakers. For example, the word ilon- an abbreviation based on the name and surname of the inventor - Ivan Losev... Unlike ordinary abbreviations, such abbreviations are not directly related to semantic relations with the phrases underlying their formation.
Semantic neologisms include, for example, words such as bush in the meaning - "combination of enterprises", signal- "reporting something undesirable to the administrative authorities", etc.
2. Depending on the conditions of creation, neologisms should be divided into general linguistic ones, which appeared together with a new concept or new reality, and individual author's ones, introduced into use by specific authors. The overwhelming majority of neologisms belong to the first group; so, the neologisms that appeared at the beginning of the century collective farm, Komsomol, five-year plan and many others are characterized by usability.
The second group of neologisms includes, for example, the word created by V. Mayakovsky sitting... Having crossed the boundaries of individual author's use, having become the property of the language, these words have now joined the active vocabulary. The language also mastered the terms introduced by M.V. Lomonosov long ago constellation, full moon, attraction; first used by N.M. Karamzin's words industry, future and etc.
The so-called occasionalisms (Latin occasionalis random) - lexical units, the emergence of which is due to a certain context, also belong to this group of neologisms. All the above neologisms are linguistic, they have become the property of the Russian lexicon, recorded in dictionaries, like any lexical unit, with all the meanings assigned to them.
Occasional neologisms are words formed by writers and publicists according to the word-formation models existing in the language and used only once in a certain work - high-noise Dubrovy(NS.), v heavy snake hair(Bl.), fiery elderberry twigs(Colored). Such neologisms can be authored not only by writers; we ourselves, without noticing it, often come up with words in case (like opener, unpack, overdrive). Children especially create a lot of casualisms: I AM namakaron; See how naluzhil rain; I'm not a baby anymore, but big and under.
To distinguish between artistic and literary occasional and purely everyday ones, which are not a fact of artistic speech, the former are called individual stylistic. If everyday occasionalisms usually arise in oral speech, involuntarily, without being fixed anywhere, then individual-stylistic ones are the result of a conscious creative process, they are imprinted on the pages of literary works and perform a certain stylistic function in them.
In terms of their artistic significance, individual stylistic neologisms are similar to metaphors: at the heart of their creation is the same desire to discover new semantic facets in the word, to create an expressive image with economical speech means. As well as the brightest, freshest metaphors, individual stylistic neologisms are original and inimitable. At the same time, the writer does not set himself the task of putting into use the words he invented. The purpose of these words is different - to serve as an expressive means in the context of one, specific work.
In rare cases, such neologisms can be repeated, but at the same time they are still not reproduced, but "reborn". For example, A. Blok in his poem "On the Islands" (1909) used the occasional definition snow-capped: Again snow covered columns, Elagin bridge and two fires... In the poem by A. Akhmatova "October 9, 1913" (1915) we read: Now I realized that there is no need for words, snow covered branches are light... However, no one would argue that such a coincidence indicates the dependence of the style of one poet on another, much less imitation, the repetition of a "poetic find."
3. Depending on the purpose of creating new words, their purpose in speech, all neologisms can be divided into nominative and stylistic. The former perform a purely nominative function in the language, the latter give a figurative characterization of objects that already have names.
Nominative neologisms include, for example: futurology, feminization, pre-perestroika(period), pluralism... The emergence of nominative neologisms is dictated by the needs of the development of society, advances in science and technology. These neologisms arise as names for new concepts. Nominative neologisms usually do not have synonyms, although competing names ( cosmonaut - astronaut), one of which, as a rule, subsequently displaces the other. The bulk of nominative neologisms are highly specialized terms that constantly replenish scientific vocabulary and, over time, may become commonly used; Wed: lunar rover, dock, cosmodrome.
Stylistic neologisms are created as figurative names for already known objects, phenomena pioneer, atomic city, auto city, starship. Stylistic neologisms have synonyms that are inferior to them in intensity of expressive coloring; Wed: starship - spaceship ... However, the frequent use of these neologisms in speech translates them into an active vocabulary, neutralizes their stylistic coloring. For example, the word health resort, that came into the language as a stylistic neologism, is now perceived as a neutral synonym for words sanatorium, rest house.
Before proceeding to consider the topic of the course work itself, it is still worth clarifying what neologisms are and what they are.
Using the definition taken from the encyclopedia "Russian language", we can say that a neologism (from the Greek neos - "new", logos - "word") is a word or turn of speech created to designate a new object or express a new concept.
In modern Russian, neologisms are divided into linguistic and authorial, or individual-stylistic 2.
Linguistic neologisms are created mainly to designate a new object, concept. They are included in the passive vocabulary and are noted in the dictionaries of the Russian language 3. A neologism is a word as long as it feels fresh. So, at one time the word "cosmodrome" was a neologism. Now this word is included in the lexical composition of the modern Russian language. And this, in turn, suggests that if a concept is relevant and the word that calls it is well connected with other words, then the word soon ceases to be a neologism.
There are a lot of examples of linguistic neologisms in the Russian press. Take at least a borrowed word from English rating(a digital indicator of an assessment of someone's activity, the popularity of someone, something in relation to others, usually based on the results of public polls or on the opinion of experts). "In November rating Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev, according to the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion (VTsIOM), has finally made a significant leap up, reaching the level of 13-17% "//" Russian Newsweek "from 27.11.2006.
However, if we delve deeper into the classification of new words, then among the linguistic neologisms one can distinguish lexical and semantic ones.
TO lexical neologisms are those words that are newly formed according to the models available in the language or are borrowed from other languages 4.
An example of lexical neologism formed according to the models available in the language is the word video smuggling(illegal secret duplication and distribution of video products that violate the copyright of its creators). “Counterfeit video products have not decreased in our markets. Against, video smuggling flourishes. " // "Russian Newsweek" from 27.11.2006. As we can see, the word is formed on Russian soil by adding the root video and the word smuggling.
Example of borrowed lexical neologism - technical term decoder(device for decrypting digital encoded data; synchronous decoder). “The whole problem is that today most of the MMDS television networks are not encrypted, so illegal immigrants may not buy decoders, - and therefore - not to pay the subscription fee ”. // "Russian Newsweek" from 20.11.2006.
This neologism was borrowed due to the appearance of a new device, the name of which did not exist before.
It is worth noting that most of the neologisms we found are just lexical.
Semantic neologisms Are previously known words that, in the light of recent linguistic changes, have acquired new meanings 5. Such processes are not uncommon for the Russian language, so we have encountered quite a few semantic neologisms in the publications under consideration.
An excellent example of this kind of neologism is the word mac.... V Explanatory dictionary Russian language edited by S.I. Ozhegova and N.Yu. The Swedish defines it as "a coat or raincoat made of rubberized fabric." This is the original meaning of the word mac. Now it has acquired another meaning (a computer from Apple Computer, not compatible with IBM) and has become a neologism. “At the awards ceremony it was especially noted that Apple has gone all the way of the development of computer music from its very origins, starting with the release of the Macintosh computer, and is the leading creator ...” // “Russian Newsweek” dated 4.12.2006.
Word catalog(from the Greek katalogos - "list") also acquired additional meaning. In the Big Academic Dictionary, this word has a meaning:
A list of any items (books, exhibits, goods), compiled in a specific order.
Library catalog - a list of printed works available in the library. In Russian libraries, they differ in purpose (reader and service catalogs), method of grouping (alphabetical, systematic, subject catalogs), types of printed works, etc.
Now this word also denotes a directory in computer science. "Its own small LCD screen displays information about the fill level of the drive, about the processes in progress, about the state of the battery, and even about the structure of the stored directories." // "Russian Newsweek" dated January 22, 2007.
Copyright, individual-stylistic neologisms are created by writers, poets to give imagery to an artistic text 6. Neologisms of this type are "attached" to the context, have an author. By the very purpose of their creation, they are called upon to preserve unusualness and freshness. Author's neologisms formed according to productive models are called potential words.
Unfortunately, we have not been able to find a single author's neologism in the edition under consideration. This is due to the fact that modern magazines rarely resort to artistic means of imparting imagery. In dictionaries, of course, individual stylistic neologisms are also not recorded. Therefore, as an example of the author's neologism, we will cite a classic example from Pushkin: Half-lord, half-merchant ...
Occasionalisms (from the Latin occasionalis - "random") - these are the author's neologisms, created according to unusual models. They do not exist outside of a specific context 7.
“This is not exactly a piece of Moscow. It - Luzhzona". // "Russian Newsweek" from 27.11.2006.
Also in this work we will consider updated words, which can also be attributed to neologisms. We will talk about the actualization of concepts or realities below.
Once upon a time, the appearance of the first radios, telephones and televisions shocked the whole world. It was truly awesome! New phenomena required names. Thus, neologisms entered into Russian speech, which hitherto were not and could not be in it.
Today, the words "telephone" and "TV" can hardly be classified as "neologisms". Examples of modern new words relate to other realities. “Computer”, “cellular”, “mobile” were also neologisms quite recently. But they too soon left the pedestal of novelty. Today, every kid easily operates with these words.
"Promoter", "restyling", "rebranding", "nanotechnology", "franchising" - these words are not yet understood and known to everyone. Therefore, it is still possible to define them in the group of "neologisms". Examples of these new words are temporary. After all, very soon people will get used to them and will use them in everyday speech.
Although this often happens: neologisms do not take root in Russian speech! Examples of such rejection are words that are inconvenient in pronunciation, dissonant. And although they are used in speech, many try to avoid letter combinations that are pressing on the ear. This happened with the word "copy", which was formed from "photocopy". And everything seems to be correct, but it is not very pleasant to hear.
Basically, the above words were borrowed by the Russian language from foreigners, these are the so-called “neologisms that came from other languages”. Examples of this phenomenon may also have a different way of appearing. For example, there are new author's words, individual stylistic ones.
This process is called word-formation derivation. That is, someone, using well-known morphemes and generally accepted word models, forms a new, more brightly colored word in the stylistic aspect. Examples of neologisms invented by writers are Gogol's adjective "green-haired", published by Mayakovsky "sickle", "hammer", "hulk". True, today these words can rather be called archaisms: both the sickle and the hammer have disappeared from the country's coat of arms, and the image of a "green-haired birch" is present in every second poem.
There are several ways to convert foreign words into Russian. It can be a complete tracing of a word, for example, "internet", "computer", "skype". The ending is simply added to these words in speech.
Sometimes the process of transliteration is traced in the language. That is, the word is, as it were, assimilated under the influence of the pronunciation rules of the language that accepts it. This happened with the Latin word "intonatio", which in Russian began to sound like "intonation".
Today it has become very fashionable to "joke" the language, composing your own words, mixing foreign words and Russian or morphemes. Quite a ridiculous neologism often turns out. Examples are the expressions "face on the table", "skype", "geymanulsya".
Most literary scholars believe that excessive contamination of the Russian language harms it rather than helps it develop. Indeed, very many phenomena can be called in Russian. This is especially true of new names of professions and positions, which, if you think about it, already exist.
The world is changing rapidly, and our speech is changing along with it. Many words are forgotten and become archaisms, and we, in pursuit of modernity, use foreign words - first because of the technical language, and then in everyday life. There is nothing wrong with that, if it is in moderation. But do not forget that not only life creates language, but it also shapes our life.
I will now remind you of this measure and will try to cite the translation of words that are often heard in different spheres of politics, economics and everyday life. There were a lot of borrowed words in the past, including from Latin, French and English. Since the early nineties, it has become especially fashionable to use catchy foreign words to give more meaning where you most want it - in business.
Household
Active (active) - active, lively
Lunch (English lunch) - lunch
Supermarket (English market) - a market. Hence marketing is trade
Barrel (oil) - barrel
Rubric (Latin rubrica - the title of the law) - section, heading
Fazenda (from now fazer - to do, to produce) - a country house
Admiral (Arabic amir al) - leader
Parking - car parking
Condition - condition, degree of readiness
Permanent - permanent
To study (it is studieren) - to study, to study
Occasio (Latin occasio) - an auspicious or convenient occasion
Bohemia (from fr. boheme) - a social class stratum between the intelligentsia and other classes
Grocery (tour. bak-al) - a shop selling long-lasting products
Business and Politics
Retailer (English retail) - a retail company
Advertising - advertising
Billboard - advertising platform
Consulting - meeting, discussion
Meeting - meeting, meeting
VIP (very important person) - special guest
Establishment - influencers / ruling circles, power, state, organization
Intensify - strengthen, strengthen
Conjuncture (Latin conjungere) - a set of conditions, the created situation
Presentation (presentation) - report, show
Introduction (intro) - introduction
Management - management (resources)
Reception, prescription, reception (English receipt) - reception
Propaganda (lat) - to spread, preach
Deadline - the time of delivery (of the project)
Background - biography, history of events
Infotechnology
Tag (English tag) - label, keyword
Device (English device) - a device (with microelectronics)
Interaction - interaction
Proprietary - private, proprietary, proprietary
Digital (digital) - digital (camera)
Option (option) - selection, additional function
Signature - signature, fingerprint
Pattern (pattern) - style of behavior, model, pattern
Shared - dedicated, available (between users files)
Feedback - feedback (readers, electrical circuit)
Phraseologisms
Neologisms are, of course, not only borrowed words, but also "domestic" word forms, which appeared both from abbreviations and from the composition of new ones (mainly by poets and writers) in sound or semantic similarity. Phraseologisms are linguistic constructions more high level(therefore the phrase) - they are just as incomprehensible in meaning as neologisms, but they sound quite natural, and to understand them you need to know how they were formed.
Tryn grass- the grass is podzabornaya, i.e. useless, indifferent weed to everyone
Pour in on the first number- In the old school, students were flogged every week, regardless of who is right or wrong. And if the "mentor" overdoes it, then such a flogging was enough for a long time, until the first day of the next month.
Goal like a falcon- Terribly poor, beggar. The bird has nothing to do with it, in fact, the "falcon" is an old military battering weapon. It was a completely smooth ("naked") cast iron bar, fixed on chains. Nothing extra!
Kazan orphan- Pretending to be unhappy, offended, helpless to pity someone. After the conquest of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible, Mirza (Tatar princes) turned out to be subjects of the Russian tsar and tried to beg him all sorts of indulgences, complaining about their orphanhood and bitter fate.
Unlucky man- In the old days in Russia, not only the road was called "the way", but also various positions at the prince's court. The falconer's way is in charge of princely hunting, the hunter's way is hound hunting, the horseman's way is in charge of carriages and horses. Boyars by hook or by crook tried to get the way from the prince - a position. And who did not succeed, they were scorned about those: a good-for-nothing person.
Inside out- In the times of Ivan the Terrible, the guilty boyar was put backwards on a horse in clothes turned inside out and in this form, disgraced, they were driven around the city under the whistle and ridicule of the street crowd.
Lead by the nose- To deceive, promising and not fulfilling the promise. Gypsies took bears to fairs by a ring threaded through their noses and forced them, poor fellows, to do different tricks, deceiving them with the promise of handouts.
Scapegoat- The man who was blamed for others. The ancient Jews had a rite of absolution. The priest laid both hands on the head of a living goat, thereby, as it were, shifting the sins of the entire people onto it. After that, the goat was driven out into the desert. Many, many years have passed, and the rite no longer exists, but the expression still lives on.
Sharpen the fringes- Balusters (balusters) are chiseled curly posts of the railing at the porch. Only a true master could make such beauty. Probably, at first, "sharpening balusters" meant conducting an elegant, bizarre, ornate (like balusters) conversation. But by our time there were fewer and fewer skilled craftsmen to conduct such a conversation. So this expression began to denote idle chatter.
Nick down- "Nose" was called a plaque, or a tag for notes. In the distant past, illiterate people always carried with them such boards and sticks, with the help of which all kinds of notes or notches were made for memory.
Break a leg- This expression arose among hunters and was based on the superstitious idea that with a direct desire (both down and feather), the results of a hunt can be jinxed. A feather in the language of hunters means a bird, down means animals.
Beat the thumbs up- For a long time, artisans made spoons, cups and other utensils from wood. To cut out a spoon, it was necessary to chop off a piece of wood from a log - a baklush. Apprentices were entrusted with preparing thumbs: it was an easy, trifling matter that did not require special skill. Cooking such chocks was called "beat the thumbs." Hence, from the mockery of the foremen at the auxiliary workers - "baklushniki", our saying began.
After the rain on Thursday- To the pagan god of thunder and lightning of the Russians, Perun was dedicated one of the days of the week - Thursday, to which prayers were offered for rain in a drought. Prayers often remained in vain, and the saying began to be applied to everything that does not know when it will be fulfilled.
