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Buffering and osmosis. Salts in living organisms are in a dissolved state in the form of ions - positively charged cations and negatively charged anions. The concentration of cations and anions in the cell and in its environment is not the same. The cell contains quite a lot of potassium and very little sodium. In the extracellular environment, for example, in blood plasma, in seawater, on the contrary, there is a lot of sodium and little potassium. The irritability of the cell depends on the ratio of the concentrations of Na +, K +, Ca2 +, Mg2 +. The difference in ion concentrations on different sides of the membrane provides active transport of substances across the membrane. In the tissues of multicellular animals, Ca2 + is part of the intercellular substance, which ensures the cohesion of cells and their ordered arrangement. The osmotic pressure in the cell and its buffering properties depend on the concentration of salts. Buffering is the ability of a cell to maintain a slightly alkaline reaction of its contents at a constant level. There are two buffer systems: 1) phosphate buffer system - phosphoric acid anions maintain the pH of the intracellular environment at 6.9 2) bicarbonate buffer system - carbonic acid anions maintain the pH of the extracellular environment at 7.4. Consider the equations of reactions in buffer solutions. If the concentration of H + in the cell increases, then the addition of the hydrogen cation to the carbonate anion occurs: + H + H. With an increase in the concentration of hydroxide anions, their binding occurs: H + OH- + H2O. This is how the carbonate anion can maintain a constant environment. Osmotic are the phenomena that occur in a system consisting of two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane. In a plant cell, the role of semipermeable films is played by the boundary layers of the cytoplasm: plasmalemma and tonoplast. Plasmalemma - outer membrane cytoplasm adjacent to the cell membrane. Tonoplast is the inner membrane of the cytoplasm that surrounds the vacuole. Vacuoles are cavities in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap - an aqueous solution of carbohydrates, organic acids, salts, low molecular weight proteins, pigments. The concentration of substances in the cell sap and in the external environment (in soil, water bodies) are usually not the same. If the intracellular concentration of substances is higher than in the external environment, water from the environment will enter the cell, more precisely into the vacuole, at a higher rate than in the opposite direction. With an increase in the volume of cell juice, due to the entry of water into the cell, its pressure on the cytoplasm, which is tightly attached to the membrane, increases. When the cell is completely saturated with water, it has a maximum volume. The state of internal tension of the cell, due to the high water content and the developing pressure of the contents of the cell on its membrane, is called turgor.Turgor ensures that the organs retain their shape (for example, leaves, non-lignified stems) and position in space, as well as their resistance to the action of mechanical factors. Reduced turgor and wilting are associated with water loss. If the cell is in a hypertonic solution, the concentration of which is greater than the concentration of the cell sap, then the rate of diffusion of water from the cell sap will exceed the rate of diffusion of water into the cell from the surrounding solution. Due to the release of water from the cell, the volume of cell juice is reduced, turgor decreases. A decrease in the volume of the cell vacuole is accompanied by the separation of the cytoplasm from the membrane - plasmolysis occurs. During plasmolysis, the shape of the plasmolyzed protoplast changes. Initially, the protoplast lags behind the cell wall only in some places, most often in the corners. Plasmolysis of this form is called angular. Then, the protoplast continues to lag behind the cell walls, maintaining a connection with them in some places, the surface of the protoplast between these points has a concave shape. At this stage, plasmolysis is called concave. Gradually, the protoplast breaks off from the cell walls over the entire surface and takes on a rounded shape. Such plasmolysis is called convex. If the plasmolyzed cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the concentration of which is less than the concentration of cell juice, water from the surrounding solution will enter the vacuole. As a result of an increase in the volume of the vacuole, the pressure of the cell juice on the cytoplasm will increase, which begins to approach the cell walls until it assumes its original position - deplasmolysis will occur. Task number 3 After reading the proposed text, answer the following questions. 1) determination of the buffering capacity 2) the concentration of which anions determine the buffer properties of the cell 3) the role of buffering in the cell 4) the equation of the reactions proceeding in the bicarbonate buffer system(on a magnetic board) 5) determination of osmosis (give examples) 6) determination of plasmolysis and deplasmolysis slides