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Eastern Siberia: minerals and relief. North-eastern Siberia Main landforms of eastern Siberia

a) For the North-East of Russia, sharp orographic contrasts are characteristic: medium-altitude mountain systems predominate, along with them there are plateaus, highlands and lowlands. North-East Siberia is a predominantly mountainous country; lowlands occupy a little more than 20% of its area. The most important orographic elements - the marginal mountain systems of the Verkhoyansk Range and the Kolymskoye Upland - form a convex arc 4000 km long to the south. Inside it are the chains of the Chersky ridge stretched parallel to the Verkhoyansk system, the Tas-Khayakhtakh, Tas-Kystabyt (Sarycheva), Momsky ridges, etc.

The mountains of the Verkhoyansk system are separated from the Chersky ridge by a lowered strip of the Yansky, Elginsky and Oymyakonsky plateaus. The eastern part is the Nerskoe Plateau and the Verkhnekolymskoe Highlands, and in the southeast the Sette-Daban Range and the Yudomo-Maiskoye Highlands adjoin the Verkhoyansk Range.

The highest mountains are located in the south of the country. Their average height is 1500-2000 m, however, in the Verkhoyansk, Tas-Kystabyt, Suntar-Khayat and Chersky ridges, many peaks rise above 2300-2800 m, and the highest of them - Mount Pobeda in the Ulakhan-Chistay ridge - reaches 3003 m.

In the northern half of the country, the mountain ranges are lower and many of them stretch in a direction close to the meridional direction. Along with low ridges (Kharaulakh, Selenyakhsky), there are flat ridge-like uplands (Polousny ridge, Ulakhan-Sis) and plateaus (Alazey, Yukagir). A wide strip of the coast of the Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea is occupied by the Yano-Indigirskaya lowland, from which, along the Indigirka, Alazeya and Kolyma valleys, the intermountain Sredneindigirskaya (Abyiskaya) and Kolymskaya lowlands protrude far to the south.

Thus, the North-East of Siberia is a huge amphitheater, inclined towards the Arctic Ocean;

b) The main plan of the modern relief of North-Eastern Siberia was determined by neotectonic movements. In the development of the relief of the Northeast after the Mesozoic orogeny, two periods are distinguished: the formation of widespread flattening surfaces (peneplains); and the development of intense newest tectonic processes that caused splits, deformation and displacement of ancient surfaces of alignment, volcanism, violent erosion processes. At this time, the main types of morphostructures were formed: folded-block areas of ancient middle massifs (Alazey and Yukagagir plateaus, Suntar-Khayata, etc.); mountains, revived by the newest arched-block uplifts, and depressions of the rift zone (Momsko-Selenyakhskaya depression); folded middle-mountains of Mesozoic structures (Verkhoyansk, Sette-Daban, Anyuiskie and others, Yanskoe and Elga plateaus, Oymyakonskoe highlands); stratal accumulative, inclined plains, created mainly by subsidence (Yano-Indigirskaya and Kolymskaya lowlands); folded-block ridges and plateaus on the volcanic-sedimentary complex (Anadyr plateau, Kolyma plateau, ridges - Yudomsky, Dzhugdzhur, etc.);

c) The territory of present-day North-Eastern Siberia in the Paleozoic and the first half of the Mesozoic was an area of ​​the Verkhoyansk-Chukotka geosynclinal sea basin. This is evidenced by the large thickness of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic deposits, sometimes reaching 20-22 thousand meters, and the intense manifestation of tectonic movements that created the folded structures of the country in the second half of the Mesozoic. Especially typical are the deposits of the so-called Verkhoyansk complex, the thickness of which reaches 12-15 thousand meters. It includes Permian, Triassic and Jurassic sandstones and shales, usually intensively dislocated and broken by young intrusions.

The most ancient structural elements- Kolyma and Omolon median massifs. Their base is composed of Precambrian and Paleozoic sediments, and the overlying Jurassic formations, in contrast to other areas, consist of weakly dislocated carbonate rocks, lying almost horizontally; effusive rocks also play a prominent role.

The rest of the tectonic elements of the country are of a younger age, mainly Upper Jurassic (in the west) and Cretaceous (in the east). These include the Verkhoyansk fold zone and the Sette-Daban anticlinorium, the Yansk and Indigir-Kolyma synclinal zones, and the Tas-Khayakhtakh and Momsky anticlinoriums. The extreme northeastern regions are part of the Anyui-Chukotka anticline, which is separated from the middle massifs by the Oloi tectonic depression filled with volcanic and terrigenous Jurassic deposits;

d) The main types of relief in Northeastern Siberia form several distinct geomorphological layers. The most important features of each of them are associated, first of all, with the hypsometric position, due to the nature and intensity of the latest tectonic movements. However, the location of the country in high latitudes and its harsh, sharply continental climate determine different, than in more southern countries, the altitude limits of the distribution of the corresponding types of mountainous relief. In addition, the processes of nivation, solifluction, and frost weathering are of greater importance in their formation. Permafrost relief forms also play a significant role here, and fresh traces of Quaternary glaciation are characteristic even of plateaus and areas with low mountain relief.

In accordance with morphogenetic features, the following types of relief are distinguished within the country: accumulative plains, erosion-denudation plains, plateaus, low mountains, mid-mountain and high-mountain alpine relief.

Accumulative plains occupy areas of tectonic subsidence and accumulation of loose Quaternary deposits - alluvial, lacustrine, marine and glacial. They are characterized by a slightly rugged relief and slight fluctuations in relative heights. Forms are widespread here, owing their origin to permafrost processes, large ice content of loose sediments and the presence of powerful underground ice: thermokarst basins, permafrost heaving mounds, frost cracks and polygons, and high ice cliffs that are intensively crumbling on the sea coasts. Accumulative plains occupy vast areas of the Yano-Indigirskaya, Sredneindigirskaya and Kolyma lowlands, some islands of the seas of the Arctic Ocean (Faddeevsky, Lyakhovsky, Bunge Land, etc.). Small areas of them are also found in the depressions of the mountainous part of the country (Momo-Selenyakhskaya and Seimchanskaya hollows, Yanskoye and Elga plateau).

Erosion-denudation plains are located at the foot of some northern ridges (Anyuisky, Momsky, Kharaulakhsky, Kular), on the peripheral sections of the Polousny ridge, Ulakhan-Sis ridge, Alazey and Yukagirsky plateaus, as well as on Kotelniy island. The height of their surface usually does not exceed 200 m, but near the slopes of some ridges it reaches 400-500 m. In contrast to accumulative, these plains are composed of bedrocks of various ages; the cover of loose sediments is usually thin. Therefore, rubble placers, areas of narrow valleys with rocky slopes, low hills, prepared by denudation processes, as well as medallion spots, solifluction terraces and other forms associated with the processes of permafrost relief are often found.

The flat relief is most typically expressed in a wide strip dividing the systems of the Verkhoyansk ridge and the Chersky ridge (Yanskoe, Elginskoe, Oymyakonskoe and Nerskoe plateaus). It is also characteristic of the Upper Kolyma Uplands, the Yukagir and Alazey Uplands, significant areas of which are covered by Upper Mesozoic effusive rocks, which lie almost horizontally. However, most of the plateaus are folded by folded Mesozoic sediments and represent denudation flattening surfaces located at an altitude of 400 to 1200-1300 m. The Upper Kolyma Upland, where numerous granite batholiths appear in the form of high dome-shaped hills, prepared by denudation. Many rivers of the regions with plateau relief are mountainous and flow in narrow rocky gorges.

Low mountains occupy areas that were subjected to uplifts of moderate amplitude (300-500 m) in the Quaternary. They are located mainly on the outskirts of high ridges and are dissected by a dense network of deep (up to 200-300 m) river valleys. For the low mountains of North-Eastern Siberia, typical relief forms are caused by nival-solifluction and glacial processing, as well as an abundance of stony placers and rocky peaks.

The mid-mountain relief is especially typical for most of the massifs of the Verkhoyansk ridge system, the Yudomo-Maisky highlands, the Chersky, Tas-Khayakhtakh and Momsky ridge. Large areas are also occupied by mid-mountain ranges in the Kolyma Upland and Anyui Ridge. Modern high-altitude mountains have arisen as a result of the newest uplifts of the denudation plains of the leveling surfaces, parts of which have been preserved in places here to the present day. Then, in the Quaternary, the mountains underwent vigorous erosional dissection by deep river valleys.

The height of mid-mountain massifs is from 800-1000 to 2000-2200 m, and only at the bottom of deeply incised valleys, the marks sometimes decrease to 300-400 m.Relatively gentle relief forms prevail in interfluvial spaces, and fluctuations in relative heights usually do not exceed 200-300 m Forms created by Quaternary glaciers, as well as permafrost and solifluction processes are widespread everywhere. The development and preservation of these forms is facilitated by the harsh climate, since, in contrast to the more southern mountainous countries many mid-mountain massifs of the North-East are located above the upper limit of arboreal vegetation, in a strip of mountain tundra. River valleys are quite diverse. Most often these are deep, in places canyon-like gorges (the depth of the Indigirka valley reaches, for example, 1500 m). However, the upper reaches of the valleys usually have a wide flat bottom and less elevated slopes.

The high-mountainous alpine relief is associated with areas of the most intense Quaternary uplifts, located at an altitude of more than 2000-2200 m. These include the ridges of the highest ridges (Suntar-Khayata, Tas-Khayakhtakh, Chersky Tas-Kystabyt. Ulakhan-Chistay), as well as central areas of the Verkhoyansk ridge. Due to the fact that the most significant role in the formation of the alpine relief was played by the activity of Quaternary and modern glaciers, it is characterized by deep dissection and large amplitudes of heights, the predominance of narrow rocky ridges, as well as kars, circuses and other glacial forms of relief;

e) Among the minerals of this region, one can note numerous deposits of metals, in particular, tin, tungsten, gold, molybdenum, etc. These deposits are associated with Mesozoic-Cenozoic magmatism. There are also coal and lignite basins in the region (Zyryanskiy, Verkhoyanskiy).

Eastern Siberia occupies a vast territory from the Yenisei to the Pacific Ocean. She is famous big amount natural resources and minerals. The features of the relief and this region made it so valuable in terms of raw materials. Mineral resources of Eastern Siberia are not only oil, coal and iron ores. A significant part of Russia's gold and diamonds, as well as precious metals, are mined here. In addition, this region contains almost half of the country's forest resources.

Eastern Siberia

Mineral resources are not the only feature of this region. Eastern Siberia covers an area of ​​over 7 million square kilometers, which is about a quarter of all of Russia. It stretches from the Yenisei River valley to the most mountain ranges on the Pacific coast. In the north, the region is bordered by the Arctic Ocean, and in the south by Mongolia and China.

There are not so many regions in Eastern Siberia and settlements, as in the European part of Russia, because this area is considered sparsely populated. Here are the Chita and Irkutsk regions, the largest in terms of territory in the country, as well as the Krasnoyarsk and Trans-Baikal Territories. In addition, the autonomous republics of Yakutia, Tuva and Buryatia belong to Eastern Siberia.

Eastern Siberia: relief and minerals

The diversity of the geological structure of this region explains such a richness of its raw materials. Due to their huge number, many deposits have not even been explored. What minerals is Eastern Siberia rich in? It is not only coal, oil and iron ores. In the bowels of the region, there are rich reserves of nickel, lead, tin, aluminum and other metals, as well as sedimentary rocks necessary for industry. In addition, it is Eastern Siberia that is the main supplier of gold and diamonds.

This can be explained by the features of the relief and geological structure of this region. Eastern Siberia is located on the ancient Siberian platform. And most of the region's territory is occupied by the Central Siberian Plateau, elevated above sea level from 500 to 1700 m. The foundation of this platform is the most ancient crystalline rocks, whose age reaches 4 million years. The next layer is sedimentary. It alternates with igneous rocks formed by volcanic eruptions. Therefore, the relief of Eastern Siberia is folded and stepped. It contains many mountain ranges, plateaus, terraces, deep river valleys.

Such a variety of geological processes, tectonic shifts, deposition of sedimentary and igneous rocks and led to the richness of minerals in Eastern Siberia. The table allows you to find out that more resources are mined here than in neighboring regions.

Coal reserves

Due to geological processes from the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras, the largest coal deposits of minerals in Western and Eastern Siberia are located in the low-lying areas of the region. These are the Lensky and Tunguska basins. There are also a lot of less significant deposits. And although there is less coal in them, they are also promising. These are the Kamsko-Achinsky and Kolymo-Indigirsky basins, the Irkutskoye, Minusinskoye, Yuzhno-Yakutskoye fields.

Coal reserves in Eastern Siberia account for 80% of all coal mined in Russia. But many places of its occurrence are very difficult to develop due to the harsh climatic conditions of the region and the features of the relief.

Iron and copper ores

The main minerals in Eastern Siberia are metals. Their deposits are found in the most ancient rocks, even of the Precambrian period. Most of all in the region hematite and magnetite. Their deposits are located in the south of the Yakutsk region, in the basin on and also on the Angara, in Khakassia, Tuva and Transbaikalia.

The largest ore deposits are Korshunovskoye and Abakanskoye. There are also many of them in the Angara-Pitsky region. Here 10% of all Russian iron ore reserves are concentrated. There are also large deposits of tin and valuable metals in Transbaikalia and in the north of the region.

The outskirts of Norilsk are famous for large deposits of copper-nickel ores. Almost 40% of Russian copper and about 80% of nickel are mined here. In addition, there is a lot of cobalt, platinum, silver, tellurium, selenium and other elements. Copper, mercury, manganese, and antimony are mined in other places. There are large deposits of bauxite.

Non-metallic minerals

Our country is the world's largest supplier of natural gas, and a lot of oil is produced here. And the first supplier of these minerals is the deposits of Eastern Siberia. In addition, geological processes have led to the emergence of rich deposits of sedimentary rocks.


Gold and diamonds of Eastern Siberia

The most valuable metal has been mined here for almost the second century. The oldest deposit is Bodaibo in the Irkutsk region. There are rich placer and bedrock gold deposits in the Aldan, Yansk, Allah-Yun regions. Deposits have recently begun to be developed in the Yenisei Ridge, near Minussinsky and in the east of Transbaikalia.

Thanks to the special geological processes that took place in this region even in the Mesozoic era, a lot of diamonds are now mined here. The largest field in Russia is located in Western Yakutia. They are extracted from the so-called kimberlite-filled diatremes. Each such "explosion tube", in which diamonds are found, even got its own name. The most famous are "Udachnaya-Vostochnaya", "Mir" and "Aikhal".

Natural resources

The complex relief of the region, vast undeveloped territories covered with taiga forests provide a wealth of natural resources. Due to the fact that the most full-flowing rivers in Russia flow here, the region is provided with cheap and environmentally friendly hydropower. The rivers are rich in fish, the surrounding forests are rich in fur animals, of which sable is especially prized. But due to the fact that man began to interfere with nature more and more actively, many species of plants and animals are dying out. Therefore, the region has recently created many reserves and national parks to preserve natural wealth.

Richest neighborhoods

Eastern Siberia occupies almost a fourth of the territory of Russia. But there are not many people living here. In some places, there are more than 100 square kilometers per person. But Eastern Siberia is very rich in minerals and natural resources. Although they are unevenly distributed throughout the region.

  • The richest in economic terms is the Yenisei basin. Krasnoyarsk is located here, where more than half of the entire population of Eastern Siberia is concentrated. The wealth of this region for minerals, natural resources and water resources led to the active development of industry.
  • The wealth located in the upper reaches of the Angara River began to be used only in the 20th century. A very large polymetallic deposit was discovered here. And the reserves of iron ore are simply enormous. The best magnesites in Russia are mined here, as well as antimony, bauxite, nepheline, shale. Deposits of clay, sand, talc and limestone are being developed.
  • Evenkia has the richest resources. Here, in the Tungusska basin, there are such minerals of Eastern Siberia as stone and high-quality graphite is mined in the Noginskoye field. The deposits of Icelandic spar are also being developed.
  • Khakassia is another richest region. A quarter of the East Siberian coal is mined here, all the iron ore. After all, the Abakan mine, located in Khakassia, is the largest and oldest in the region. There is gold, copper, a lot of building materials.
  • One of the richest places in the country is Transbaikalia. Mainly metals are mined here. For example, it supplies copper ores, Ononskoye - tungsten, Sherlokogonskoye and Tarbaldzheyskoye - tin, and Shakhtaminskoye and Zhrikenskoye - molybdenum. In addition, a lot of gold is mined in Transbaikalia.
  • Yakutia is a treasure trove of minerals in Eastern Siberia. Although only after the revolution, deposits of rock salt, coal and iron ore began to be developed. There are rich deposits of non-ferrous metals and mica. In addition, it is in Yakutia that the richest reserves of gold and diamonds have been discovered.

Mineral development problems

The vast, often unexplored territories of the region lead to the fact that many of its natural resources are not exploited. There is a very low population density here, therefore, promising deposits of minerals in Eastern Siberia are mainly developed in populated areas. After all, the lack of roads over a large area and the huge distance from the center contribute to the fact that the development of deposits in remote regions is unprofitable. In addition, most of Eastern Siberia is located in the permafrost zone. And the sharply continental climate interferes with the development of natural resources in the rest of the territory.

North-eastern Siberia and the Far East

Due to the peculiarities of the relief and climatic conditions, the minerals of North-Eastern Siberia are not so rich. There are few forests here, mainly tundra and arctic deserts. Most of the territory is dominated by perpetual merlot and year-round low temperatures. Therefore, the mineral resources of North-Eastern Siberia are not well developed. Basically, coal is mined here, as well as metals - wolfram, cobalt, tin, mercury, molybdenum and gold.

The most eastern and northern regions of Siberia are referred to the Far East. The area is also rich, but also more populated due to its proximity to the ocean and a milder climate. Mineral resources of Eastern Siberia and the Far East are similar in many ways. There are also a lot of diamonds, gold, tungsten and other non-ferrous metals, mercury, sulfur, graphite, and mica are mined. This region is home to the richest deposits of oil, coal and natural gas.

Covers an area of ​​about 7 million square kilometers. Eastern Siberia is called the region located east of, to the mountains that form a watershed between and. The largest area is. In the north and east there are two lowlands: the North Siberian and Central Yakutsk. In the south and west there are mountains (, Yenisei ridge). The length of this area from north to south is about 3 thousand kilometers. In the south, the border with and is located, and the northernmost point is Cape Chelyuskin.

During the Mesozoic period, most of Central Siberia experienced uplift. It is no coincidence that the highest point of the Central Siberian Plateau is located in this area - (its height is 1700 meters above sea level). In the Cenozoic, the uplift of the surface continued. At the same time, a river network was being created on the surface. In addition to the Putorana plateau, the Byrranga, Anabar and Yenisei massifs rose most intensively. Subsequently, active tectonic processes that took place in this area led to a change in the river system. Traces of river systems that existed in ancient times have survived to our time. At the same time, river terraces and deep river valleys in the central part of Siberia were formed.

Cape Chelyuskin

The overwhelming majority of the river valleys of Central Siberia are canyon-like and asymmetric. Their characteristic feature is also a large number of terraces (six to nine), which indicates the repeated tectonic uplifts of the territory. The height of some terraces reaches 180-250 m. On and in the North Siberian lowland, river valleys are younger, and the number of terraces is somewhat less. Even the largest rivers have three or four terraces here.

Four relief groups can be distinguished on the territory of the Central Siberian Plateau:

  • plateaus, ridges
  • stratal heights and plateaus on sedimentary Paleozoic rocks;
  • plateau
  • and reservoir-accumulative

Most of the tectonic processes that took place in antiquity and in modern times, on the territory Eastern Siberia coincided in their direction. However, this did not happen throughout the entire territory of the Central Siberian Plateau. As a result of these inconsistencies, depressions similar to the Tunguska were formed. Permafrost is absent (Lena-Angarsk and Lena-Aldan plateaus). But the main small relief forms on the territory of the Central Siberian Plateau are still erosional and cryogenic.

Due to the strongest monsoons of the sharply continental, characteristic of Eastern Siberia, here you can find a large number of stony placers and talus in mountain ranges, on the slopes of river valleys and on plateau surfaces.

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Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "National Mineral Resources University" Gorny "

Faculty of secondary vocational education

(College of Geodesy and Cartography)

TEST

by geography

Option number 8

Completed:

1st year student PG-15z group

FULL NAME. Konyaev Artur Georgievich

Teacher: A.V.Dashicheva

Saint Petersburg-2015

ASSIGNMENT 1: Biogenic landforms. Relief-forming activity of animals and plants.

ASSIGNMENT 2: North-Eastern Siberia of Russia, physical and geographical characteristics

Relief is a collection of forms the earth's surface, different in shape, size, origin, age and history of development. The relief affects the formation of the climate, the nature and direction of the flow of rivers depends on it, the features of the distribution of flora and fauna are associated with it. The relief significantly affects the life and economic activity of a person.

The importance of organisms in the life of the Earth is great and diverse. The processes of changes in the Earth's surface as a result of the activity of living organisms are called biogeomorphological, and the relief created with the participation of plants and animals is called biogenic. These are mainly nano-, micro- and mesoforms of relief.

A colossal process, largely due to organisms, is sedimentation (for example, limestones, caustobiolites, and other rocks).

Plants and animals also participate in a complex universal process - the weathering of rocks, both as a result of direct impact on rocks, and due to the products of their vital activity. It is not without reason that biological weathering is sometimes distinguished along with physical and chemical weathering.

Plants and animals have a significant impact on various natural processes, for example, erosion. Destruction of vegetation on steep slopes, trampling of plants by animals (the so-called "abattoir trails"), loosening of soil by burrowing animals - all this increases erosion. This is especially dangerous on mountain slopes, where distant pasture cattle breeding is carried out. There, due to excessive pasture load, various large-scale slope processes often come to life, the results of which are felt even in the foothills. Tinning the slopes (sowing meadow perennial long-rhizome grasses) holds the soil together and reduces erosion.

Abundant aquatic vegetation in rivers, as well as inhabitants of water bodies, influence channel processes. Beaver dams change the hydrological regime of rivers and geomorphological processes in the riverbed. Due to the damming of the rivers in the areas above the beaver dams, swampy, curved floodplains are formed.

Vegetation contributes to the overgrowing of lakes, filling them with organic matter. As a result, flattened hummocky surfaces of bogs appear in place of lacustrine depressions. Peat mounds are very characteristic in the tundra.

Plants and animals are actively involved in the creation of some types of accumulative shores. In the equatorial-tropical latitudes, mangrove shores are formed, growing towards the sea due to the dying off of the plant mass. In temperate latitudes on the shores of seas and lakes, reed shores similar to them arise.

On the coasts of the seas, shell beaches are created from animal shells with the participation of wave activity. Accumulative landforms such as coral structures are also widely known: coastal, barrier (for example, the Great Barrier Reef off the coast of Australia), ring atolls, of which there are many in the Pacific and Indian Oceans.

Burrowing animals also contribute to the formation of biogenic relief. As a result of earth emissions, they create molehills, marmots, baibachins - mounds up to a meter high. Termitary hills reach up to 4-5 m in height with a diameter of 15-20 m and create a kind of shallow relief in the Australian and African savannas.

Animals and plants perform destructive work, which often manifests itself in a much more diverse and complex way than the analogous activity of various agents of inanimate nature (wind, water, etc.).

The accumulative activity of animals and plants determines a wide variety of positive landforms. You can, for example, point to marmot hummocks, which are emissions of soil from burrows. However, the largest positive landforms are formed due to the accumulation of plant residues in the form of peat. Peat ridges are often found on the surface of raised bogs. Together with the depressions (hollows) separating them, they create a kind of ridge-hollow surface of the bogs. The height of the ridges above the surface of the hollows ranges from 15 to 30 cm and rarely reaches 50-70 cm.

As a result of the vital activity of animals and plants, various forms of relief arise, which can be subdivided into the following main groups:

relief forms due to their destructive activity;

landforms due to their accumulative activity.

Seven-Eastern Sibimr is located in the extreme northeast of Eurasia at the junction of three lithospheric plates - the Eurasian, North American and Pacific, which determined the extremely complex relief of the territory. In addition, over the course of a long geological history, cardinal reorganizations of tecto- and morphogenesis have repeatedly occurred here.

If we assume that the territory of North-Eastern Siberia corresponds to the Late Mesozoic Verkhoyansk-Chukotka fold-napkin area, then its borders are: in the west - the Lena valleys and the lower reaches of the Aldan, from where, crossing the Dzhugdzhur, the border goes to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk; in the southeast, the border runs along the lowland from the mouth of the Anadyr to the mouth of the Penzhina; in the north - the seas of the Arctic Ocean; in the south and east - the seas of the Pacific Ocean. Some geographers do not include the Pacific coast in Northeast Siberia, drawing the boundary along the watershed of the rivers of the basins of the Arctic and Pacific oceans.

In the Precambrian and Paleozoic, middle massifs appeared in this territory in the form of separate microcontinents (Kolyma-Omolonsky, etc.), which during the Mesozoic folding were woven into the lace of folded mountains. At the end of the Mesozoic, the area experienced peneplanation. At this time, there was an even warm climate with coniferous-deciduous forests, and the North American flora penetrated here on land on the site of the Bering Strait. During the Alpine folding, the Mesozoic structures were split into separate blocks, some of which rose and others sank. The middle massifs rose entirely, and where they split, lava came out. At the same time, the shelf of the Arctic Ocean sank and the relief of Northeastern Siberia acquired the appearance of an amphitheater. Its highest steps go along the western, southern and eastern borders of the territory (Verkhoyansk ridge, Suntar-Khayata and Kolyma Upland). A step lower there are numerous plateaus in the place of the middle massifs (Yanskoe, Elginskoe, Yukagirskoe, etc.) and the Chersky ridge with the highest point of North-Eastern Siberia - Mount Pobeda (3003 m). The lowest step is the boggy Yano-Indigirskaya and Kolyma lowlands.

Zone of arctic deserts.

Tundra zone.

Taiga zone.

The Arctic desert is part of the Arctic geographic zone, the Arctic Ocean basin. It is the northernmost of the natural areas and is characterized by an arctic climate. The spaces are covered with glaciers, rubble and rock debris.

It has low air temperatures in winter up to -60 ° C, on average -30 ° C in January and +3 ° C in July. It is formed not only due to the low temperatures of high latitudes, but also due to the reflection of heat (albedo) in the daytime from snow and under the ice crust. The annual amount of precipitation is up to 400 mm. In winter, the soil is saturated with layers of snow and barely thawed ice, the level of which is 75-300 mm. [Source not specified 76 days]

The climate in the Arctic is very harsh. Ice and snow cover lasts almost the whole year. In winter, there is a long polar night here (at 75 ° N lat. - 98 days; at 80 ° N lat. - 127 days; in the pole area - six months). This is a very harsh time of the year. The temperature drops to -40 ° C and below, strong hurricane winds blow, and snowstorms are frequent. In summer, there is round-the-clock lighting, but there is little heat, the soil does not have time to completely thaw. The air temperature is slightly above 0 ° С. The sky is often covered with gray clouds, it is raining (often with snow), thick fogs are formed due to the strong evaporation of water from the ocean surface.

Flora and fauna

The Arctic desert is practically devoid of vegetation: there are no shrubs, lichens and mosses do not form a continuous cover. The soils are shallow, with a patchy (insular) distribution mainly under vegetation, which consists mainly of sedges, some grasses, lichens and mosses. Extremely slow regeneration of vegetation. The fauna is predominantly marine: walrus, seals, in the summer there are bird colonies. Terrestrial fauna is poor: arctic fox, polar bear, lemming.

Tumndra is a type of natural zones lying beyond the northern limits of forest vegetation, an area with permafrost soil that is not flooded with sea or river waters. The tundra is located north of the taiga zone. By the nature of the surface of the tundra there are swampy, peaty, stony. The southern border of the tundra is taken for the beginning of the Arctic. From the north, the tundra is limited by the zone of arctic deserts. Sometimes the term "tundra" is applied to similar natural areas in Antarctica.

Tundra in Alaska in July

The tundra has a very harsh climate (the climate is subarctic); only those plants and animals live here that can endure cold and strong winds. Large fauna is rather rare in the tundra.

Winter in the tundra is extremely long. Since most of the tundra is located beyond the Arctic Circle, the tundra experiences the polar night in winter. The severity of winter depends on the continentality of the climate.

The tundra, as a rule, is devoid of climatic summer (or it comes for a very short time). The average temperature of the warmest month (July or August) in the tundra is 5-10 ° C. With the arrival of summer, all vegetation comes to life, as the polar day approaches (or white nights in those areas of the tundra where the polar day does not come).

May and September are the spring and autumn of the tundra. It is in May that the snow cover melts, and in early October it usually sets in again.

In winter, the average temperature is up to? 30 ° C

The tundra can have 8-9 winter months.

Fauna and flora

The vegetation of the tundra consists primarily of lichens and mosses; the angiosperms found are low grasses (especially from the Cereals family), shrubs and shrubs (for example, some dwarf species of birch and willow, berry dwarf shrubs, blueberries).

Typical inhabitants of the Russian tundra are reindeer, foxes, bighorn sheep, wolves, lemmings and brown hares. There are few birds: Lapland plantain, white-winged plover, red-throated pipit, plover, snow bunting, snowy owl and ptarmigan.

Rivers and lakes are rich in fish (nelma, broad, omul, vendace and others).

The boggy tundra allows for the development of a large number of blood-sucking insects that are active in the summer. Due to the cold summer, there are practically no reptiles in the tundra: low temperatures limit the ability of cold-blooded animals to live.

Taigam is a biome characterized by the predominance of coniferous forests (boreal species of spruce, fir, larch, pine, including cedar).

Pinega forest.

Taiga is characterized by the absence or weak development of the undergrowth (since there is little light in the forest), as well as the monotony of the herb-shrub layer and moss cover (green mosses). The species of shrubs (juniper, honeysuckle, currant, etc.), shrubs (blueberries, lingonberries, etc.) and herbs (oxalis, wintergreen) are few in Eurasia and North America.

In the north of Europe (Finland, Sweden, Norway, Russia) spruce forests prevail, in North America (Canada) - spruce forests with an admixture of Canadian larch. The taiga of the Urals is characterized by light coniferous forests of Scots pine. In Siberia and the Far East, the sparse larch taiga dominates with undergrowth of dwarf cedar, Daurian rhododendron and others.

The fauna of the taiga is richer and more diverse than the fauna of the tundra. Numerous and widespread: lynx, wolverine, chipmunk, sable, squirrel, etc. Ungulates include reindeer and red deer, elk, roe deer; there are numerous hares, shrews, and rodents: mice, voles, squirrels, and flying squirrels. Common birds are: capercaillie, hazel grouse, nutcracker, crossbills, etc. American species of the same genera as in Eurasia are typical for the taiga of North America.

In the taiga forest, in comparison with the forest-tundra, the conditions for the life of animals are more favorable. There are more sedentary animals here. Nowhere in the world, except for the taiga, there are so many fur-bearing animals.

In winter, the overwhelming number of invertebrate species, all amphibians and reptiles, as well as some species of mammals plunge into suspended animation and hibernation, the activity of a number of other animals decreases.

Taiga types

By species composition distinguish between light coniferous (Scots pine, some American species of pine, Siberian and Daurian larch) and the more characteristic and widespread dark coniferous taiga (spruce, fir, cedar pine, Korean cedar). Wood species can form pure (spruce, larch) and mixed (spruce-fir) stands.

The soil is usually soddy-podzolic. The moisture content is sufficient. 1-6% humus.

Evaporation rate 545 mm, precipitation 550 mm, average July temperature 17 ° -20 ° C, in winter the average January temperature in the west is −6 ° C, and in the east −13 ° C

A sharply continental climate operates on the territory of Northeastern Siberia. Practically all of Northeastern Siberia lies within the arctic and subarctic climatic zones. The temperature is on average below -10 °.

North-Eastern Siberia can be divided into 3 climatic zones.

Hydrography

Northeastern Siberia is dissected by a network of many rivers flowing down to the Laptev and East Siberian seas. The largest on them - Yana, Indigirka and Kolyma - flow almost in the meridional direction from south to north. Cutting through mountain ranges in narrow deep valleys and receiving numerous tributaries here, they, already in the form of high-water streams, go out to the northern lowlands, where they acquire the character of plain rivers.

Most rivers are fed mainly by melting snow cover in early summer and summer rains. Groundwater, melting of snow and glaciers in high mountains, as well as ice, play some role in the feeding of rivers. More than 70% of the annual river flow occurs in three calendar summer months.

The largest river in North-Eastern Siberia - the Kolyma (basin area - 643 thousand km2, length - 2,129 km) - begins in the Upper Kolyma Upland. Slightly below the mouth of the Korkodon River, the Kolyma enters the Kolyma lowland; its valley here sharply expands, the fall and the speed of the current decrease, and the river gradually acquires a flat appearance. Near Nizhnekolymsk, the width of the river reaches 2-3 km, and the average annual discharge is 3900 m3 / s (a flow of about 123 km3 of water).

The sources of the second large river - Indigirka (length - 1980 km, basin area - 360 thousand km2) - are located in the region of the Oymyakon plateau. Crossing the Chersky ridge, it flows in a deep and narrow valley with almost steep slopes; rapids are often found in the riverbed of the Indigirka. Then the river goes out to the plain of the Sredneindigirskaya lowland, where it breaks up into branches, separated by sandy islands. Below the village of Chokurdakh, a delta begins with an area of ​​7700 km2. Indigirka has a runoff per year of over 57 km3 (average annual discharge - 1800 m3 / sec).

The western regions of the country are drained by Yana (length - 1490 km2, basin area - 238 thousand km2). Its sources - the Dulgalakh and Sartang rivers - flow down from the northern slope of the Verkhoyansk ridge. After their confluence within the Yansky plateau, the river flows in a wide valley with well-developed terraces. In the middle part of the stream, where the Yana crosses the spurs of mountain ranges, its valley narrows, and rapids appear in the channel. The lower reaches of the Yana are located on the territory of the coastal lowland; when it flows into the Laptev Sea, the river forms a large delta (with an area of ​​about 5200 km2).

Yana is distinguished by long summer floods, which are due to the gradual melting of snow cover in the mountainous regions of its basin and an abundance of summer rains. Most high levels waters are observed in July and August. The average annual discharge is 1000 m3 / s, and the annual flow is over 31 km3.

Most of the lakes of Northeastern Siberia are located on the northern plains, in the Indigirka and Alazeya basins. Here there are places where the area of ​​the lakes is not less than the area of ​​the land separating them. The abundance of lakes, of which there are several tens of thousands, is due to the small ruggedness of the relief of the lowlands, difficult runoff conditions, and the widespread distribution of permafrost. Most often, lakes are occupied by thermokarst depressions or depressions in floodplains and on river islands. All of them are small in size, flat shores, shallow depths (up to 4-7 m). For seven to eight months, the lakes are bound by a thick ice cover; many of them freeze to the bottom in the middle of winter.

On the territory of North-Eastern Siberia there are: gold, tin, polymetals, tungsten, mercury, molybdenum, antimony, cobalt, arsenic, coal.

Unlike other parts of Siberia, the amount of high-quality timber is relatively small here.

relief siberia russia

Literature

1. Lyubushkina S.G. General geography: Textbook. manual for university students enrolled in special. "Geography" / S.G. Lyubushkina, K.V. pashkang, A.V. Chernov; Ed. A.V. Chernov. - M.: Education, 2004 .-- 288 p.

2. Gvozdetsky NA, Mikhailov NI Physical geography of the USSR. Asian part. - 3rd ed., Rev. and add. A textbook for students of geogr. fac. un-tov. - M .: "Mysl", 1978.512 p.

3.Davydova M.I., Rakovskaya E.M. Physical Geography of the USSR. - M .: Education, 1990. - 304 p.

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Lesson 48. EASTERN SIBERIA AND NORTH-EASTERN SIBERIA. SPECIFICITY OF NATURE

Option 1

Option 2

1) Set the Match: Natural Frontier

a) the Arctic Ocean;

b) Kazakh Upland. Part of the border

south;

north;

west;

East.

The foundation of the West Siberian platform, in comparison with the East European platform, was formed:

a) earlier;

b) at the same time;

c) later.

The territory of Western Siberia has a general bias:

a) to the north;

b) to the south.

The lower-lying flat topography of Western Siberia is associated with:

a) with a greater depth of the foundation;

b) with the features of new movements of the earth's crust.

The increasing continental climate of Western Siberia is manifested in:

a) in a colder winter;

in colder winters and more rainfall

1) Set the correspondence:

Part of the border

a) west;

b) east.

Natural frontier

Ural Mountains;

Kazakh Upland;

Yenisei.

The foundation of the West Siberian platform compared to the East European:

a) younger;

b) the same age;

c) more ancient.

The relief of Western Siberia is:

a) the predominance of hills;

b) alternation of highlands and lowlands;

c) the predominance of lowlands.

The thickness of the sedimentary cover on the West Siberian platform compared to the East European:

a) less;

b) the same;

c) more.

The main reason for the increase in the degree of continentality of the climate in Western Siberia in comparison with the Russian Plain is: a) the impact of the Arctic Ocean;

reducing the influence of the Atlantic; c) weakening of the western transfer

1

6) Permafrost in Western Siberia, in comparison with the Russian Plain, has:

a) wider distribution;

b) less widespread.

Western Siberia has the following range of natural zones:

a) from arctic deserts to forest-steppes;

b) from tundra to steppes;

c) from forest-tundras to semi-deserts.

The predominant type of soil in Western Siberia:

a) tundra-gley;

b) podzolized;

c) sod-podzolic

6) The boundary of the distribution of permafrost in Western Siberia is shifted in comparison with the East European Plain:

a) to the west;

b) to the north;

c) to the south.

The distribution of natural zones on the territory of Western Siberia is a manifestation of:

a) latitudinal zoning;

b) altitudinal zonality.

The main types of natural resources of Western Siberia are:

a) oil and gas;

b) oil, gas and forest resources;

c) oil, gas, forest and soil resources

Tasks: to form knowledge about the peculiarities of the geographical position of Eastern and North-Eastern Siberia as a factor that determines the natural features of this territory; develop the skills of students to independently establish a connection between the geological structure and the relief and minerals; to systematize the knowledge of students about the reasons for the formation of a sharply continental climate in Eastern and North-Eastern Siberia; to consolidate the ability to independently determine quantitative climatic indicators for various regions of Siberia and to acquaint with the peculiarities of the climate; study the features of the regime and nature of the flow of rivers and their relationship with the relief and climate of Siberia.

1. Testing knowledge and skills on the topic "West Siberian Plain".


It is advisable to check the level of assimilation of knowledge and skills in a condensed form. Factual knowledge can be tested frontally in the form of a small test for options

Answers:

Option I - 1 - 1 c, 2a, 2 - c; 3 - a; 4 - b; 5 - a; 6 - a; 7 - b; 8 - c.

Option II - 1 - 1a, 2b; 2 - a; 3 - c; 4 - c; 5 - b, c; 6 - c; 7 - a; 8 - b.

II. Obtaining new knowledge.

The study of this topic is complicated by the lack of study time. When preparing for lessons, the teacher first of all selects the main thing, prepares assignments for students' independent work. The methods of organizing cognitive activity can be varied: solving cognitive problems, heuristic conversation, a seminar on the problems of rational use of natural conditions and resources, a game, a competition of characteristics of individual geographic objects, composing crosswords, small travel games.

The teacher distributes the study time at his own discretion. Traditionally, in the first lesson, natural components are considered, in the second, natural complexes are studied.

When studying the nature of Central and North-Eastern Siberia, it is important to draw the attention of students to understanding the features of nature, the manifestation of relationships, characteristic features and the integrity of landscapes. For this, it is advisable to use a heuristic conversation with practical and independent work students with maps, textbook, visual aids.

1. Students characterize the geographical position of a large natural area "Eastern and Northeastern Siberia" independently, using a physical map of Russia and a map of large natural areas included in the atlas.

Questions and tasks:

1) What are the boundaries of Eastern and North-Eastern Siberia of the natural territory in the north, west, south and east.

2) Specify which landforms are part of Eastern and North-Eastern Siberia.

3) Describe the geographic location of this large natural area.

4) What is the peculiarity of its geographical position in comparison with the West Siberian Plain?

5) How does the Arctic Ocean affect the natural conditions of East and North-East Siberia?

6) How does the Atlantic Ocean affect the natural conditions of this part of Siberia?

7) Explain why Pacific Ocean, located relatively close to Eastern Siberia, has practically no effect on its natural conditions.

8) Make a general conclusion about how the geographical position of Eastern and North-Eastern Siberia affects the natural conditions of the territory.

Summarizing the students' answers, the teacher talks about the size of this natural area and the reasons for close attention to the study of the natural conditions and resources of Eastern and North-Eastern Siberia at the present time.

1) On the tectonic map, establish on which geological structures Eastern and Northeastern Siberia is located.

2) What forms of relief are located in this area?

3) What is the originality of the surface structure?

When characterizing the relief, students pay attention to the fact that the territory of the region is much higher than neighboring Western Siberia. Uplands rise up to 500 m, plateaus - up to 1000 m, uplands - up to 1500 - 2000 m. The highest point is Pobeda Peak in the ridge. Chersky with a height of 3147 m. Thus, a conclusion is formed about the diversity of the relief of Eastern and North-Eastern Siberia.

When analyzing the tectonic map, students are convinced that the Siberian Platform lies at the base of the Central Siberian Plateau. How to explain the structure of the surface and differences in the relief on the plateau? If students have difficulties, then the teacher himself answers this question.

Teacher. The reason for the differences in the relief on the Central Siberian Plateau lies in the unevenness of the platform foundation. Where the foundation comes to the surface, the Anabar plateau was formed. Separate blocks of the basement are omitted, in the relief this is expressed by the lowlands - North Siberian and Central Yakutsk. A feature of the region's relief is the presence of volcanic plateaus. In the Mesozoic, through cracks in the platform, it poured great amount lava, which, solidifying, formed continuous covers. A lot of lava solidified among sedimentary rocks. Subsequently, loose rocks were destroyed, and igneous ones remained, forming a stepped relief - traps. Another feature of the relief is the abundance of kurums. They are formed as a result of intense frost weathering.

4) Using the maps, determine what minerals are mined on the Central Siberian Plateau. Explain why both sedimentary and magmatic minerals are mined on the plateau.

5) What minerals are rich in the mountains of the Mesozoic folding and explain why there are many different fossils in these mountains?

The teacher only explains that deposits of ore minerals are associated with traps, and iron ore and diamonds are associated with kimberlite pipes.

Teacher. Interestingly, the discovery of diamonds on the territory of the Siberian platform is an example of a brilliant confirmation of a scientific prediction. This forecast was made by V.S.Sobolev in 1937 based on a comparison of the geology of the Siberian and African platforms. The search for diamonds began in 1940, and in 1947 the first diamonds were found in placers, and in 1954 the first kimberlite pipes were found. A feature of the development of the mountains of North-Eastern Siberia is the formation of placer gold deposits. Placers are located in terraces, valleys and river beds. They were formed due to the erosion of granite igneous rocks. Gold is a common companion for tin, cobalt, arsenic and other ores.

3. The climatic features of Eastern and North-Eastern Siberia are studied using atlas maps. It is important that schoolchildren independently work through the factual material characterizing the features of the climate, and, based on it, draw general conclusions about the typical features of the climate of this territory. The teacher organizes the work using the following tasks:

1) For the cities of Norilsk, Irkutsk and Oymyakon, determine the average temperatures in July, January and the annual temperature range; calculate the maximum annual temperature amplitude; calculate the moisture coefficient; determine the types of air masses.

2) On the basis of the obtained climatic data, draw a conclusion about the typical features of the climate of Eastern and North-Eastern Siberia.

Students write down the main features of the sharply continental climate in a notebook:

large fluctuations in daily, monthly and annual temperatures;

low amount of precipitation;

high volatility.

Oymyakon and Verkhoyansk are cold poles of the northern hemisphere, where the average January temperature drops to -50 °, and the absolute minimum temperature is about -70 ° C.

3) What are the reasons that explain why on the vast territory of Eastern and Northeastern Siberia, stretching from north to south for 2000 km and from west to east for more than 3000 km, a sharply continental climate has formed with very cold winters, the warmest summers and a small amount of precipitation compared to other regions of Russia at the same latitudes.

The task should be completed in writing.

Climatic factors:

northern geographical position;

the influence of the Arctic;

remoteness from the Atlantic Ocean;

significant absolute heights of the terrain;

strong cooling of the mainland in winter, which contributes to the development of stable anticyclones.

4) Remember what kind of weather the winter anticyclones are characterized by and what atmospheric processes are observed in them.

Explanations of the teacher: The Siberian anticyclone is characterized by stable, very cold, clear, sunny, little cloudy, dry and calm weather in winter. The lowest air temperatures are observed in the interior regions of North-Eastern Siberia, in poorly ventilated intermontane basins, where cold air stagnates and is especially strongly cooled. It is in such places that Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon are located. These intermontane basins are characterized by winter temperature inversions in the lower air layer. During inversions, an increase in air temperature with a height of 2 degrees for every 100 m is observed. For this reason, it is less cold on the mountain slopes than in the basins, sometimes this difference is 15-20 °.

4. Characterizing permafrost, the teacher draws the attention of students to the cause-and-effect relationship in nature.

In one case, permafrost is a consequence of climatic conditions, a sharp continental climate. It is almost ubiquitous throughout the region. The thickness of the permafrost layer in many places exceeds hundreds of meters (in the Vilyui basin - 600 m). In summer, the upper horizon of the frozen strata thaws in the north by 20-40 cm, and in the south by several meters.

In another case, permafrost is the cause that determines the development of other components and natural phenomena. It causes waterlogging of the plains, has a great influence on the regime of inland waters, cools the soil and thereby inhibits the soil-forming process. On permafrost, only plants with a superficial root system, for example, larch, can grow.

5. In the final part of the lesson, in order to consolidate the students' skills to establish and characterize the connections of rivers with other components of nature, tasks of a partial search nature are proposed:

Explain why p. The Yenisei is the most abundant river in Russia, despite the fact that there is little rainfall in the basin.

Explain why there are many rapids and waterfalls on the Yenisei, Angara, Vilyue, but not on the Lena.

It is known that winters in Eastern Siberia are characterized by little snow, and in many places the snow is completely swept away. However, in spring on the rivers of Siberia, there is a high rise in water, which reaches 10 m on the Lena, and even 20 - 25 m on the Lower Tunguska. Explain this natural phenomenon.

III. Summing up the lesson.

Homework: § 37, 38, draw the nomenclature on the contour map.