Who led the first development of the Urals. History of the Urals: from the history of studying the nature of the Urals and the Sverdlovsk region. Mountain rivers and lakes
Brief review of the history of the Urals from ancient times to the XX century.
Stone Age in the Urals
Paleolithic
The Paleolithic (or Old Stone Age) is the earliest and longest period in human history. It lasted from the beginning of the use of stone tools by man (on Earth this happened 2.5 million years ago) until the retreat of glaciers in the northern hemisphere (10 thousand years ago).
The settlement of the territory of the Urals by an ancient man began during the early Paleolithic - 300-100 thousand years ago. The climate at that time was milder and warmer, which contributed to the resettlement of people. There were two directions of resettlement: one - from Central Asia, the second - from the East European Plain, Crimea and Transcaucasia. Scientists determined this by the similarity of tools.
The earliest sites of ancient man in the Urals are Mysovaya (Republic of Bashkortostan) and Elniki II (Perm Territory). At the Elniki II site, bones of a trogontherian elephant were found, which made it possible to date the monument. Also, the Early Paleolithic sites include Ganichata I and II, Borisovo, Sludka, Tupitsa, the Bolshoy Glukhoy grotto on the Chusovaya River and others.
The Middle Paleolithic (200-40 thousand years ago) includes the archaeological sites of Bogdanovka (Chelyabinsk Region) and Cave Log (Perm Territory). In the Upper (Late) Paleolithic (40-10 thousand years ago), a person appeared even in the Subpolar Urals (Byzovaya site), the sites of the Bear Cave and Garchi I in the Northern Urals are also known, the site to them. Talitsky and Zaozerye in the Middle Urals and Gornovo V in the Southern Urals. Monuments of this period are more numerous. The end of the Upper Paleolithic includes unique monuments of cave painting in the Kapova and Ignatievskaya caves (14-13 thousand years ago). In total, 41 sites of the Paleolithic era are now known in the Urals.
Paleolithic sites were located in grottoes and in the entrance parts of the caves. People at that time made tools of labor from stone - quartzite, jasper, flint. By chipping pebbles, a tool called a chopper (chopping) or a chopper was obtained. Also, scrapers for processing skins, scrapers for processing wood were made from stone. Later, they began to make a core, from which thin plates were chipped off, which were used as a prefabricated cutting tool.
Ancient people survived by hunting. The obtained skins and bones were used for the construction of dwellings. They also collected berries and roots.
Mesolithic
In the Mesolithic era (9-7 millennium BC), mass settlement of the Urals began. By that time, the glacier had retreated, a modern river network had formed, the climate was changing, and new natural zones were being formed.
People settled along the banks of rivers and lakes. Numerous Mesolithic monuments have been found in the basins of the rivers Kama, Ufa, Belaya, Tura, Iset, in the upper reaches of the Urals. People invented insert tools, bows, arrows, skis, sledges, boats. They lived in semi-dugouts, huts or tents. In the Mesolithic era, the first domestic animal appeared - a dog (the bones of two individuals were found at the Koksharovsko-Yurinsky site). At the same time, many large animals died out: mammoth, woolly rhinoceros and others. In addition to hunting and gathering, ancient people mastered fishing.
The sanctuaries in the Dyrovaty stone on the Chusovaya River and on Mount Naked Stone belong to this period.
A rich collection of tools has been collected at the Shigir peat bog in the Sverdlovsk region. The most unique of those finds is the Shigir idol, the oldest wooden sculpture in the world.
Neolithic
This was the last stage of the Stone Age (6-4 millennium BC). At this time, the climate in the Urals (warm and humid) was the most favorable for flora and fauna, forests spread. In the Neolithic, man mastered the manufacture of pottery. Thanks to various ornaments on dishes, archaeologists distinguish between archaeological cultures and date monuments. New stone processing technologies have also appeared: sawing, drilling, grinding. Stone axes, adzes, chisels, chisels appeared. Large dwellings of logs began to be built.
Due to various natural conditions (taiga, forest-steppe, steppe), there was a difference in the development of the ancient cultures of the Southern, Middle and Northern Urals. In the Neolithic, the division of the Finno-Ugric language and the formation of the ethnic basis of the modern Ural peoples began. At that time, sanctuaries appeared in the northern Trans-Urals. These include bulk hills (Koksharovsky, Ust-Vagilsky), during excavations in which pottery was found, painted with ocher, sometimes with stucco animal heads. The burial of the shaman in the Dozhdev stone on Chusovaya is attributed to the same time.
Eneolithic (Copper Stone Age)
Transitional era from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age (3rd millennium BC). The climate at this time became cooler. The heterogeneity of the development of the population of different regions of the Urals is increasing. Metallurgy has already begun to develop in the Southern Urals. The earliest metallurgical center is associated with the Kargaly copper mines (Orenburg region). Early metal tools were obtained by forging, although the main material for tools was still stone. By way of exchange, the first copper tools get into the Middle Trans-Urals.
The art of wood carving arose (examples were preserved in the Shigirsky and Gorbunovsky peat bogs). Cattle breeding appeared in the southern part of the Urals. Horses are being domesticated.
In the Neolithic-Eneolithic era, most of the inscriptions were made on the coastal rocks on the rivers Vishera, Tagil, Tura, Rezh, Neiva, Irbit, Iset, Serga, Ufa, Ai, Yuryuzan, Zilim, Belaya. They reflect the mythological worldviews of ancient people and reproduce ritual scenes. The unusual monument-sanctuary Savin in the Kurgan region also dates back to this time.
Bronze Age
In the II millennium BC. in the Urals, mass development of bronze metallurgy began, tools, weapons, and jewelry were made from it. The metal obtained as a result of melting was poured into casting molds or subjected to forging.
In the Southern Urals, copper was mined mainly at the deposits of Tash-Kazgan, Nikolskoye, Kargaly. Bronze products are widely distributed, trade relations are being strengthened. In the same place in the Southern Urals, the so-called "Country of Cities" arose, the most famous of the settlements of which are Arkaim and Sintashta. It is believed that they invented war chariots and developed the tactics of chariot combat.
The Bronze Age in the Urals contains many archaeological cultures. Movements of the population led to the mixing, and even to the disappearance of a number of groups. At the same time, in the Bronze Age, the uneven development of the population of different archaeological cultures increased. In the steppe and forest-steppe zone, pastoral cattle breeding, and possibly agriculture, developed. In the north of the forest-steppe and in the south of the forest zone, the inhabitants combined hunting, fishing, cattle breeding, and agriculture. Hunting and fishing developed in the taiga and tundra areas.
In the forest Trans-Urals at the beginning of the Bronze Age, the population of the Tashkov culture lived. The first copper tools, crucibles, drops of copper, and ore were found at the settlement of Tashkovo II. In the mountain-forest Trans-Urals, the Koptyakov culture, the Cherkaskul culture, the Mezhov culture replaced each other, and the Velvet culture came from the middle reaches of the Tobol River. The early stage of the formation and interaction between the peoples of the Finno-Ugric (forest zone) and Indo-Iranian (steppe and forest-steppe zone) language families began.
The population of the Bronze Age developed a cult of the dead. Burial mounds began to appear in the steppe zone, and earth burials in the forest zone. By the things that were placed next to the deceased, one can understand what he did and what position he occupied in society.
The Seima-Turbino transcultural phenomenon dates back to the Bronze Age - random finds in the forest Trans-Urals and monuments with these finds cast using a new technology of thin-walled casting using a core. The trace of this phenomenon stretches from Altai, through the Urals, the Volga region, Karelia.
In the transitional period to the Early Iron Age, a population of the Gamayun culture came from the northeast of Western Siberia to the Trans-Urals. They began to build the first fortified settlements in the forest zone. Historians associate them with the ancient proto-Samoyeds.
iron age
Gradually, people mastered the manufacture of tools and weapons from iron. Such products were much stronger than bronze, they could be sharpened. There was a decomposition of the primitive communal system and a transition to a class society.
Historians divide the Iron Age into two stages: early iron age(VIII century BC - III century AD) and late iron age(from the 4th century AD to the middle of the 2nd millennium AD).
Due to the cooling in the era of the early Iron Age and as a result of the reduction of food resources in the steppe part of the Southern Urals, semi-nomadic and nomadic cattle breeding arises. In the second half of the 1st millennium BC. warming begins and the establishment of a drier climate, as a result of which the nomads move north, into the Ural forest-steppes. In the Southern Urals, an original Savromatian culture was formed, which was then replaced by the Sarmatian culture. The mounds became the main source for their study.
In the Middle Trans-Urals, the copper foundry flourished. At the beginning of the era, iron products appeared only in the Ural steppes among the nomadic tribes of the Sauromatian culture. In the forest-steppe and in the south of the taiga zone, iron products appeared no earlier than the 5th-4th centuries BC. and were associated with the Itkul and Ananyino centers of non-ferrous metallurgy and metalworking.
In the early Iron Age, the population of the Itkul culture (VII-III centuries BC) lived on the territory of the mountain-forest Trans-Urals. The Itkul casters smelted copper, made tools and weapons, exchanged copper items for the Ananyino culture that lived in the Kama region, and weapons for the Sauromat and Sarmat tribes in the Southern Urals. A fur trade route is being formed, linking the south and north. Treasures of cult castings with images of birds, animals, and people that come across in the Urals belong to this time. At this time, the Permian animal style appeared (cast copper images of animals, birds, people), sanctuaries-bones appeared. Because of the threat of military attacks from the south, fortified settlements are being built.
In the late Iron Age, the Great Migration of Peoples happened - the movement of tribes in the II-VI centuries AD. It all started with the advancement of nomadic steppe tribes, which prompted the movements of the forest-steppe and even forest tribes of the Trans-Urals and the Urals.
In the middle of the 1st millennium AD. Nomadic Ugrians-horse breeders passed through the territory of the forest and mountain-forest belt of the eastern slope of the Urals, which had an impact on the economy and life of the local population. In the VI-IX centuries, three archaeological cultures developed in the forest Trans-Urals - Petrogromskaya, Molchanovskaya and Tynskaya, which became the basis of the Yudin culture (X-XIII centuries), these are the ancestors of the Mansi.
At this time, the Bashkir people arose, the formation of the modern peoples of the Urals took place, the fore-foundation of the proto-Mansi ethnos was formed. In the 7th-10th centuries, the stabilization of the Ural societies and the formation of tribal unions took place, which led to the flourishing of cultures and the restoration of ancient trade ties with Central Asia, the Kama region and Veliky Novgorod. From the middle of the 2nd millennium, "arable Tatars" (Turks) began to come to the eastern slope of the Urals, who settled along the Nice River and peacefully coexisted with the Mansi for a long time.
Middle Ages (X-XVII centuries)
Novgorod merchants and free ushkuiniki were the first of the Russian people to penetrate the Urals. They exchanged their goods for furs from the "Ugra" (ancestors of the Khanty and Mansi), and also levied tribute. Since the XII century, such trips to the Urals and the Northern Trans-Urals have become regular.
However, the Russian colonization of the Urals during this period was held back by the opposition of the Volga Bulgaria. Of decisive importance was the Mongol invasion, which conquered the tribes of the Ob and Irtysh basins, the Bashkirs, the southern Udmurts, and defeated Bulgaria. At the end of the 13th - 14th centuries, part of the Bulgars and nomadic Polovtsy moved to the territory of the Urals.
Over time, Great Perm passed into the hands of the Moscow princes and became part of the Russian state. During this period, Orthodox missionaries launched activities to strengthen Moscow's position in the Kama region. They destroyed pagan sanctuaries and converted local peoples to Orthodoxy.
The process of resettlement of the Mansi from the western slope of the Urals to the eastern began. This process intensified when the mass resettlement of peasants from Pomorye to the Urals began. By the 15th century, the Mansi, who lived on the rivers Konda, Pelym and the lower reaches of the Sosva River, united into the Pelym principality, the center of which was in the Pelym town near the confluence of the Pelym and Tavda.
From time to time, raids were made on Russian lands. During one of them, in 1481, Prince Mikhail of Great Perm died, a number of settlements. Moscow also organized military campaigns in the Trans-Urals (in particular, in 1465, 1483, 1499). Yugra joined Moscow, but the citizenship was not strong.
In the XIV century, the Siberian Tatars had their own statehood. The Tyumen Khanate arose with its center in the town of Chimgi-Tura (later Tyumen arose on this site). Later it expanded and became the Siberian Khanate with its capital in the town of Siberia, or Kashlyk (near modern Tobolsk). The Tatars set up the Mansi against the Russians, and they themselves staged raids.
The defeat of the Kazan Khanate by Ivan the Terrible in 1552 led to the voluntary entry into Russia of the main part of Bashkiria.
In the development of the Middle Urals, the Stroganov family was of great importance. The founder of the family, Anika Fedorovich Stroganov, in 1558 asked for permission to engage in salt production on the Kama River, pledging in return to defend the land from raids and founding fortified towns. The royal charter granted the Stroganovs vast lands from the mouth of the Lysva to the mouth of the Chusovaya. Later, Stroganov's possessions became even larger. The population of the Kama region began to increase rapidly, new settlements arose.
Of the indigenous peoples of the Urals, by the 16th century, the peoples of the Urals - Bashkirs, Komi-Permyaks, Udmurts, had the largest number, there were fewer representatives of the peoples of the Trans-Urals - Mansi, Khanty, Siberian Tatars.
In the 1570s, the Siberian Khanate, led by Khan Kuchum, raided the Stroganov towns. To fight them, the Stroganovs hired Volga Cossacks, led by Ataman Yermak. Thus began the famous campaign of Yermak, who “took Siberia”. The Siberian Khanate finally fell in 1598. The conquest of Siberia opened the way for Russia to the east.
Yermak's campaign. Painting by P. Shardakov. Ethnopark of the History of the Chusovaya River
On the rivers of the Urals and Trans-Urals, Russian cities and prisons began to appear, the Urals were more and more actively mastered by the Russians. At first, they got beyond the Urals by river. In 1597, construction began on the first land road across the Urals, explored by the peasant Artemy Babinov. The road was named Babinovskaya. In 1598, the city of Verkhoturye arose.
The development of the Urals gradually proceeded mainly from north to south. In the 17th century, Russian colonization of the Urals became widespread. Basically, peasants and townspeople of the Russian North moved to the Urals of their own free will, but there were also those who were sent by royal decree.
In the 1730-50s, the Zakamskaya and Orenburg fortified lines were built, which created the conditions for even more active settlement, including the Southern Urals.
The majority of the population of the Urals belonged to the peasantry. For example, in the last quarter of the 17th century there were about 80% of such people. Approximately 60% of them had to pay cash or grain dues to the treasury (black-eared peasants). Serfs lived in the Stroganov estates, who carried out both quitrent and labor duties.
In the XVII century, the main occupation of the population of the Urals was agriculture. The main crops were rye and oats, although barley, wheat, spelt, buckwheat, peas, and millet were also sown.
Then, in the 17th century, the first small factories began to appear in the Urals. In 1631, the first state-owned iron-working plant (Nitsinsky) appeared on the Nitsa River (the territory of the Sverdlovsk Region). Iron was obtained by raw-blowing method in four small blast furnaces. Peasants who worked out the factory duty were obliged to work at the factory. The factory closed half a century later.
Finds from the Nitsa plant. Museum of History and Archeology of the Middle Urals
In 1634, the Pyskorsky state-owned copper smelter (Perm Territory) began operating until the end of the 1940s. In 1640, a state-owned iron-working plant (Krasnoborsky) also arose on the Vishera River in the Cherdyn district, but due to the depletion of ores, it did not work for long.
In 1669, a private iron-working plant of the Tumashev brothers appeared on the Neiva River (closed in 1680). There was also a small factory in the possession of the Dalmatovsky Monastery, on the Zheleznyanka River at its confluence with the Iset.
However, salt production was the best developed at that time. The largest salt-producing center of the country was Sol Kamskaya (Solikamsk).
New time (XVIII - XIX centuries)
The first quarter of the 18th century was marked by the administrative reforms of Peter I. At the same time, factories began to appear in the Urals. The first, almost simultaneously, in 1701, the Nevyansk and Kamensky factories were launched, soon the Alapaevsky and Uktus state-owned factories were founded. Then the number of factories increased rapidly. Private entrepreneurs participated in the construction of factories. In 1702, the Nevyansk plant was transferred to Nikita Demidov, from whom a large dynasty of Ural industrialists began. The Stroganovs and Yakovlevs also became the largest plant owners. The population of the Urals grew, new settlements arose abundantly. There were many Old Believers in the Urals who moved here from the central part of the country, hiding from persecution. Great importance had the construction in 1723 of the Yekaterinburg plant.
In the 18th century, the Urals became a major mining and metallurgical center. Craftsmen worked at the factories (they performed all production and technical work at the factories) and working people (together with assigned peasants, they were involved in auxiliary work, they included miners, coal burners, carpenters, lumberjacks, carters, masons, etc.) . They were obliged to work in factories "forever", released from work only due to old age or serious illness.
With the advent of factories, the importance of waterways increased. Along the rivers Chusovaya, Belaya, Ufa, Ai and others, factory products were rafted. TO early XIX century, the Urals gave 4/5 of Russian pig iron and iron, and Russia was in first place in the world in the production of ferrous metals.
In the 1730s, a network of fortified lines - fortresses (old and new Zakamsky, Orenburg (Yaitskaya), Sakmarskaya, Isetskaya) was created in the Southern Urals. Cossacks also served here. The Orenburg expedition arose with the aim of developing the southern part of the Urals. This contributed to the shift of the Russian population from north to south.
In 1704-11, 1735-37, 1738-39, 1740, large Bashkir riots broke out in the Urals. The Bashkirs attacked villages and settlements, burned houses, smashed factories. In 1773-74, the Peasant War broke out under the leadership of Emelyan Pugachev, posing as Peter III.
In the 18th century, the first educational establishments However, the real development of education began to receive only by the end of the XIX century. However, most of the children did not attend school.
When the industrial revolution began in the West in the 19th century, Russian industry began to lag far behind.
The adoption of the decree of 1812 on the permission of gold mining to private individuals led to the discovery of numerous mines in the Urals, and soon a gold rush broke out. The gold mining control center was located in Yekaterinburg. The Ryazanovs, Kazantsevs, Balandins, and Zotovs were major gold miners. By 1845, Russia's share in world gold production was 47%. Before the discovery of Californian and Australian deposits, it overtook all countries of the world. Rich deposits of platinum (95% of world production) were also discovered in the Urals.
Trade flourished in the 19th century. The annual turnover of the Ural fairs on a national scale exceeded 20%, of which 80% of the fair turnover in the Urals was provided by the Irbit Fair - the second in Russia after the Nizhny Novgorod Fair.
At the same time, uprisings often broke out in the 19th century, the Ural peasants fought for their rights. The Urals and Trans-Urals became a place of exile for the Decembrists.
An important stage in the development of the country was the abolition of serfdom on February 19, 1861. Legally, the peasants gained freedom, but in reality everything turned out to be more complicated. According to the law, the artisans were provided only with a homestead and mowing, but no allotments. By this they were attached to the factories. For the use of artisans mowing, pasture, forest, the possibility of working out at factories was provided. Breeders continued to be masters of considerable farmland and vast territories.
Thanks to the reforms of Alexander II, people began to be involved in an active social life, the intelligentsia played a significant role.
By the end of the 19th century, the Urals began to lose competition to the new large metallurgical center in the Donbass. The enterprises were technically backward, poorly reconstructed, the ore and fuel base was depleted. As a result, an industrial crisis broke out in the Urals. To find ways out of the crisis in 1899, on the instructions of the Minister of Finance S.Yu. Witte, an expedition of a group of scientists and engineers headed by D.I. Mendeleev.
An era of upheavals soon began: the first World War revolution, civil war...
References:
Panina S.N. Ancient history peoples of the Urals. - Yekaterinburg, publishing house "Kvadrat", 2017.
History of the Urals from ancient times to the end of the XIX century. - Yekaterinburg, 2002.
Materials of the Museum of History and Archeology of the Middle Urals
Judging by the chronicles, the Russians began to penetrate the Urals in the 11th century. In 1092, Gyuryata Rogovich, a Novgorodian, one of the boyars or major merchants, organized a campaign against Pechora and Yugra, that is, to the Northern Urals, to the places where the ancestors of the modern Mansi lived. Campaigns of Novgorodians to the Urals were undertaken in the XII century. There are known raids on the Northern Urals in 1187, a campaign in Yugra in 1193-1194. Probably, there were also campaigns about which there were no records in written monuments.
Novgorodians were attracted to these places primarily as rich in furs and furs. In the 11th-12th centuries, the Russians had not yet created settled settlements here. A Russian settled settlement appears in the Upper Kama region only in the 14th-15th centuries.
There is some indirect evidence of the appearance and stay of the ancient Novgorodians in this region. So, during excavations in the basin of the Kolva River of the Iskor settlement, archaeologists discovered traces of Russian pottery, which has analogies with the ceramics of ancient Novgorod of the XIV-XV centuries.
There are other indirect data about the stay of the ancient Novgorodians in the Upper Kama region, for example, the pagan cult of Perun brought here by him and the veneration of thunder arrows - finger icicles formed in the sand from a lightning strike and sand welding. One of the Permian monuments of 1705 speaks of the use of a thunderbolt as a talisman: “Anika Detlev at that wedding with him, Rodion, was in politeness. And for the defense of that wedding, so that third-party people would not spoil him, Rodion, and his wife, he had a thunder arrow and holy grass.
Thus, there are traces of the stay of the ancient Novgorodians on the Upper Kama and Vishera, but there are no convincing grounds to talk about the formation of dialects based on Novgorod only, since, firstly, there were no permanent settlements here until the XIV century and, in - secondly, not only Novgorodians, but also other Russians, in particular Vladimir-Suzdal, begin to penetrate into the Upper Kama region quite early. And Great Perm, as the territory of the Northern Kama region began to be called from the 14th century, becomes a place of rivalry between Novgorodians and Vladimir-Suzdalians.
There was also a way from the north - from Pomorye to Kama, the so-called Pechora portage: from the tributary of the Pechora River Volosnitsa to the Kama basin to the Vogulka River. On Volosnitsa and Vogulka, places with the same name Pechora portage are still preserved. The path was long and difficult: from Vogulka to the Elovka River, then to Berezovka, from it to the vast Chusovskoye Lake, then to Visherka, Kolva, Vishera and, finally, to Kama.
In the 16th - 17th centuries, this was the route of the fishing artels of the Cherdyns, who went to fish on the tributaries of the Pechora, especially on the Shchugor and Ilych rivers. But it was also actively used for resettlement from the Pechora to the Kama region. So, in the Cherdyn documents of 1682, a resident of Ust-Tsilma is mentioned, that is, a person who either came out of Ust-Tsilma himself, or had ancestors who arrived from there.
Novgorodians, Dvintsy, and Pomors penetrated into the Upper Kama region through these routes. In the XV century, as the excavations and written monuments allow us to judge, there were Russian towns under the protection of which Russian peasants also began to settle, mainly carriers of Northern Russian dialects.
In 1472, the campaign of Prince Fyodor Pyostroy took place, as a result of which Perm the Great finally became part of the Russian state. His detachment consisted of Ustyuzhans, Belozersk, Vologda and Vychegzhan, that is, residents of the Russian North. Some of them remained to live in the Kamsko-Kolvinsky river region, because. Fyodor Motley was sent here by the governor and created a fortified town in Pokche. From the dialects of the first settlers who came from the north of Russia, Russian dialects originate here.
In emerging cities in the XV-XVI centuries, of course. The same dialect speech was heard as in the nearby rural settlements. Later, in the 17th century, the linguistic situation in the cities turned out to be more complex. Most of their population used the same dialects that developed around the cities. But at the same time, in the cities, colloquial speech was also represented by other varieties, since, in addition to peasants, artisans, merchants, soldiers, representatives of the administration, and the clergy lived there. Along with the speech of the peasants, the speech of the ministers of worship, who knew the church-bookish language, and the clerks, who knew the business language, sounded here. Various professional languages were also represented here: the speech of salt makers, soap makers, metallurgists, blacksmiths, etc. And, of course, the speech of people familiar with business and church texts, although there were few of them relative to all urban residents, made their mark on the emerging urban vernacular. The 16th - 17th centuries turn out to be the time not only of active settlement in Perm of the Great - Cherdyn land and the Kama Salt, but also of active resettlement down the Kama up to the Novo - Nikolskaya Sloboda, founded in 1591. It is this period that becomes the time of the emergence of Russian old-timer dialects in the Western Urals. However, the significance of the territory being settled and the unequal conditions for the development of individual regions have led to the fact that differences are found in the Permian dialects of different regions, which results in a multitude of dialects.
Great Perm was settled, as evidenced by the data of scribe books and many Cherdyn documents of the 17th century, by the inhabitants of the Northern Dvina, Mezenia, Pinega, Vym, Vilyadi, Vychegda, Sukhona, South, Pechora, Vologda, Vyatka, where the North Russian dialects had already formed , genetically related to Novgorod. The population that arrived in the Russian North from Moscow, Vladimir, the Volga region, etc., assimilated the local Northern Russian speech, although it imposed some typos on it, especially in vocabulary. In the second half of the 17th and especially in the 18th century, Old Believers from the Nizhny Novgorod province, from the Volga region, began to arrive in Great Perm. They carry their dialects and settle next to the population already established here.
In the 19th century, migrations of the population within the Kama region continued, leading to the development of new territories. So, there is a stream of Old Believers to Upper Kolva and Upper Pechora. The Old Believers also settled in other areas, settled in the Solikamsk villages, in the Chusovsky towns and the village of Kopalno on Chusovaya, in the western part of the modern Sivensky, Vereshchaginsky and Ochersky districts, in the Yurlinsky district. A certain isolation of the Old Believers, traditionalism in occupations, culture contributed to the preservation of elements brought mainly from the Trans-Volga dialects. However, in those settlements where the Old Believers settled next to the non-Old Believers, they gradually fully assimilated the old-timer dialects that had developed here.
The Urals has long been known as a natural border between Europe and Asia. In ancient Greek and Roman sources, and then in a number of later European sources, up to the middle of the 16th century, the Urals were called the Riphean, or Hyperborean mountains. Under this name, these mountains were also depicted on ancient geographical maps, starting with the world map of the famous Alexandrian scientist Claudius Ptolemy (2nd century AD). For a long time, starting from the first chronicle - "The Tale of Bygone Years" dating back to the 11th century AD - the Russians called the Ural Mountains "Belt Stone", "Siberian", or "Big Stone", or "Earth Belt". By the end of the 16th century, the Russians were already well aware of the territory of their country, including the territory of the Urals.
On the first detailed map of the Muscovite state - the “Big Drawing”, compiled in the first version, apparently in 1570, the Urals, called “Big Stone”, was depicted as a powerful mountain belt, from which numerous rivers originate. Only from the thirties of the XVIII century the name "Ural Mountains" was introduced into literature for the first time. This name was introduced into science by talented researchers of the nature of the Urals - V.N. Tatishchev and P.I. Rychkov. The accumulation of knowledge about the nature of the Urals, its riches was facilitated by the settlement of the region by Russians, the development of agriculture, mining, and trade here. However, this knowledge did not go beyond the scope of private observations in individual industries, mainly related to the use of the natural resources of the region.
A systematic study of natural conditions was carried out by the works of scientists and travelers who visited the Urals at different times and carried out research work here. The first of the Russian geographers began to study the Urals V.N. Tatishchev. It was the largest scientist of the middle of the XVIII century. He led the search for minerals, cartographic work, collected a herbarium, studied the nature and population of the Urals. In the matter of studying the nature of the Middle Urals, including the nature of the Sverdlovsk region, Academician I.I. Lepekhin. In 1769-1771 I.I. Lepekhin, as the head of one of the detachments of the Academic Expedition, visited many regions and factories of the Southern and Middle Urals, studied the structure of the surface (especially karst landforms), collected rocks and a herbarium, discovered a number of minerals (copper ores, coal in Bashkiria), observed life and customs of the local population, mainly Bashkirs. A significant part of Lepekhin's route passed through the Middle Urals.
He visited Yekaterinburg and the factories closest to it - Verkh-Isetsky, Revdinsky and others. From Yekaterinburg, Lepekhin went to Kungur, where he examined and described the Kungur ice cave. After a trip to the Southern Urals, Lepekhin in the autumn of 1770 again went through Yekaterinburg to the eastern and northern parts of the modern territory of the Sverdlovsk region, visiting Turinsk, Irbit, Nizhny Tagil and Verkhoturye. Lepekhin climbed Konzhakovsky Kamen, where he found deposits of copper ore, described here the vertical zonality of the vegetation cover.
At the same time, another detachment of the Academic Expedition was working in the Urals under the leadership of Academician P.S. Pallas. He also visited some areas of our region. In the summer of 1770, traveling through the Iset province, he examined many factories and mines in the Southern and Middle Urals, in particular the iron mines of the Vysokaya and Grace Mountains, as well as the Kachkanar massif. On its northern peak - Mount Magnitnaya - Pallas discovered ores of magnetic iron ore. The son of a prominent geographer and connoisseur of the nature of the Southern Urals, P.I. Rychkova - N.P. Rychkov studied the nature of the western slopes of the Middle and Southern Urals.
His route also covered the southwestern part of the modern territory of the Sverdlovsk region: in 1771, N. Rychkov traveled from Perm to Kungur, and from there through Yekaterinburg to Orenburg. The first information about the nature of the northern part of our region dates back to the beginning of the 19th century. In 1826, the head of the Theological Plants, F. Berger, reported information about the mountains of the Northern Urals, including Denezhkin Stone. In 1829, the well-known German geographer and scientist Alexander Gumbolti, a companion of the mineralogist Gustav Rose, visited the Urals on his way to the Altai. Their path passed from Perm through Kungur to Yekaterinburg, where they examined the immediate vicinity of the city - Lake Shartash, Berezovsky gold mines, Shabrovsky and Talc mines, Uktus, the village of Elizabeth. From Yekaterinburg, the travelers made a trip to the north, to Nizhny Tagil, to Mount Grace to inspect factories and mines, then their route crossed Bogoslovsk (now the city of Karpinsk). From here, through Alapaevsk and Yekaterinburg, the travelers headed to Tyumen and further east.
In 1830-39. the extreme north of the Sverdlovsk region (between the Chistop ridge and the top of Denezhkino Kamen) was studied by the North Ural expedition of the Department of Mining and Salt Affairs, first under the guidance of mining master M.I. Protasov, then mining engineers N.I. Strazhevsky and V.G. Pestereva. This part of the Urals, previously unexplored by almost no one, was first described and mapped. In 1838, Professor of Moscow University G.E. Shchurovsky, whose trip resulted in the first comprehensive description of the physical geography of the Middle and Northern Urals. In 1847-1850. The Russian Geographical Society organized a major expedition to the Northern Urals. It was named the North Ural Expedition of the Russian Geographical Society. The expedition was led by Professor of Mineralogy of St. Petersburg University E.K. Hoffmann. On the way back from Cherdyn in 1850 E.K. Hoffmann rode up the Vishera, crossed the Ural Range at its headwaters and, moving south, reached a large peak - Denezhkina Kamen, after which he arrived from Nadezhdinsk, through Nizhny Tagil, to Yekaterinburg. In 1855 E.K. Hoffmann again visited the Middle (near Yekaterinburg, Mount Kachkanar) and the Northern Urals (Konzhakovsky Stone). In 1872, the botanist N.V. Sorokin, a full member of the Kazan Society of Natural Science Lovers, climbed to the top of Denezhkin Kamen and collected a herbarium there.
In 1874-76. the high-mountainous part of the Sverdlovsk region (the massif of Chistop, Denezhkin Kamen, Konzhakovsky, Kosvinsky, Sukhogorsky Stones and Mount Kachkanar) was visited by the famous botanist P.N. Krylov, who collected very valuable material on the vegetation cover high mountains Northern and Middle Urals. Then, in 1877, another botanist and ethnographer, N.I. Kuznetsov - studied the vegetation cover and population of the far north of the territory of the Sverdlovsk region and climbed the Chistop massif and other mountains.
In the seventies mountains of the 19th century, the Ural Society of Natural Science Lovers was founded in Yekaterinburg, whose tasks included a comprehensive study of the nature of the Urals. The society has collected large collections of rocks and minerals, a herbarium, as well as zoological, especially entomological, archaeological, ethnographic and other collections. Now most of them are stored in the Sverdlovsk Regional Museum of Local Lore. A significant role in the study of the nature of the Sverdlovsk region was played by prominent figures of the Ural Society of Natural Science Lovers - O.E. Claire, N.K. Chupin, P.V. Syuzev, A.A. Cherdantsev, I.Ya. Krivoshchekov and a number of others. Cartographer and local historian I.Ya. Krivoshchekov compiled many maps that included the territory of the Sverdlovsk region, for example: "Map of the Perm province" (1887), "Map of the Yekaterinburg district of the Perm province" (1908), "Map of the Verkhotursk district" (1910).
Each card was accompanied by an explanatory text. In the seventies of the 19th century, the well-known geologist A.P. Karpinsky. From 1894 to 1899, E.S. Fedorov, who created a major work on the geology of the Bogoslovsky district and a wonderful geological museum in the Turin mines (now the city of Krasnoturinsk), which contains a rich collection of rocks in the amount of more than 80,000 copies.
At the very end of the 19th century, the famous geologist F.Yu. Levinson-Lessing. In 1898 and 1899, he conducted geological surveys of Denezhkin Kamen and the neighboring mountains in order to search for platinum and gold. After the Great October Socialist Revolution, the study of the nature of the Urals began to be carried out more systematically. Many expeditions were complex in nature. The subsoil of the Urals, including within the Sverdlovsk region, as well as other elements of nature were studied in particular detail: relief, climate, water, soil, vegetation and wildlife. A number of summary and special works on the geography of the Urals and the region appeared. A major role in the study of the nature of the north of the Sverdlovsk region was played by the Ural Complex Expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences, which continued its work for a number of years, starting in 1939, as well as some expeditions of the Ural Department (now a branch) of the Geographical Society. At present, the Ural branch of the Geographical Society of the USSR Union, as well as a number of other scientific institutions and societies, and higher educational institutions play an important role in the study of the nature of the Sverdlovsk region.
1) Using the maps of the atlas, determine the features of the geographical position of the Urals.
The Urals stretch meridionally from the coast of the Kara Sea to the steppes of Kazakhstan, the boundary between Europe and Asia.
2) What subjects of the Federation are included in this natural region.
Arkhangelsk Region, Komi Republic, Tyumen Region, Perm Territory, Sverdlovsk Region, Republic of Bashkortostan, Orenburg Region.
Questions in a paragraph
* Recall from the initial course of physical geography to which group the Ural Mountains can be attributed in terms of height.
The Ural Mountains are medium-altitude mountains.
Questions at the end of the paragraph
1. Independently characterize the specifics of the geographical location of the Urals.
The Urals is a mountainous country stretching from the coast of the Kara Sea to the steppes of Kazakhstan, the boundary between Europe and Asia. It crosses five natural zones of Northern Eurasia - tundra, forest-tundra, taiga, forest-steppe and steppe. The Urals has long been considered the border between two parts of the world - Europe and Asia. The border is drawn along the axial part of the mountains, and in the southeast along the Ural River.
3. Tell us about the history of the development and study of the Urals
The ancient inhabitants of the Urals were Bashkirs, Udmurts, Komi-Permyaks, Khanty (Ostyaks), Mansi (formerly Voguls), local Tatars. Their main occupations were agriculture, hunting, fishing, cattle breeding and beekeeping. Communication between indigenous peoples and Russians goes back centuries. Even in the XI century. Novgorodians paved the water route to the Urals and Siberia. They founded their first settlements in the Urals in the upper reaches of the Kama; fur riches attracted them here.
In 1430, the first industrial enterprise was created in the Urals: townspeople, merchants Kalinnikovs, founded the village of Sol-Kamskaya (modern Solikamsk) and laid the foundation for the salt industry. In 1471, the Novgorod lands were annexed to the Muscovite state. Great Perm with the main city of Cherdyn also passed under his authority.
After the conquest of the Kazan Khanate (1552), the number of Russian settlers in the Urals increased greatly. In the second half of the XVI century. the vast land areas of the Kama region were captured by the Stroganovs of Solvychegodsk industrialists. They were engaged in salt production and various crafts, later - in mining.
With the development and settlement of the territory of the region by Russians, information about its riches gradually accumulated. The first "geologists" of the Urals were natives of the people - miners. The first information about finds of valuable ores and minerals dates back to the 17th century. At the same time they began to mine iron ore and smelt iron.
Samples of iron ore from the Neiva River sent to Moscow in 1696 by the Verkhoturye voivode were tested by the Tula gunsmith Nikita Demidovich Antufiev, and they showed that the Ural ore “is melted with profit and the iron obtained from it in the weapons business is no worse than the Svei”. After that, in 1699. construction of the state-owned Nevyansk iron-smelting and iron-working plant began. From the very first iron received, Nikita Antufiev made several excellent guns, presented them to Peter I and asked that the Nevyansk plant be transferred to his jurisdiction. The certificate for the ownership of the plant was issued by the tsar in the name of Nikita Demidov. From that time on, he and his descendants bore this surname. So the era of the Demidovs began in the Urals.
The 18th century is the century of the development of the mining industry in the Urals. The geographer V. N. Tatishchev was engaged in the study of the natural resources of the Ural Mountains and their description at that time. He justified the need to build a large industrial center of the Urals and chose a place for it. So Yekaterinburg was founded.
Geological research of the Urals was actively carried out in the 19th century. A. P. Karpinsky, I. V. Mushketov, E. S. Fedorov. The mining industry of the Urals was studied and improved by the famous scientist D. I. Mendeleev. Why has the Urals been assigned (and is assigned) such a big role in the life of the country? Why exactly this region, and no other, received such high rank: "The supporting edge of the state, its earner and blacksmith"? The answers to these questions go back a long way.
Socio-economic development of the Urals in the XVII century.
From the 17th century, according to the definition of V. I. Lenin, a new period of Russian history begins, which “is characterized by a truly actual merger of all ... regions, lands and principalities into one whole. This merger ... was caused by the increasing exchange between the regions, the gradually growing commodity circulation, the concentration of small local markets into one all-Russian market. At that time, in the depths of feudal relations, the first sprouts of capitalist relations were born, which with difficulty made their way in the conditions of strengthening and further development serfdom. These processes developed differently in different territories of the Russian state. Socio-economic development of the Urals in the XVII century. took place in the conditions of ongoing colonization, which took on a massive character. New phenomena in the economy and public life manifested themselves here more noticeably than in the center. Salt-making and metallurgy continue to develop and industrial enterprises of the manufactory type reappear, the handicraft develops into small-scale production. The social division of labor is deepening and the economic ties between local markets and individual regions are strengthening, which are gradually being drawn into the emerging all-Russian market. The property stratification of the peasantry and townspeople begins to develop into a social one.
The development of the Urals in the XVII century.
In the 17th century the development of the Urals continued, which, after the elimination of the military danger from the south and east, became massive. The advance of the Russian population to the northern regions of the Urals was held back by unfavorable conditions for the development of agriculture. In the southern regions of the Urals, the Russians met with resistance from the Bashkir population, who defended their rights to the steppe spaces as natural pastures for the development of nomadic cattle breeding. The main areas of mass Russian colonization are the undeveloped or poorly developed fertile lands of the forest and forest-steppe Middle Urals. The local agricultural population was generally friendly to the Russian peasants and, together with them, developed new arable land. A small commercial and pastoral population fell under the influence of Russian agricultural culture and moved to a settled way of life. Spontaneous peasant colonization remains the main form of colonization. The increase in the rate of resettlement of peasants from the northern counties of Pomorye to the Urals was associated with an increase in the social stratification of the peasantry (landlessness and the ruin of its commercial and usurious capital), the spread of serfdom in these areas (the seizure of part of black lands by the palace department, boyars, landowners and monasteries. Most of the Pomeranian Peasants were resettled legally, released by their "worlds" - communities, having permission in their hands - special documents (vacation, travel, road, "feeding memory"). The growth of serfdom in the central and Volga districts of Russia also led to the ebb of the peasantry from these areas to the outskirts The introduction of the Council Code of 1649, mass searches for fugitives in different parts of the country pushed the peasants to distant migrations, including to the Urals, where it was difficult to find them, and the tsarist administration, search for the fugitive and did not have enough strength to check him out eating. At the beginning of the XVII century. the government maintained benefits for the first settlers in poorly developed areas. However, as the spontaneous mass movement of peasants to the Urals grew, it also refused these small benefits. The resettlement of peasants in the Urals was influenced by the repressions of the tsarist government during the suppression of popular movements. Thus, the influx of population from the Volga districts increased sharply after the defeat of the Peasants' War under the leadership of S. T. Razin. The beginning of the persecution of the Old Believers led to the appearance of the first schismatic sketes in the Urals. One of the reasons for resettlement to the Urals was also natural disasters in different parts of the country: droughts, severe frosts, prolonged rains and floods, leading to crop failures, lack of food, death of livestock and game animals. The result was hunger. The most difficult were the hungry years at the beginning of the century (1600-1603), in the early 30s and 40s and at the end of the century (1696-1698). This caused migration from areas most affected by famine to areas less affected by it. In the second half of the XVII century. in the Urals, searches for fugitives began. Often they were preceded by a population census in order to attract all the peasants to the tax. There is a movement of the population from counties in which investigations and censuses are carried out, to counties not yet covered by them. The growth of taxes and the arbitrariness of the tsarist and patrimonial administration in collecting them also pushed for the resettlement of peasants within the region. So, in 1671, the peasants of the Cherdynsky district complained that “from those incessant Siver (Siberian) yam vacations, and from grain reserves, and from the ship’s business and new surplus shooting money, and from grain shortages, we became an immeasurable burden ... and leaving house and arable land wandered apart in vain ”2. In 1697, “Many hard-working peasants of Cherdyn district scattered apart” because of the excesses of Stroganov’s clerks who penetrated the black-soil lands. The migration of non-Russian peoples was influenced by the actions of local authorities, the cruel measures of exacting yasak. The working masses of different nationalities were looking for a way out in flight to new lands. In 1612, the Vishera Vogulichi left for the Verkhoturye district. In 1622, the Chusovoy Vogulichi complained that M. Stroganov sent his clerks to take away their furs - “and they have nothing to pay asak from their force, and the Tatars and Vogulichi wander separately.” From arbitrariness in the collection of yasak in 1648. Tatars from the Verkhotursk district fled to Ufimsky, and in 1658 the Vogulichi of the Chusovskaya settlement "wanted to wander apart to other places because of the devastation caused by the Tobolsk servile people." During the 1678 census of the yasak people of the Kuygur district, "Cheremis and Chuvash and Ostyaks fled to other cities from that obrok." In 1680, the Mari of the Kungur district, “leaving their yurts, dispersed apart” after imposing them with “streltsy money”. National movements influenced the migration of the population. So, during the uprising of 1662-1664, raised by the feudal elite of the Bashkirs and the Muslim clergy, Russian peasants from Kungur, Osinsky and the southern part of the Verkhotursky counties moved to other counties of the Urals. When the uprising was suppressed by government troops, the Bashkirs, in turn, were removed from their homes and left for new lands. A certain milestone in the Russian colonization of the Urals in the XVII century. was the formation of a new - Kungur chernososhnoy county on the black earth lands of the Sylvensko-Irensky river region. In 1648, from the estates of the Stroganovs, Pyskorsky and Solikamsky Ascension monasteries and the possessions of the Solikamsk townspeople of the Eliseevs and Surovtsevs on the river. 1222 people were “brought out” to the state peasants in Sylve here. Peasants from the Solikamsky, Cherdynsky, Kaigorodsky districts and Novonikolskaya settlement, as well as from Solvychegodsky, Ustyugsky and Vazsky counties of Pomorie began to move to Sylva. The rate of settlement of the Kungur district in the XVII century. were the highest in the Urals. For 55 years (1648-1703) the number of households here increased by 12.2 times. In addition to the Russian population, Tatars, Bashkirs, Maris, Chuvashs and Udmurts lived here, making up about D of the population of the county. For 80 years (1624-1704) the non-Russian population also increased almost 12 times. Most of them were engaged in agriculture, raising Kungur arable land together with the Russians. Fertile lands in the vicinity of Novonikolskaya Sloboda (the future Osinsky district) were quickly settled. From the end of the XVI to the beginning of the XVIII century. the number of households in the settlement and the villages adjacent to it increased almost 30 times9. The development of the previously emerged districts of the Urals continued. In the Cherdyn uyezd, whose territory was reduced after the transfer of the lands of the Invensky, Obvinsky, and Kosva districts to the Solikamsky uyezd in 1640, the number of households doubled over 100 years (1579-1679) i0. It became the center of settlement in other counties of the Urals and Siberia, like the large, remote Kaigorodsky county, the outflow of the population from which exceeded its inflow. The Solikamsk district was successfully settled, mainly due to the development of fertile streams. For 32 years (1647-1679) the peasant population along Inva, Obva and Kosva increased by more than 3 times. At the beginning of the XVIII century. (1702) there were 617 settlements and 14 thousand male souls. Settlement of the Stroganov estates in the first half of the 17th century. also progressed rapidly. For 45 years (1579-1624) the number of households in them increased by 4 times. In the second half of the century, the pace decreased significantly due to the strengthening of serf oppression in the estates. In 1700-1702. The Stroganovs were given the fertile streamlands of the Solikamsk district and lands along the Kos and Lolog rivers from the Cherdyn district, inhabited mainly by Komi-Permyaks. Gradually, an old-timer Russian population emerged, born and raised in the Urals. By the end of the XVII century. it already prevailed in Ponuratye and amounted to about half of the population of the Trans-Urals. The main part of the settlers goes beyond the ridge - to the eastern slope of the Urals and to Siberia. In the first half of the XVII century. on the eastern slope, the fertile lands of the southern part of the Verkhotursky district up to the river were most quickly developed. Pyshmy. About one and a half dozen large settlements and churchyards were founded here. Most of them were fortified with prisons and inhabited by white-located Cossacks who carried military service endowed with land, receiving a salary and exempt from tax. Slobodas arose on the initiative of wealthy peasants - Slobodas, who called on "eager people" to develop arable land. The villagers themselves became representatives of the local administration. The peasant population grew rapidly in the settlements, some of them numbered 200-300 households. In the second half of the XVII century. the southern border of the Russian lands advanced to the Iset and Miass rivers. More than 20 new settlements appear here (Kataysky prison, Shadrinskaya, Kamyshlovskaya, etc.). Russian villages are growing rapidly in their vicinity. For 56 years (1624-1680) the number of households in the vast Verkhotursk district increased by more than 7 times and. Settlers from the northern counties of Pomorie prevailed, and by the end of the 17th century. about a third of them were the peasants of the Urals. The population density was much less than in the Urals. The Pelymsky district with its infertile soils was slowly populated. At the end of the XVII century. the total number of the peasant population in the Urals was at least 200 thousand people. The population density in previously developed counties is increasing. According to the 1678 census, in the Kaigorod district, “profitable households and people who were not newcomers - the peasants of the same Zyuzda volost, children were separated from their fathers, brothers from brothers, nephews from uncles, sons-in-law from father-in-law” 12. The peasants of the Stroganov estates moved to the lower Kama and eastern slope of the Urals. In the Verkhotursk district, they move from settlements with "the sovereign's tithe arable land" to settlements where natural and especially cash dues prevailed (Krasnopolskaya, Ayatskaya, Chusovskaya, etc.). The peasants were resettled in whole groups of 25-50 people in the settlement. Communities are formed on a national basis. Komi-Zyryans settled in Aramashevskaya and Nitsinskaya settlements, Komi-Permyaks settled in Chusovskaya, in the district of Ayatskaya settlement a Mari village appeared - Cheremisskaya. r 17 c. - The Urals becomes the base of the spontaneous peasant colonization of Siberia. In 1678, 34.5% of all peasants who left the estates of the Stroganovs went to Siberia, 12.2% - from Kaigorodsky, 3.6% - from Cherdynsky district 13. Rivers remain the main ways of resettlement. In the 17th century small rivers and tributaries of large ones are quickly developed. The old Kazan road from Ufa and Sylva to the upper reaches of the Iset, which ran from Kazan to Sarapul, Okhansk and through Kungur to Aramilskaya settlement, is being revived. The direct road from Tura to the middle reaches of the Neiva and Nica is widely used. In the 17th century the posad colonization of the Urals becomes noticeable. The reasons for the resettlement of townspeople were the intensification of feudal exploitation in the towns, the development of property stratification into a social one, which in cities manifested itself more sharply than in the countryside, and created an excess of labor. Increasing competition pushed to new lands not only the urban poor, but also the middle strata of the suburbs. The main part of the settlers came from the settlements of northern Pomorye. The increase in the township tax as a result of the "township building" in 1649-1652. caused an outflow of population from cities to the outskirts. The resettlement was also influenced by government repressions during the suppression of urban uprisings, famine years, which were more pronounced in the city than in the countryside. So, since 1647, “from the Pomeranian cities ... from the settlements ... the townspeople descended to Siberia ... from their burdensome foals: from grain shortages and from poverty, with their wives and children.” The reasons for the internal movement of the townspeople within the Urals were the depletion of natural resources (for example, salt brines near Cherdyn), the reduction in trade due to changes in transport routes and the administrative status of some cities (for example, the transfer of the center of Perm the Great from Cherdyn to Solikamsk, the reduction in Solikamsk trade in connection with the rise of Kungur on the new route to Siberia), the relative overpopulation of old cities. The dense building of cities with wooden buildings often led to their burning out during large fires and to the outflow of the population. The pace of resettlement of the townspeople was slower in comparison with the peasant colonization. In the second half of the XVII century. a new form of colonization is emerging - industrial, associated with the construction of factory settlements at enterprises. The township population in the Urals grew faster than in the Trans-Urals. In the cities beyond the Urals, service people still made up a significant part of the population. Just like in the village, by the end of the XVII century. in the Ural cities, an old-timer population was formed, which significantly prevailed over the new settlers. They grew most rapidly in the 17th century. new cities and old ones that arose in the rich natural resources areas. The population of Kungur for 73 years (1649-1722), despite repeated devastation from the Bashkir raids, increased by more than 5 times, Solikamsk for 131 years (1579-1710) - 15 times. The population of the salt-working settlement Novoye Usolye over 55 years (1624-1679) grew more than 10 times 14. The population of the Ural cities grew both due to exiles and due to the influx of non-Russian population: Komi-Zyryans, Karelians, Maris, Tatars, Lithuanians , as well as service people - captured Poles and Mansi (Voguli) who switched to the Russian service. In 1678, Komi-Zyryans in Cherdyn accounted for 26.4% of all settlers, and in 1680 non-Russian settlers in Verkhoturye - 26.2%. In the 17th century the monastic colonization of the Urals continued. The government encouraged the activities of the monasteries, but was not interested in excessively increasing their wealth. Small monasteries - "deserts" are built by peasants and townspeople, who hoped to evade the growing feudal oppression with the help of class privileges. Most of the new monasteries were created by pre-existing monasteries as their branches. For the first time in the Urals, colonies of large Russian monasteries of the Center, the North and the Volga region (Trinity-Sergnev, Voskresensky, New Jerusalem, Savvino-Starozhevsky. Arkhangelsky Veliky Ustyug) appear. The Tobolsk Metropolitan House developed a vigorous activity, creating several suburbs in the Verkhoturye district, which belonged to the head of the Siberian church, Archbishop Cyprian. Among the new monasteries, the largest were such trans-Ural monasteries as Nevyansky Bogoyavlensky, Rafailov, Dalmatovsky, which had stone fortifications to protect against the Bashkirs, whose lands he seized. Despite a significant reduction in land holdings and dependent peasants, during the creation of the Kungur district, such Kama monasteries as Pyskorsky and Solikamsky Ascension continued to develop. In the monastic estates during the XVII century. peasants were resettled from the northern, central and Volga districts of the country. There were also internal movements, mainly from the northern monasteries to the southern ones, from the Urals to the Trans-Urals. By the end of the XVII century. there is a significant outflow of the working population of the monasteries to the black-soil lands and factories. During the church reform of Peter I, a significant part of the peasants was brought into taxation, many of them left the monastery lands, some monasteries (Nevyansky Epiphany) were closed. In 1710, 77 peasants were taken out of the patrimony of the Pyskorsky monastery as a tax, 23 fled, 17 voluntarily left, 9 were taken as soldiers and for the construction of St. Petersburg15. The scale of land development during the monastic colonization was more than modest.
