The impact of scientific and technological progress on the development of the economy. The impact of scientific and technological progress on the development of the economy The positive impact of technological progress on a person
The impact of scientific and technological progress on people
Man of the 21st century... What happened to him? How has scientific and technological progress affected people? And did they feel safer than those who lived a century ago? It is these questions that V. Soloukhin raises in his article.
According to the author, "technology has made powerful each state and humanity as a whole," but has one person become stronger because of this? Soloukhin makes us think about the fact that many changes are taking place in the world that can help people feel more secure and comfortable. And if you look from the other side, what can one person do? He remained the same as he was without planes and cell phones, because if he has nowhere to call and fly, then why do he need these phones and planes? In addition, we are people of the 21st century, we have begun to forget what we had acquired earlier, for example, what it means to write letters, to walk long distances.
I agree with the opinion of the author. Technological progress has not made one man stronger than he was before. I recall the work of M.Yu. Lermontov "Mtsyri", where the main character, being alone in the forest, meets a wild beast - a leopard (I don't remember exactly if it was a leopard). Mtsyri begins a fight with the beast and, thanks to the knife, kills him. But a modern person, having met an animal in the forest, would also not be able to use any other device to kill the beast, even despite the fact that in the 21st century technology has become many times more developed than in the time of M.Yu. Lomonosov.
What do we mean in this world now? Can people now live without a mobile phone or a computer? Will we, like our grandparents, be able to walk 10 km to school every day? I think it's worth thinking about it. After all, it seems that the stronger technology becomes, the less strong and adapted to life a person becomes ...
."To be or not to be"
Is life worth those humiliations, misfortunes that a person experiences on his way? Isn't it easier to stop mental turmoil with one movement than to fight for truth and happiness for a whole century?
In an excerpt from "Hamlet" W. Shakespeare talks about the meaning of life. On behalf of Hamlet, the author reflects: "... Is it worthy to submit to the blows of fate, or is it necessary to resist?", thereby raising one of the eternal questions: "What does a person live for?" William Shakespeare says: "What dreams will be dreamed in that mortal dream when the cover of earthly feelings is removed? This is the key. This is what lengthens our misfortunes for so many years.", implying that the meaning of life is in the ability to feel: to rejoice and love, sadness and hatred... Thus, the author raises a very important, in my opinion, the problem of finding the meaning of life.
I completely agree with the author: there is nothing more beautiful in the world than human feelings, so diverse and vivid in their manifestations. A person who understands the essence of life will never say: "I want to die." On the contrary, he will hold on to life to the last, overcoming pain.
The problem raised by the author is relevant at all times and therefore cannot leave us indifferent. Many writers and poets addressed her. LN Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace" fully reveals the theme of the search for the meaning of life. The main characters, Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, are looking for spiritual refuge. Through mistakes and suffering, the heroes gain peace and confidence.
Life is not always favorable to a person, most often it does not spare anyone. I recall the work of Boris Polevoy "The Tale of a Real Man". The main character, Alexey Meresyev, deprived of both legs during an air battle, has not lost his will to live. Alexei has demonstrated extraordinary resilience. Not only did his existence not lose its meaning, on the contrary, the hero felt the need for happiness, love, and understanding more acutely.
Life is boring, not colored by dreams, searches, discoveries, joy. And although sometimes failures fall on the head of the seeker of truth, at the end of the path everyone will be rewarded according to their deserts.
I would like to finish with a phrase from the movie "Forrest Gump": "Life is like a box of chocolates. You never know what filling you will get." Indeed, sometimes the most delicious candy is hidden behind a nondescript wrapper.
Nobility (according to Yu. Tsetlin)
Nowadays, people have forgotten about the meaning of the word nobility, it has become a kind of archaism in the modern world. Now nobility is ridiculed, as in ancient times the vices that afflict the soul were ridiculed.
The nobility of a person is determined not by position and noble origin. This is exactly what the author of the text Yu. Tsetlin is talking about, noting that to a greater or lesser extent nobility is characteristic of any firm and honest person.
I fully agree with the position of the author of this text that many people substitute values, taking "puffiness and arrogance" for true nobility. There is a lot of confirmation of my position in literature, for example, Victor Hugo's novel Les Misérables. Former convict Jean Valjean, having become mayor, saves his worst enemy from the inevitable death, who has slandered him for many years. Risking his life, Jean Valjean pulled the old man out from under an overturned cart, mired in a swamp along with his passenger. An example of pseudo-nobility is the heroine of the novel Dangerous Liaisons by Choderlos de Laclos, Marquise de Merteuil. The Marquise, being a rich, noble woman with excellent manners, cruelly took revenge on her opponents because of trifles, not disdaining lies, betrayal and hypocrisy.
Probably for a very long time people will substitute values, forgetting about their original meaning. So far, nobility as a normal phenomenon, and not deviation, seems to me to be something unattainable. Dream. Utopia.
Nobility (according to Yu. Tsetlin)
Everyone has their own opinion about what is good and what is bad. It is customary to associate this with a large number of personal associations, with differences in the intellectual and spiritual development of people, with the specifics of the social situation around them. But there are such phenomena that have had the same significance for mankind at all times.
One of these phenomena is nobility. But real nobility, the main manifestations of which are honesty and fortitude, nobility that is not flaunted, just the same as the author of this text writes about. Yu. Tsetlin is concerned about the problem of true human nobility, he talks about what kind of person can be called noble, what features are inherent in this type of people.
Today, a noble person is a rarity. After all, noble deeds are activities aimed primarily at helping people, activities based on sensitivity to their problems. Yu. Tsetlin in the text proposed for analysis gives a vivid example of a truly noble person - Don Quixote. Through the image of a well-known literary hero, the author of the article shows that the desire to fight evil and injustice is the foundation of true nobility, the foundation on which an outstanding personality is built.
Y. Tsetlin believes that "one must be able to remain an honest, unshakable, proud person under all circumstances", for which, however, both humanity and generosity are characteristic.
I fully agree with the opinion of the author of the text: a noble person is distinguished by sincere love for people, a desire to help them, the ability to sympathize, empathize, and for this it is necessary to have self-esteem and a sense of duty, honor and pride.
I find confirmation of my point of view in the novel by A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin". The main character of this work, Tatyana Larina, was a truly noble person. The love of her life initially turned out to be unrequited, and the heroine of the novel had to marry not for love. But even when her lover, Eugene Onegin, told her about the feeling that suddenly flared up for her, Tatyana Larina did not change her principles and coldly answered him with a phrase that had already become an aphorism: “But I am given to another and I will be faithful to him for a century.”
Another ideal of a noble person was splendidly described by L. N. Tolstoy in the epic novel War and Peace. The writer gave one of the main characters of his work, Andrei Bolkonsky, not only external nobility, but also internal, which the latter did not immediately discover in himself. Andrei Bolkonsky had to go through a lot, rethink a lot before he could forgive his enemy, the dying Anatoly Kuragin, an intriguer and traitor, for whom he had only hated before. This example illustrates the ability of a noble person to achieve true spiritual heights.
Despite the fact that there are fewer and fewer noble people every decade, I think that nobility will always be appreciated by people, because it is mutual assistance, mutual assistance and mutual respect that unite society into one indestructible whole.
The benefits of education (according to A.F. Losev)
We often think about the benefits that our actions bring to us. Depending on personal needs, character traits, life principles, we give priority to either spiritual satisfaction or material gain. But there are activities that benefit us both morally and materially.
The article by A.F. Losev, a well-known Russian philosopher, discusses just such a type of activity. The author extols science and education, talks about the benefits education gives to a person.
In modern society, it is very important to be educated. Without education, it becomes a difficult task not only to find a job, but also to analyze the events taking place around a person that concern him. Now, in many countries, basic general education is compulsory, because without the basic knowledge acquired in school, it is impossible to live in society.
In this text, A.F. Losev focuses the reader's attention not on the need for education, but on the spiritual aspect of the benefits that we receive from education. In his opinion, education, both motivated by the desire to cultivate a personality in oneself and conditioned by material needs, in any case brings a person "sweet fruits" - moral satisfaction.
I fully share the opinion of the author of the text that an educated person feels needed and useful to society. And this cannot but become the reason for his spiritual development.
My point of view is confirmed in the story of A.P. Chekhov "The Jumper". One of the main characters of this work, Dymov, a doctor by vocation, was truly devoted to his profession. He saved people, risking his life, and sacrificed himself for the sake of society. And throughout the entire period scientific activity Dymov formed his personality, developed spiritually.
Another good example is the image of Bazarov in the work “Fathers and Sons” by another Russian classic, I. S. Turgenev. Bazarov's life principles were formed as a result of his passion for science. He became a personality, doing medicine, conducting various experiments.
Education plays a huge role in the life of every person. It brings us "sweet fruits" of spiritual satisfaction and material benefits. But the most important advantage that education gives a person is, of course, the foundation for the formation of personality, the formation of life goals and principles, and the development of the spiritual component of a person.
Personal education in the process of learning (according to I. Botov)
Often, by the word "education" we mean knowledge that will help us get a highly paid and prestigious profession. Less and less often we think about what else it provides besides material benefits ...
That is why Igor Pavlovich Botov in his article touches upon the problem of the need for moral education, emphasizing precisely the importance of the correct upbringing of the individual in the learning process.
The author draws our attention to the fact that an educated but immoral person will have a corrupting effect on society. A child who has not learned the basics of morality in his school years will grow up spiritually stingy. That is why it is so important for a teacher to put all the best into the soul of a student, and then, perhaps, in the future we will encounter less soulless officials, unscrupulous politicians and criminals.
Igor Botov is not indifferent to the problem posed by him, he believes that the term "education" should be completely replaced by another one - "education".
I fully agree with the author, because the methods of modern education, in my opinion, prioritize primarily material gain, relegating spirituality to the background.
I see life examples confirming my position every day at school: the growing indifference to moral values among my peers from year to year, their lack of spirituality really causes alarm. Less and less often you will meet a teacher who is not indifferent, entering the classroom with a desire to teach something to children, and not just to conduct another lesson and go home as soon as possible. This state of affairs causes sadness, because it is the teacher who can lay the first basics of “humanity” in the child.
For example, it is worth remembering the work of Valentin Grigorievich Rasputin "French Lessons". Lidia Mikhailovna, in order to somehow help the boy, who did not want to take money and food from her, began to play with him in the wall for money. When the director became aware of this, she lost her job, but the act of the teacher became a lesson in kindness and understanding for the boy for the rest of his life.
Once upon a time, Aristotle said: "He who advances in the sciences, but lags behind in morality, goes more backward than forward." The words of the philosopher perfectly reflect the situation of the present education, which is in such need of morality.
Selfishness, lack of compassion (according to B. Vasiliev)
It is impossible to imagine our world without a sympathetic, lively attitude towards each other. People are always in great need of someone's compassion and understanding. But, unfortunately, we do not often think about it.
In this text, B. Vasiliev raises the problem of selfishness, the lack of compassion in some people. In my opinion, it is quite relevant. This moral problem forces the reader to think deeply about his behavior. The author talks about children who, in order to create a museum, took away the most precious thing from their mother - letters about their son who died at the front.
The position of the author of the text is clear. B. Vasiliev believes that people sometimes do not think at all about the pain that their rash act can bring to others. So for the mother, after the letters were taken from her, the son "faded away, died, died a second time, and now forever."
One cannot but agree with the author's opinion that a person is sometimes very selfish and ruthless. Thinking only about personal gain, he commits cruel acts that bring grief to others.
This problem is reflected in the story of I. Turgenev "Mumu". Janitor Gerasim picked up the puppy. He loved him very much, looked after him, fed him, cared for him. Mumu became the only joy in the life of a dumb janitor. But the lady did not like the puppy, and therefore Gerasim was forced to drown Mumu. It is impossible to convey in words his state after such an act. Because of the whim of the mistress, he lost his only friend.
The literary critic and public figure D.S. Likhachev addressed this problem. In one of his letters, he says that in our time, unfortunately, there are more and more callous and soulless people, incapable of pity, compassion for others, who cared only about themselves.
Thus, we come to the following conclusion: people should treat each other with understanding and compassion.
"Fathers and Sons" (according to M. Ageev)
Parents...Love...Care...Patience...What unites these concepts? What is the true meaning of them? Why are we embarrassed by our parents, do not appreciate their love and care? These questions are suggested by the author of the original text.
M. Ageev raises a problem that the greatest minds of the past pondered and which remains relevant today. It can be described as the problem of "fathers and sons".
What prevents us (children) from knowing the true value of parental love? Why do we always strive to be away from them (parents), to become independent? After all, parents are the dearest and closest people. They want to help us, but sometimes we rudely reject their help and do not think about how much it hurts them. We (children) must remember that they gave us life! Then why are we ashamed of our parents, how they dress, how they talk and what they do. After all, when they are not around, emptiness, sadness, severe pain appear in the soul, which cannot be drowned out in any way. We remember how we treated them disrespectfully, how many insults we brought them, although parents never show how much they hurt!
The author's point of view on the indicated problem, in my opinion, is absolutely clear: he believes that children often perceive only external beauty person, not realizing the depth of parental love, their spiritual generosity. It often happens that we do not have the courage to admit to other people that the person you recently talked to is your dad or mom.
As for me, before I was often embarrassed by my mother, I didn’t like the way she dressed, the way she spoke, but now, gradually, with age, I understood a lot. My parents are everything to me. I live for them, and they live for us children. Therefore, whatever parents do, they will always do only for us, constantly forgetting about themselves.
Continuing to reflect on the problem raised, I would like to give arguments from fiction.
One such example is D. I. Fonvizin’s comedy “Undergrowth”. Despite the fact that Mrs. Prostakova is a rude, greedy landowner, she loves her only son Mitrofan and is ready for anything for him. But the son turns away from her at the most tragic moment.
This example shows us that parents try to do everything for the benefit of their children. But children, unfortunately, cannot always appreciate and understand this.
Relations between children and parents cannot be cloudless, ideal. But we must learn to understand each other.
The hero of A. S. Pushkin's story "The Stationmaster" Samson Vyrin loves his daughter very much, but a passing hussar takes Dunya with him. Distraught with grief, the father becomes an inveterate drunkard and dies, and Dunya appears only at his grave.
In conclusion, I would like to say that you need to take care of your parents, respect them and not harm them.
The fate of the book (book or internet?) (according to S. Curius)
But only a book can awaken real feelings in the reader. but about feelings, all adjectives, I wrote below, maybe there is no need to describe them?
Book or Internet? What does modern society choose? What is the advantage of library information over computer information? What is the fate of the book? S. Curius reflects on this in his article.
The author in this text raises the problem of the future of the Book.
This problem, posed by S. Curius, is very relevant in modern society. Television, computer, Internet, of course, greatly facilitate the work, they have their own advantages. But only a book can awaken real feelings in the reader.
The position of the author is obvious: the book will not die, but its printed format will certainly change to a computer one. A book is primarily a text, but in what format it is presented does not matter for the essence of the book.
I fully agree with the author's position that the book will not die. Slow reflection on the text, the durability of paper, high-quality information - in this the book surpasses the computer.
The facts that we encounter every day speak in favor of the author's position. Let's remember how in childhood my mother read a fairy tale at night. At this time, we begin to get acquainted with the book. Thanks to her, we can be transported to unknown places, meet amazing characters, accomplish a feat. What feelings visited us? Only bright, joyful, carefree. Only a book can do this.
Mankind has achieved great success in its development: a computer, a telephone, a robot, a conquered atom... But a strange thing: the stronger a person becomes, the more anxious is the expectation of the future. What will happen to us? Where are we heading? Let's imagine an inexperienced driver who is driving at breakneck speed in his brand new car. How nice it is to feel the speed, how nice it is to realize that a powerful motor is subject to your every movement! But suddenly the driver realizes with horror that he cannot stop his car. Mankind is like this young driver, who rushes into an unknown distance, not knowing what is lurking there, around the corner.
Nowadays, a computer makes a person's life more comfortable and convenient, but a book will always remain a "disinterested and faithful friend." One can accuse the author of conservatism, but still there is a problem, and it is far from being as simple as it might seem at first glance.
Can a computer and the Internet replace books (according to K. Zhurenkov)
"Computer" and "Internet" are two words that we hear almost every day. These concepts have firmly entered our lives, have become an integral part of it, without which now, in the 21st century, it is almost impossible to imagine human existence.
The Internet is a global network that has covered (a web that has enveloped) all spheres of human life; in a matter of seconds, with its help, with a simple keystroke, you can get the information you need. With this speed and accessibility, the Internet has won many fans, who, unfortunately, have forgotten that this truly great achievement of civilization is by no means the only one. At one time, the same revolutionary breakthrough was the invention of a printing device, thanks to which people had the opportunity to read the great works of Russian and foreign classics. Turning page after page, readers got the opportunity not only to “touch” the heroes of brilliant works, to live their lives, but also to penetrate the consciousness of the creator himself, empathize and create with him.
The computer and the Internet appeared, and reading, accompanied by magical
by touching the pages, gave way to purely visual perception
artwork from the monitor screen, often even in a summary. It is the problem of the displacement of the book by the computer and the Internet that the author of the source text touches upon.
K. Zhurenkov discusses the pros and cons of the Internet, arguing that it is necessary as a reference tool. The author also considers e-mail to be its undoubted advantage, which, in his opinion, actively revives the epistolary genre. In addition, Zhurenkov is sure that the Internet can be used to teach improvisation and writing, but nothing more.
The problem raised by the author of the text proposed to us undoubtedly exists, it is by no means invented by him, and the author certainly has his own point of view on it. He believes, not without reason, that the book, in spite of everything, will continue to exist, as it has undoubted advantages: firstly, paper is more durable, secondly, it does not require a power source, and thirdly, viruses will not “eat” it and will not be erased by an inattentive user; fourthly, the book cannot hang in the most interesting place.
It is difficult to disagree with the author's assertions: he very thoroughly proves the advantages of the book, its materiality and stability.
Continuing to reflect on the problem raised, I would like to give other arguments in favor of books, and especially fiction.
In addition to the opportunity discussed above to get in touch with the characters and the author of the work through the pages, there is another aspect that advocates for paper media: turning over the pages and looking at them, we capture in memory not only the text, but also the images that are born in our imagination in connection with each new sheet. The monitor does not allow you to manually turn the page, and therefore, the tangible imagery disappears, which is so important for memorizing and understanding artistic expression.
works.
It is absolutely impossible not to mention the greater eye fatigue caused by even the most modern and perfect screen, which, in addition to harm to health, also reduces the level of perception of information from a computer and the Internet.
In conclusion, I would like to quote the author of the original text, who, in my opinion
look, uses a truly ingenious comparison that expresses both the essence of the real problem and its solution: “One thing is music completed and fixed on a tape or other medium, and quite another is jazz as improvisation not driven into frames.”
Book (according to Etoev)
The book…What is it for you? A good adviser or plain paper bound? For some, this is the world. And even life.
What is the significance of the book in the fate of man? How can the first books influence the further life path? Etoev reflects on these topical issues in his text.
The author claims that “a person measures the steps of his heart according to good books”, calls the latter the “point of convergence” of people. The publicist convinces readers that the book is “a real space of life”.
Of course, the author's position cannot be called detached. In the words of Etoev, there is admiration for the book, he conveys great significance to it and reveals new facets of the problem of the meaning of the book in human life.
It is difficult to disagree with the opinion of the author. Indeed, books can influence the worldview, the character, the actions of the individual. They can unite people, and in childhood, books lay the foundations of morality and morality.
There are many examples in world and Russian literature that reflect the problem given in the text - Paustovsky's "Golden Rose", Gorky's "Childhood", Bronte's "Jane Eyre", articles by Arakcheev, Astafiev, Genis ... This series can be continued for a long time. But it is worth paying special attention to one of Likhachev’s “Letters about the Good and Beautiful”: the publicist tells how he and his family loved to read Leskov and Mamin-Sibiryak, and that the books of these authors influenced his future work.
In addition, it can be said that one book can influence the course of history. For example, Adolf Hitler grew up in a religious, believing family, but after reading the book “As Zarathustra Spoke” by Nietzsche, he changed his attitude towards the world towards Nazism and fascism.
Thus, the book is our teacher, mentor, our guiding star with which we go through life. Our principles and beliefs depend on which book we choose as a desktop book. That is why it plays an important role in our life.
The development of technology in the last quarter of a century has greatly changed our way of life.
In 1980 there were no mobile phones, people got their information from books, and when a person wanted to buy the latest music records, he went to a record store. Today you can get all this without leaving your home, using the Internet. As the use of computers in the world grows, the "brains" of the computer - the processors - are shrinking in size.
A tiny chip can store a lot of information in mobile phones or digital cameras, making technological innovations compact.
Rising oil prices have led to increased interest in alternative fuel engines. The most popular are hybrid cars that use electricity and gasoline.
The use of fiber-optic cable has significantly improved the quality of telephone communications.
The development of technology and the Internet has changed the way we conduct financial transactions and use banking services.
In space exploration, a super-powerful telescope has enabled us to see galaxies more than 12 billion light-years from earth. Robotic spacecraft have landed on Mars.
Other innovations include a battery, weather forecasting and a scanning microscope.
(based on the text "25 best inventions of mankind over the past 25 years" // http://zvesti.ru)
make a revolution
the key factor is
Destroy -
make a big leap
alternative fuel -
make a big contribution
financial operations -
practical use-
1. Modern mobile phones and digital cameras have the ability to store a large amount of information, which makes these technological innovations compact.
2. Satellite TV and radio expanded choices for people.
3. The development of technology and the Internet have changed the way we carry out financial operations.
4. Although the patent for laser technology was obtained in 1960, these technologies have become apply only many years later.
1. Wireless technologies. 2. Defense technologies. 3. Alternative technologies. 4. Biotechnology.5. Computers. 6. Lasers. 7. Genome. 8. Global finance. 9. Processors. 10. Digital storage devices. 11. Space.12. Optical fiber. 13. Satellite radio and television. 14. DNA analysis.15. Video games. 16. Biometrics. 17. Energy and water saving technologies. 18. Scanning microscope. 19. Batteries. 20. Anti-spam technologies. 21. Remote controls. 22. Animal cloning. 23. Technologies of computer modeling. 24. Screens with a large diagonal. 25. Weather forecasting technologies.
(based on materials from the site http://zvesti.ru)
1. The reviewer ______________ my article and made a number of comments.
2. Scientist __________________ all the literature available in the library on the problem of interest to him. 3. In the evening, mother usually _______________________ notebooks, asked about school news.
4._______________________ all issues of the journal "Russian language abroad" for the last two years, there are several articles on the topic of your article.
5. Due to absent-mindedness, the student _______________________________ made a mistake in the written work.
6. During the holidays I am going to ____________________________ all new films.
7. After failing the exam, he __________________________ his attitude to learning.
8. When Irodeon the bus, it was snowing heavily, and I ______________________________ my stop.
9. It is necessary to take into account all the comments made at the meeting, and __________________________ curricula.
10. I started talking with a neighbor and _____________________ the moment when the goal was scored.
1. The graduate student has read all the scientific literature on the topic of his dissertation.
2. The supervisor has read the contentcoursework and gave it to the author for revision. 3. The secretary sorted out the received correspondence and laid it out.
4. Morninghe's just runningI read the morning papers, and in the evening I read them cover to cover.
5. He changedhisrelation to the new project.
6. At the creative evening, the actor quickly got acquainted with the content of the audience's notes and answered all the questions asked of him.
7. When I was at the Tretyakov Gallery for the first time, I somehow did not notice the portrait of its creator, but this time I stood in front of the portrait for a long timePaulMikhailovich Tretyakov and examined him with interest.
8. The editor-in-chief began his working day by getting acquainted with the notes of correspondents, selecting the most interesting ones.
9. Films with the participation of my favorite actor, I watched everything from the first to the last.
image Vl astny - power; beautiful - beautiful.
Agency, obscure, mute, delicious, gigantic, vile, woeful, cumbersome, amateurish, valiant, provincial, interesting, commandant's, inert, bone, local, daughter-in-law, inclement, ranger, neighborhood, dangerous, agenda, send, spread, idle, adorable, partial, peer, whistle, whistle, heart, verbal, sun, reed, terrible, oral, whip, crunch, whole, wonderful, patronize, furious.
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Test yourself |
1. In which word is the letter "T" missing:
Valiant ... ny
Delicious
Dangerous
Horrible
2. Specify a word with an unpronounceable consonant:
Non-nasal
Word..th
Leatherette
Incident
3. Enter a verification word for: Forest..ny (review):
4. Specify phrases with unpronounceable consonants:
crossfire, rare...exhibit, hourly face, cable. „nick thickets
dear vibes ..., slanting .. glance, our enemy .. action, Norman .. skim motives
wonderful .. night, stating the facts, the long-awaited Sunday .. nickname, delicious .. dinner
magnificent feast ... unrest, interesting .. new book, terrible .. case, skillful ... master
Glossary
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In Russian |
Kazakh |
In English |
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crash |
Apat, kuireu, qirau | |
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Aspan bigі, tas-tobe | ||
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natural science |
Zharatylystan |
natural science |
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Adaptation |
Beyimdelu | |
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Adequate |
Dal, parapar | |
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Alternative | ||
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Antithesis |
Karama-karsylyk | |
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Әrkim, arbіreu | ||
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Argumentation |
Daleldem | |
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Cardinal |
Kokeykestі, tubegeyli |
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE
YOUTH AND SPORT OF UKRAINE
ODESSA NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
them. I. I. MECHNIKOVA
Department of Medical Knowledge and BZD
Abstract on the topic:
"IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT OF CIVILIZATION ON HUMAN HEALTH"
Students
Faculty of Information Technology
course, 2 groups
specialty: computer engineering
Lebedeva Valeria Valerievna
Lecturer: Polishchuk L. M.
Odessa 2014
Introduction
Progress. Scientific and technical progress
1 Progress
2 Scientific and technological progress
The impact of progress on a person
1 Electricity
2 Computer
3 Mobile phone
4 Transport
5 Nuclear power
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
“Progress is the replacement of some troubles
to others, even bigger ones.
H. G. Wells
This paper discusses the role of the development of civilization, in particular, technological progress on human life and health.
Technological progress by itself implies a breakthrough in science and technology in order to improve, simplify and improve human life, but it bears certain sacrifices made by mankind for the sake of progress. Scientific and technological progress is firmly rooted in our lives today. Modern man with mother's milk absorbs the idea of its undoubted benefits. Scientific and technological progress (STP) appears to be the "great benefactor" of humanity. Consider - is it such?
Target:prove the correctness of this judgment or disprove it. Tasks: 1) Consider the concept of progress. ) Show the positive and negative sides of progress. 1. Progress. Scientific and technical progress
1.1 Progress
Progress - (lat. progressus - forward movement, success) - the direction of progressive development, which is characterized by a transition from lower to higher, from less perfect to more perfect. The idea of progressive development entered science as a secularized version of the Christian faith in providence. The biblical aspirations of the prophets reflected the image of the future as a sacred, predetermined and irreversible process of human development, led by the divine will. But humanity thought about progress much earlier, back in the days of ancient Greece. Somewhat later, in the Middle Ages, R. Bacon tried to use the concept of progress in the ideological field. He suggested that scientific knowledge, accumulating over time, is increasingly improved and enriched. And in this sense, each new generation in science is able to see better and further than its predecessors. The words of Bernard of Chartres are widely known today: "Modern scientists are dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants." Gradually, the concept of progress spread to the development of world history, was introduced into literature and art. The diversity of social orders in different civilizations began to be explained by the difference in the stages of progressive development. A kind of "ladder of progress" was built, at the top of which are the most developed and civilized Western societies, and below at different levels - other cultures, depending on their level of development. In modern times, a decisive role in progressive development began to be assigned to man. M. Weber emphasized the general trend of rationalization in the management of social processes. In general, the classical concept of progress can be presented as an optimistic idea of the gradual liberation of mankind from ignorance and fear on the way to ever higher and more refined levels of civilization. Type, direction of development, which is characterized by a transition from lower to higher, from less perfect to more perfect. .2 Scientific and technological progress
The scientific and technological revolution (progress) in the narrow sense is a radical restructuring of the technical foundations of material production, which began in the middle of the 20th century, based on the transformation of science into the leading factor of production, as a result of which the industrial society is transformed into a post-industrial one. The modern era of scientific and technological revolution began in the 1940s and 1950s. It was then that its main directions were born and developed: automation of production, control and management on the basis of electronics; the creation and use of new structural materials, etc. With the advent of rocket and space technology, human exploration of near-Earth space began. New major scientific discoveries and inventions of the 70-80s gave rise to the second, modern, stage of scientific and technological revolution. Today it is well known that after the basic laws of the physics of atoms and atomic nuclei were discovered and studied, the specific quantum-relativistic nature of their structural components (electron, proton and neutron) and gamma quanta was revealed, new quantum ideas about the structure of matter and physics of optical phenomena, a whole series of applied sciences of physical and physico-technical profile began to emerge and develop: radio electronics, microelectronics, semiconductor technology, nuclear technology and nuclear power engineering, plasma technology, quantum electronics (laser technology), technical cybernetics and many, many others. These new directions in applied science, in turn, served as the basis for the creation of a number of new, progressive, science-intensive branches of modern industrial production, such as, for example, the radio-electronic and semiconductor industries, and the production of electronic computers. The main directions of the scientific and technological revolution of the XX-XXI centuries, such as the discovery and use of new types of energy, primarily intranuclear, integrated automation of production, control and management based on the widespread use of computers, the creation and use of new types of structural materials, the exploration of outer space - one way or otherwise, directly or indirectly conditioned and predetermined by scientific discoveries in the field of fundamental physical science. 2. The impact of progress on a person scientific technical civilization health With the continuous development of science and technology and with the ever wider application of all their achievements, not only the advantages of modern scientific and technological progress have become noticeable, but also its very impressive disadvantages. The most obvious of the negative factors is the destructive impact on nature, which entailed a violation of the ecological balance on the planet, which can lead to a planetary catastrophe. But not only the environment is being destroyed by uncontrolled scientific and technical progress. The person himself is gradually degrading, surrounded by more and more new benefits that allow him to move less and less, remember less, think less and communicate in a completely different way. Modern man is increasingly weakening physically, poisoned by the achievements of chemistry and irradiated with novelties of electronics, degrading morally, letting into his consciousness the propaganda of consumerism and selfishness of the "king of nature" and changing socially and intellectually for the worse. So, let's look at some of the main achievements of scientific and technological revolution: electricity, computers, automobiles, nuclear power. 2.1 Electricity
Modern society now cannot imagine itself without electricity and, accordingly, electrical devices widely used in industry and in everyday life. We all believe that electricity is one big plus: lighting, heating, water supply and ventilation of industrial and administrative buildings. Without this electrical energy, trolleybuses, trams, subways, cars will stop moving, the railway will stop, favorite computers, televisions, household appliances will refuse to work. However, it requires careful use. Rough handling of electricity can result in physical injury such as electric shock or burns, which can be fatal. 2.2 Computer
A computer is a device capable of performing a given, well-defined sequence of operations. These are most often operations of numerical calculations and data manipulation, however, this also includes I / O operations. A description of a sequence of operations is called a program. The advent of computers has revolutionized our lives. They have changed the way we approach work, study, leisure and other aspects of life. Over the last decades of the 20th century, microcomputers have made a significant evolutionary path. Now, in the 21st century, life without a computer is hardly imaginable. They are almost everywhere: at home, on the street, at work, in a store, etc. pros 1)The computer brings us great convenience and facilitates our work. )Saving paper. )Computers help us communicate, we can talk and even see a person on the other side of the world. Minuses 1)Causes damage to the psyche and eyes. )electromagnetic radiation )Computer and Internet - people are leaving real life. )"Live" communication is reduced to zero. )There is a dependence on the computer )Total degradation of society Subjective complaints PC possible causes of their origin Subjective complaints Possible causesPain in the eyes Visual ergonomic parameters of the monitor, lighting at the workplace and in the room , electromagnetic fieldHair lossElectromagnetic field, operation mode.Pimples and reddening of the skinElectrostatic field, aeroionic and dust composition of the air in the working area.Abdominal painIncorrect sitting caused by an incorrect workplace arrangement.Lower back painIncorrect user posture caused by a workplace arrangement, operating mode.Pain in the wrists and fingers Incorrect configuration of the workplace, including the height of the table does not match the height and height of the chair, uncomfortable keyboard, work mode. 2.3 Mobile phone pros 1)You can call anywhere at any time. ) Long distances no longer interfere with your communication. ) The mobile phone is compact and convenient, it is always with you. ) Modern mobile phones are multifunctional and, as a result, it makes our life easier. Minuses 1)Since the phone emits electromagnetic radiation, and it is close to the human body, there is concern about the dangers of this radiation to health during prolonged use of the device. )There is an opinion that a mobile phone can cause cancer. A ten-year experiment conducted by WHO specialists in 13 countries showed that active cellular users suffer from carcinoma 50% more often than others. )Minimum communication. You can not go anywhere, not visit anyone, but just call. )Degradation of youth and society and in general 2.4 Transport
Today, cars have become very popular and occupy an important place in everyone's life. modern man. It is difficult to imagine modern life without a car, manufacturers are improving cars, supplying them with the latest technologies, creating new models and brands. Of course, a car and public transport greatly simplifies the life of a modern person. Now we can move anywhere in the world, thanks to the development of transport. Not so long ago, we could not imagine moving thousands of kilometers in a matter of hours. But nothing stands - everything develops. City, international and personal transport is certainly convenient and has a lot of advantages: )A car is a means of transportation that does not need to wait, in which there are always free convenient and comfortable places, it is warm in winter and cool in summer. )Airplanes, trains, buses - this is a fast and comfortable movement around the world. )Space transport - space exploration. But let's not forget the consequences: )Space transport - destruction of the Earth's ozone layer and debris in Earth orbit. )Pollution environment exhaust gases. It is not only the atmosphere that suffers - the waste from transport activities gets into the water, cars increase the noise impact. As a result, environmental degradation, which undoubtedly affects humanity, flora and fauna. 2.5 Nuclear power
Nuclear energy in nuclear power plants is used to generate heat used to generate electricity and heating. Nuclear power plants have solved the problem of ships with an unlimited navigation area. In conditions of energy resources deficit, nuclear power is considered the most promising in the coming decades. The energy released during radioactive decay is used in long-lived heat sources. The fission energy of uranium or plutonium nuclei is used in nuclear and thermonuclear weapons (as a catalyst for a thermonuclear reaction). There were experimental nuclear rocket engines, but they were tested exclusively on Earth and under controlled conditions, due to the danger of radioactive contamination in the event of an accident. pros 1)Electricity requires a small amount of fuel to generate electricity, so it is cheap. )No emissions to the atmosphere. )Ease of maintenance and operation. Minuses 1)Possibility of accidents at nuclear power plants. 2) The problem of nuclear waste disposal. 3) Promoting the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Conclusion
Pros and cons of scientific and technological progress:
Makes our life more comfortable. Facilitates the work of a person. Increases information and mobility. New areas of communication are emerging. Leads to environmental degradation Natural resources are depleted Humanity is becoming lazier, less mobile STP can carry a mortal danger (various types of radiation, man-made accidents). Progress has not only a positive impact on a person, but also a negative one. I concluded that new technologies inevitably lead to new problems. Today we are more vulnerable than a hundred years ago, when the Tunguska something flew in and missed so well. All the benefits of progress come from knowledge, but all man-made disasters and risks also come from knowledge. Thus, humanity cannot help knowing - it has become a hostage of its knowledge. “Do you think how great a person is? The fact that he built a technocratic civilization, cut a window into the Universe, etc.? Not! He is great because he survived all this and is trying to survive further” (Strugatsky). Bibliography
Kholodov Yu.A., Lebedeva N.N. //Reaction nervous system person to an electromagnetic field. - M.: Nauka, 1992.
Introduction
Scientific and technological progress in our time has become a factor of global importance. Scientific and technological progress largely determines the face of the world economy, world trade, relationships between countries and regions. On a large scale, scientific discoveries and inventions materialize in the production apparatus, in the production of products, in the consumption of the population, constantly changing the life of mankind. Scientific and technological progress, the scientific and technical potential of any country is the main engine of the countries' economies. The issue of scientific and technical potential, the trend towards intensification of development, self-development based on the accumulated industrial and scientific potential acquires decisive importance in the new stage of the scientific and technological revolution, in the conditions of the restructuring of the world economy. As a result of scientific and technological progress, all elements of the productive forces develop and improve: means and objects of labor, labor, technology, organization and management of production. The direct result of scientific - technological progress are innovations or innovations. These are changes in engineering and technology in which scientific knowledge is realized. To solve such problems as the creation of high-tech products, the formation of a sales market, marketing, and the expansion of production, only those teams that knew how to solve specific scientific and technical problems, and who mastered the complex process of introducing technology in production, were ready. No country in the world today can solve the problem of growing incomes and consumption of the population without the cost-effective implementation of world achievements in scientific and technological progress. The scientific and technical potential of the country, along with natural and labor resources, forms the basis for the effectiveness of the national economy of any modern country.
The purpose of the work is to identify areas of influence of scientific and technological progress on the development of the world economy.
The implementation of this goal involves the solution of the following tasks:
consider scientific and technological progress, its essence and problems of reproduction by the economic system;
analyze the features of the current stage of scientific and technological progress;
consider the economic potential of countries, which provides for the development and preservation of scientific and technical potential;
identification of problems of scientific and technological progress;
The object of research in this paper is scientific and technological progress as the main factor in the development of the economy.
The subject of the study is economic relations that have arisen in the process of scientific and technological progress.
The work used textbooks on the world economy, international economic relations of domestic and foreign authors, as well as Internet resources.
When preparing the course work, statistical and analytical methods were used.
The course work consists of two chapters, sequentially revealing the topic of the work, conclusion-conclusion and a list of references.
1. Scientific and technological progress as an important factor in the development of the world economy
.1 The concept and role of scientific and technological progress in the modern world
Scientific and technological progress is the basis modern civilization. He is only about 300-350 years old. It was then that industrial civilization began to emerge. Scientific and technological progress is a twofold thing: it has both positive and negative traits. Positive - improvement of comfort, negative - environmental (comfort leads to an environmental crisis) and cultural (due to the development of means of communication there is no need for direct contact). Scientific and technological progress is a continuous process of discovering new knowledge and applying it in social production, allowing - to connect and combine existing resources in a new way in order to increase the output of high-quality final products at the lowest cost.
Figure 1.1 - Scientific and technological progress as a factor in the formation of ME
NTP comes in two main forms:
A) evolutionary, involving the gradual improvement of technology and technology. Economic growth comes at the expense of quantitative indicators;
B) revolutionary, manifested in the qualitative renewal of technology and a sharp jump in labor productivity.
Scientific and technological progress leads to significant resource savings and reduces the role of natural materials in economic development, replacing them with synthetic raw materials. The use of modern equipment and technologies in combination has led to the creation of flexible production systems that are widely used in production.
Scientific and technological progress is recognized throughout the world as the most important factor in economic development. Increasingly, both in Western and domestic literature, it is associated with the concept of the innovation process. The American economist James Bright noted the scientific and technical progress as a one-of-a-kind process that combines science, technology, economics, entrepreneurship and management. It consists in receiving innovations and extends from the birth of an idea to its commercial implementation, thus uniting the whole complex of relations: production, exchange, consumption.
In these circumstances, innovation is initially aimed at a practical commercial result. The very idea that gives impetus has a mercantile content: it is no longer a result pure science , obtained by a university scientist in a free, unrestricted creative search. The practical orientation of an innovative idea is its attractive force for companies.
J.B. Sei defined innovation in the same way as entrepreneurship - that is, as a change in the return of resources. Or, as a modern economist would say in terms of supply and demand, as changes in the value and satisfaction that a consumer receives from the resources he uses.
Today, purely pragmatic considerations have come to the fore in the world. On the one hand, such problems as the rapid growth of the world's population, the decline in population growth and its aging in industrialized regions, the depletion of natural resources, and environmental pollution have become more acute and global in nature. On the other hand, certain prerequisites have appeared for solving many global problems based on the achievements of scientific and technological progress and their accelerated introduction into the economy.
The concept of scientific and technical potential is closely connected with the concept of scientific and technical progress. From the point of view of the development of the world economy, it seems appropriate to consider the scientific and technical potential in the broad sense of this concept. It is in this sense that the scientific and technical potential of a state (industry, a separate industry) can be represented as a set of scientific and technical capabilities that characterize the level of development of a given state as a subject of the world economy and depend on the quantity and quality of resources that determine these capabilities, as well as on the availability of a fund ideas and developments prepared for practical use (introduction into production). In the process of practical development of innovations, the materialization of scientific and technical potential takes place. Thus, the scientific and technical potential, on the one hand, characterizes the ability of the state to apply the objective achievements of scientific and technological progress, and on the other hand, characterizes the degree of direct participation in it. The result of the participation of any scientific research in the creation of socially useful use value is such scientific or technical information, which, embodied in various technical, technological or any other innovations, turns into one of the necessary factors for the development of production. However, it is a mistake to consider scientific and technical creativity and its connection with production only as a process of supplying the information necessary for production activities. Scientific research, especially in the field of natural and technical sciences, by its nature and dialectical purpose, is increasingly becoming a direct component of the process of material production, and applied research and experimental design can practically be considered an integral part of this process.
In the process of globalization, the importance of scientific and technological progress becomes decisive. On its basis, in the world economy there was a differentiation of countries into two groups. The first group represents a special, higher, elite layer of the world economy. This is a kind of superstructure over the rest of the economic system. Its role is determined by the fact that 90% of the scientific and technical potential of the planet is concentrated here, the scientific, industrial and intellectual elite, the latest equipment and technologies are concentrated here.
The role of this superstructure is constantly growing, and scientific and technological progress is turning into an integration, connecting factor in the development of the world economy. It determines the functioning of various elements of the world economy: trade, migration of labor and capital, international division of labor. Thus, flows of the most qualified labor force rush to highly developed countries. In the US and Western Europe there is a "brain drain" from Africa, Asia, Russia. Scientific and technological progress causes the movement of the most qualified workforce to the centers of human civilization. It is attracted by the concentration of the latest equipment and technology in the highest integration scientific and technical layer, high costs for science, R&D, higher wages and living standards.
The formation of a scientific and technical superstructure based on the development of scientific and technological progress leads to the fact that it becomes a defining element of the world economy and acts as a "locomotive" of the world economy, its main driving force. Over the past 50 years, the GMP (Gross World Product) has grown 5.9 times. A huge contribution to this process was made by the developed countries, which have the greatest scientific and technical potential. These states account for more than 50% of the IGP. They consume 70% of mineral resources. This is due to the enormous productivity, energy intensity of the latest technology, technology, equipment, concentrated in these countries.
A significant role in the growth of the world gross product is played by new industrial countries: their decisive contribution to the MVP is explained by the fact that these countries are increasingly specializing in the field of the latest technologies, mastering science-intensive and technically complex industries.
Scientific and technological progress not only ensures the creation of an ever-increasing MVP, but is also a determining factor in the development of the international division of labor. The production of new machinery, equipment, new materials and finished products is concentrated in various regions and countries, which become "growth points" of MRI.
Scientific and technological progress is the most important factor in the formation of a modern science-intensive structure. Under its influence, the share of agriculture is being reduced. The labor force and other resources freed up as a result of the intensive growth of scientific and technical progress led to a proportional increase in the service sector, including trade, transport, and communications.
The role of scientific and technological progress is manifested in the fact that at present, on its basis, there is an increase in globalization and internationalization. Previously, this process was held back by the presence of the USSR and other socialist countries. This put serious and often insurmountable obstacles to the development of planetary cooperation in the field of improving modern science and technology, solving the acute tasks and problems facing humanity.
1.2 Main and priority directions of development of scientific and technological progress in the world economy
The main directions of scientific and technical progress are such directions of development of science and technology, the implementation of which in practice ensures the most short term maximum economic and social efficiency.
There are national (general) and separate (private) areas of scientific and technical progress. National - areas of scientific and technical progress, which at this stage and in the future are a priority for a country or a group of countries. Branch directions - directions of scientific and technical progress, which are the most important and priority for certain sectors of the national economy and industry.
In scientific and technological progress, two main directions have been identified:
) traditional, providing satisfaction, growing in scope and diversity of human and social needs in new technology, goods and services;
) innovative, aimed at the development of human potential, the creation of a comfortable living environment, as well as the development of saving technologies.
The main characteristic, the content of scientific and technical progress, which ensures the further progress of civilization, will undoubtedly be its increasingly pronounced humanization, the solution of universal problems. Already now we can talk about the emerging system based on this approach for selecting priorities for scientific research and development of new technologies, management of the technosphere and ecosphere. Technology and social progress, science, technology and democratic transformations, technogenic culture and education problems, computer science, artificial intelligence, socio-economic opportunities and consequences of its use, science and technology as a civilizational phenomenon - this is not a complete list of problems discussed in the forecasting process directions of scientific and technological progress.
Priority areas for the development of science and technology - areas of science and technology that are of paramount importance for achieving current and future goals of socio-economic and scientific and technological development. They are formed primarily under the influence of national socio-economic priorities, political, environmental and other factors; are distinguished by intensive rates of development, higher concentration of labor, material and financial resources.
In the global economy great importance acquire such science-intensive industries as electric power, nuclear and chemical industries, computer production, mechanical engineering, precision instrumentation, aviation industry, rocket science, shipbuilding, production of CNC machine tools, modules, robots. It can be said that at present the development of scientific and technical progress is embodied in the intensive process of the formation of a world science-intensive structure that determines the long-term nature of structural changes in the world economy.
Scientific and technological progress determines the global, innovative nature of economic growth. This trend, which is decisive in the world economy, is embodied in the development of experimental work on genetic engineering, the use of radioactivity in biotechnologies; cancer genesis and prevention research; application of superconductivity in telecommunication systems, etc. This is becoming the dominant trend in the development of science and technology. AT early XXI in. the most important areas of science and scientific and technological progress are:
) human sciences (medicine, the creation of a new generation of diagnostic and therapeutic equipment, the search for treatments for AIDS, organ cloning, the study of the human gene, gerontology, psychology, demography, sociology);
) computer and information technologies (creation, processing, storage and transmission of information, computerization of production processes, the use of computer technologies in science, education, healthcare, management, trade, finance, everyday life, convergence of computer and telecommunication technologies);
) creation of new materials (development of new ultralight, superhard and superconducting materials, as well as materials immune to aggressive environments, replacement of natural substances with artificial ones);
) alternative energy sources (development of thermonuclear energy for peaceful purposes, creation of solar, wind, tidal, geothermal installations, high power);
) biotechnology (genetic engineering, biometallurgy, bioinformatics, biocybernetics, creation of artificial intelligence, production of synthetic products);
) ecology - creation of environmentally friendly and waste-free technologies, new means of environmental protection, complex processing of raw materials using waste-free technology, recycling of industrial and domestic waste.
) information technology is one of the main, decisive factors that determine the development of technology and resources in general. The use of electronic computers and personal computers led to a radical transformation of relations and technological foundations of activity in the economic sphere.
Thus, in modern conditions the country's position in the world economy is largely determined by its scientific and technological achievements, and to a lesser extent - by natural resources and capital.
There are other progressive production technologies, but all of them are characterized by one very important circumstance - higher productivity and efficiency.
Some researchers note the emergence of a new trend in the development of scientific and technological progress: in the context of globalization, the priorities of scientific and technological progress are shifting from automation of production processes to the creation of resource-saving and life-supporting technologies. In this regard, in last years forecasting of scientific and technological progress is closely linked with the assessment of its consequences for the social sphere.
To summarize the above: the main directions of scientific and technological progress are integrated mechanization and automation,
chemicalization, electrification of production. All of them are interconnected and interdependent.
In many countries of the world, the development of scientific and technical potential is turning into one of the most active elements of the reproduction process. In industrialized and newly industrialized countries, science-intensive industries are becoming a priority for economic development.
Table 1.1 shows the share of spending on research and development in the gross world product
Table 1.1
1980 1990 1991 2005-2007 2008 1.852.551.82.31.7
The extent to which a particular country pays attention to the development of scientific and technological potential can be judged by such indicators as the size of absolute expenditures on research and development and their share in GDP.
Most of the funds for the development of scientific and technical potential in the early 90s were spent in the USA and Japan, Germany, France, and Great Britain. The total spending on R&D in these countries was greater than the total spending on similar purposes in all other countries of the world.
Country million USDCountriesmln. USD1US1584528Sweden74152Japan1098259Netherlands55543Germany4910310Switzerland50704France3110211Spain48935UK2245412Australia39746Italy1691617…China26007Canada8517…24Russia901
In terms of the share of spending on research and development work, the leaders are mainly industrialized countries, in which an average of 2-3% of the gross domestic product is spent on research and development.
The volume of the world market of science-intensive products today is $2 trillion. 300 billion. Of this amount, 39% are products of the United States, 30 - Japan, 16% - Germany. The share of Russia is only 0.3%.
2. Analysis of the impact of scientific and technological progress on economic growth in the world economy
.1 Analysis and evaluation of the effectiveness of scientific and technological progress in the global economy
The economic efficiency of scientific and technological progress is directly related to the problem of a comprehensive assessment of capital investments, since the measures of scientific and technological progress are considered as objects of investment.
In economic calculations, the concepts of economic effect and economic efficiency are distinguished. The effect of scientific and technological progress is understood as the planned or obtained result of scientific, technical and innovative activities. The economic effect (result) is called, leading to the saving of labor, material or natural resources, or allowing to increase the production of means of production, consumer goods and services, in value terms. So, on the scale of the national economy, the effect is the increase in national income in value form, at the level of industries and industries, the effect is either net production or part of it - profit. The economic efficiency of scientific and technological progress is understood as the ratio of the economic effect obtained from the introduction of scientific and technological achievements to the total costs of their implementation, i.e. efficiency is a relative value that characterizes the effectiveness of costs.
The economic efficiency of scientific and technological progress cannot be expressed by any one universal indicator, since in order to determine the economic effect, all results and costs must be presented in value terms, and this is not always possible if scientific and technological progress is aimed at solving global economic problems. and environmental problems, development of the social sphere, etc. Therefore, for an objective assessment, it is necessary to use a fairly extensive system of indicators.
When calculating and analyzing economic efficiency, it is necessary to take into account:
comparability of options;
the correct choice of standard for comparison;
comparability of technical and economic indicators;
bringing the compared options to an identical effect;
the complexity of the analysis;
time factor;
scientific validity, objectivity and legality of conclusions, conclusions and recommendations.
The economic efficiency of scientific and technological progress is characterized by a system of economic indicators that reflect the ratio of costs and results and make it possible to judge the economic attractiveness of the industry for investors, the economic advantages of some industries over others.
Depending on the level of assessment, the volume of the effect and costs taken into account, as well as the purpose of the assessment, there are several types of efficiency: general and particular.
A generalizing indicator of the effectiveness of scientific activity is considered to be the value obtained as the ratio of the actual annual economic effect from the introduction of scientific developments in the national economy to the actual costs incurred for their implementation.
Particular indicators of the effectiveness of the introduction of new equipment and new technologies are represented by quantitative and qualitative indicators. Quantitative indicators include:
Number of introduced CNC machines; machining centers, industrial robots; computer technology; automatic and semi-automatic lines; conveyor lines.
Introduction of new, more promising technologies (quantity, capacity and volume of products manufactured using the new technology).
The coefficient of renewal of production equipment (in terms of quantity and cost).
Equipment replacement rate.
Average age of equipment.
Commissioning of new capacities.
The cost per unit of power.
The cost of one workplace.
The number of new types of products created (new equipment, devices, new materials, medicines, etc.).
The number of new jobs created.
Qualitative indicators.
The number of relatively released workers as a result of the introduction of new equipment and new technologies.
The growth of labor productivity as a result of the introduction of new equipment and new technology.
Savings from reducing the cost of certain types of products after the introduction of new technology
Decrease in material intensity, including energy intensity (fuel intensity, electrical intensity, heat capacity), wage intensity as a result of innovative activities.
Increasing the yield of finished products from raw materials due to its deeper processing.
Dynamics of capital productivity and capital intensity, capital, energy and electric labor.
World practice shows that business structures play a key role in the development and implementation of innovations. The share of corporate research and development spending in national R&D spending exceeds 65%, and the average for countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is close to 70%
Figure 2.1 - Sources of funding for research and development work in Russia and abroad, % of the total costs for them
Most large companies conduct not only applied, but also fundamental research. Thus, in the United States, private investment accounts for more than 25% of the total expenditure on basic research. In Japan, the corporate sector costs reach almost 38% of total spending on basic research, and in South Korea - about 45%.
In Russia, the picture is reversed, with R&D funding from the corporate sector accounting for just over 20% of total R&D investment.
Large Russian business is significantly inferior to large foreign corporations, both in absolute and relative R&D spending. Thus, Russia is represented by only three participants in the ranking of 1,400 largest companies in the world in terms of absolute R&D costs, which is compiled annually by the EU Joint Research Center. They are OJSC Gazprom (83rd position), AvtoVAZ (620th) and Lukoil (632nd position). For comparison: in the FortuneGlobal 500 rating, among 500 companies in the world in terms of revenue, there are twice as many Russian companies - 6, and among 1,400 leading global companies in terms of revenue, there are several dozen representatives of Russia.
The total amount of expenses of the Russian corporate sector for research and development work is more than 2 times less than that of Volkswagen, the largest corporation in Europe in terms of research and development expenses (2.2 billion against 5.79 billion euros) .
On average, foreign companies spend on R&D from 2 to 3% of their annual income. For leaders, these indicators are significantly higher. According to the EU Joint Research Centre, the average intensity of R&D spending (the ratio of R&D costs to revenue) of the 1,400 largest companies in terms of investment in research and development in the world in 2009 was 3.5%.
Despite the reduction in R&D funding due to the crisis, the intensity of spending on innovation by the largest corporations, on the contrary, has increased. According to the consulting company Booz, the cost of 1,000 largest corporations in the world for R & D in 2010 compared to 2009 decreased by 3.5%, but the average cost intensity increased from 3.46 to 3.75%. In other words, in the context of a falling market and reduced sales, the world's largest corporations were far from reducing the costs of their own research and development (for example, capital investments of the corporations in question decreased in 2010 by 17.1%, and administrative expenses - by 5.4% ), and the share of R&D expenditures in the total costs of corporations has been increased. On the contrary, the acceleration and expansion of the R&D front is considered by world business leaders as a priority task for ensuring the sustainable post-crisis development of companies.
According to a study by the Expert RA rating agency, before the crisis, the volume of R&D expenses in the revenue of the largest Russian companies from the Expert-400 rating was about 0.5%, which is 4-6 times lower than that of foreign companies. In two years, in 2009, this figure more than halved to 0.2% of the companies' total revenues.
Machine-building companies are the leaders in terms of investment in R&D in Russia, but even their ratio of R&D costs to revenue does not exceed 2%. In less technological sectors, the lag is even greater.
For example, the ratio of Severstal's R&D expenses to the company's revenue in 2009 was 0.06%. At the same time, the similar indicator of the metallurgical corporation ArcelorMittal (Luxembourg) amounted to 0.6%, that is, 10 times more; NipponSteel (Japan) - 1%; Sumitomo Metal Industries (Japan) - 1.2%; POSCO (South Korea) - 1.3%; KobeSteel (Japan) - 1.4%; OneSteel (Australia) - 2.5%.
According to estimates, in 2010 corporate spending on R&D began to recover rapidly, but the innovation activity of large businesses will return to pre-crisis levels - this will only mean the conservation of the gap with technologically advanced companies in the world.
2.2 Problems of scientific and technological progress and proposals for their solution
The key problem is, first of all, the low demand for innovations in the Russian economy, as well as its inefficient structure - an excessive bias towards the purchase of finished equipment abroad to the detriment of the introduction of its own new developments. The balance of Russia's balance sheet in technology trade from the positive in 2000 ($20 million) has steadily decreased and in 2009 amounted to minus $1.008 billion. Around the same time, the leading countries in the field of innovation achieved a significant increase in the surplus of the technological balance (USA by 1.5 times, Great Britain by 1.9 times, Japan by 2.5 times). In general, it could not be otherwise, given the difference in the number of innovatively active companies. In 2009, the development and implementation of technological innovations was carried out by 9.4% of the total number of Russian industrial companies. For comparison: in Germany their share was 69.7%, in Ireland - 56.7%, in Belgium - 59.6%, in Estonia - 55.1%, in the Czech Republic - 36.6%. Unfortunately, not only is the share of innovatively active enterprises low in Russia, but also the intensity of spending on technological innovations, which is 1.9% (the same indicator in Sweden is 5.5%, in Germany - 4.7%).
Figure 2.2 shows a chart of indicators.
Another important problem is the imitative nature of the Russian innovation system, which is focused on borrowing ready-made technologies, and not on creating its own breakthrough innovations. Among the OECD countries, Russia has the dubious honor of occupying the last place in terms of the share of leading innovative companies - there are only 16% of such innovative Russian enterprises compared to 35% in Japan and Germany, 41-43% in Belgium, France, Austria, 51- 55% in Denmark and Finland. It should be noted that the most numerous type of passive technological borrowing in Russia (34.3%) is on the verge of extinction in the economically developed countries of Europe (about 5-8%). At the same time, in addition to the quantitative lag of Russian companies in terms of the level of innovative activity, there are also significant structural problems in the organization of innovation management at the firm level. According to the indicator "the ability of companies to borrow and adapt technologies", calculated by the World Economic Forum, Russia in 2009 was in 41st place out of 133 - at the level of such countries as Cyprus, Costa Rica, and the United Arab Emirates.
Figure 2.2 - Share of Russian companies implementing technological innovations
The problem of the low level of innovation activity in Russia is further exacerbated by the low return on the implementation of technological innovations. The growth in the volume of innovative products (by 34% in 1995-2009) does not at all correspond to the rate of increase in the costs of technological innovation (triple over the same period). As a result, if in 1995 the ruble of innovation costs accounted for 5.5 rubles of innovative products, then in 2009 this figure dropped to 2.4 rubles.
Figure 2.3 - The share of innovative goods, works, services, in the total volume of shipped goods, work performed, services of organizations
As one of the important factors, it is necessary to note the overall low level of costs for research and development work. Expenses for them in 2008 in Russia are estimated at 1.04% of GDP against 1.43% of GDP in China and 2.3% in OECD countries, 2.77% of GDP in the US, 3.44% of GDP in Japan.
Figure 2.4 shows this quite clearly.
Figure 2.4 - Scale of R&D spending by country, % of GDP
Scientific and technological progress shows a complex and contradictory impact on global processes in modern conditions. On the one hand, scientific and technological development and scientific and technological progress are directly related to socio-economic progress. There is no doubt that their result was rapid economic growth based on increasing social productivity and saving natural resources, strengthening the internationalization of the world economy and the interdependence of the countries of the world. On the other hand, contradictions, including economic ones, are growing and deepening.
Among them is the growth of unsatisfied demand, as scientific and technological development stimulates new high-speed needs; negative consequences associated with the unpredictable results of the introduction of certain achievements in production (pollution, accidents, disasters); the adverse impact of the intensification of production and information on the human body; underestimation of the importance of the human factor; the growth of moral and ethical problems (heredity manipulation, computer crimes, total information control, etc.). The problem of feedback between scientific and technological progress and its already realized possibilities has become aggravated. There was a complex of questions of so-called technical safety of application of the created innovations.
The growing remoteness from sources of raw materials and energy, the depletion of natural sources of raw materials both in quantitative terms and in terms of their physical properties have become important problems on a global scale. In addition, the resource intensity of production and lifestyle (as a result of scientific and technological development) increases the natural limitations of our habitat. You can practice this style only at the expense of other people living on Earth, and at the expense of descendants.
One of the important consequences for the whole world may be the loss of responsibility for individual results of scientific and technical progress. This is expressed, on the one hand, in the contradiction between the human instinct for self-preservation and the growth of needs and profit, on the other.
Finally, another important aspect of scientific and technological progress is its cyclical, uneven nature, which intensifies socio-economic problems in different countries and making them common. There are periods when the deterioration of the general economic conditions of reproduction (for example, the rise in the cost of energy resources) slows down or postpones the receipt of the economic effect of scientific and technological development, switches it to the task of compensating for emerging structural constraints, thereby exacerbating social problems. The unevenness of economic development is growing. International competition is intensifying, which leads to an aggravation of foreign economic contradictions. Its consequences were the growth of protectionism, trade and currency wars in relations between developed countries.
Scientific and technological development rationally changes the existing character of the international division of labor. For example, new forms of automation are depriving developing countries of the benefits associated with the availability of cheap labor. The growing export of scientific and technical information and scientific and technical services is used by developed countries as a new tool of "technological neo-colonialism". It is enhanced by the activities of TNCs and their foreign affiliates.
An important aspect of the global problems associated with scientific and technological development is the problem of education. However, without those colossal changes that have taken place in the field of education, neither the scientific and technological revolution, nor the huge achievements in the development of the world economy, nor those democratic processes that involve all more countries and peoples of the world. Nowadays, education has become one of the most important aspects of human activity. Today it covers literally the entire society, and the cost of it is constantly increasing.
scientific technological progress funding
Table 2.2 - Expenditure per capita in education
USD Worldwide188Africa15Asia58Arab States134North America1257Latin America78Europe451Developed countries704Developing countries29
A problem for underdeveloped countries remains the "brain drain" when the most qualified personnel seek to find work abroad. The reason is that the training of personnel does not always correspond to the real possibilities of their use in specific socio-economic conditions. Since education is associated with a certain socio-cultural sphere, its problems enter into the most complex interaction with universal problems, such as economic backwardness, population growth, living security, etc. In addition, education itself requires constant improvement and reform, i.e., firstly, improving its quality, which has deteriorated due to its rapid development; secondly, solving problems of its effectiveness, which depends on specific economic conditions; thirdly, to meet the need for normative knowledge, which is associated with continuous adult education, and hence the development of the concept of continuous education that would accompany a person throughout life. That is why the volume of professional development and adult education services is growing rapidly all over the world, especially in developed countries.
Education affects not only the assimilation of advanced technologies and the adoption of effective decisions, but also the way of life, forms a system of value orientations, as the history and experience of a number of countries show, ignoring these circumstances leads to a sharp decrease in the effectiveness of educational policy and even to destabilization of society.
The problems of scientific and technological progress are among the global problems of mankind, so their solution can be expressed in a generalized form.
The global problems of human development are not isolated from each other, but act in unity and in interrelation, which requires radically new, conceptual approaches to their solution. There are a number of obstacles on the way to solving global problems. The measures taken to solve them are often blocked by the economic and political arms race, regional, political and military conflicts. In a number of cases, globalization is slowed down by the lack of resource support for the planned programs. Separate global problems are generated by the contradictions concluded in the socio-economic conditions of life of the peoples of the world.
The necessary prerequisites and opportunities for a truly humanistic resolution of global contradictions are being created by the world community. Global problems must be solved through the development of cooperation between all states that form the system of the world economy.
Life does not stand still, society develops, people develop, the economy and production develop. Any person understands that at present the development of science and technology is taking place by leaps and bounds. Modern scientific and technological progress is aimed at strengthening the role of environmental protection measures, biocompatible technologies that do not harm the environment, closed technologies that do not produce waste, energy-saving technologies. Manufacturing is becoming more and more knowledge-intensive. Therefore, the role of statistics on scientific and technological progress is growing, which finds reserves for accelerating these processes and helps to introduce new promising technologies into production as soon as possible.
conclusions
Scientific and technological progress covers all aspects of human activity, facilitates human labor. However, scientific and technological progress also affects the resource potential of both the world economy and each country in particular. As the resources of the world economy are numerous, so is the impact of scientific and technological progress on each of them.
The resource effect of scientific and technological progress is associated with its ability to compensate for the scarce resources of the national economy, release them for expanded production, and also involve previously unused resources in circulation. Its indicators are the release of labor, savings and replacement of scarce materials and raw materials, as well as the involvement of new resources in the national economic turnover, the complexity of the use of raw materials. Closely related to resources is the ecological effect of the scientific and technological process - a change in the state of the environment. The social effect of the scientific and technological process is to create more favorable conditions for the use of the creative forces of workers, for the comprehensive development of the individual. This is manifested in the improvement of working conditions and labor protection, the reduction of heavy physical labor, the increase in free time, and the raising of the material and cultural standard of living of the working people.
Thus, the formation of scientific and technological progress within the framework of the world economy has become a factor that changes the nature of the existing system of international economic relations. Under its influence, the nature of property relations, the labor process changes, competition is overcome, the consolidation of scientific and technical potential is formed, MRI and cooperation relations between states are developed. The regulatory role of the state, which determines the main directions for the development of scientific and technical progress, the formation of a knowledge-intensive structure, is increasing more and more.
The role of scientific and technological progress is determined not only by its present, but also by its future. It should be expected that the development of this process will continue the formation of the internationalization of the world economy. On its basis, the formation of new interstate integration associations will be carried out, the further development of the international division of labor and world trade in finished products produced on the basis of "high technologies" will take place. Under these conditions, new forms of transport will be developed: monorails, supersonic aircraft, hydrogen-powered vehicles. The creation of transnational railway systems, as well as transoceanic steamship transport, will continue. Biocompatible and superconducting materials are being developed, satellite communications are being developed, and photonic technologies are being introduced. These processes make the world economy more and more unified, integral, whole. State borders become transparent, because they impede the deepening of integration processes, and, consequently, the development of the world economy as a whole.
Without state support, it is impossible to develop and maintain scientific, technical, and innovative potential. State policy is a set of forms, methods, directions of state influence on production with the aim of releasing new types of products and technologies, as well as expanding, on this basis, markets for domestic goods.
In a post-industrial society, R&D becomes a kind of branch of the economy that plays a significant role. The most advanced are such science-intensive and super-science-intensive industries as the creation of computer software, biotechnological production, the creation of composite materials with desired properties, fibroplastics, analytical instruments and machines. The moral depreciation of traditional products far outstrips their physical depreciation, while at the same time the market value of research results, various industrial know-how, advanced industrial products themselves are not subject to fall. The constant reproduction of the results of scientific research, the thoughtful trade in them and the export of unique super-science-intensive products can enrich any country in the world.
Bibliography
1.Spiridonov I.A. World economy: textbook. allowance. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: INFRA-M, 2008. - 272 p.
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In our time, the productive forces have reached the planetary level. The earth seemed to shrink in size. New systems of transport, communications, space technology, the Internet have entered everyday life. On television we see what is happening on the other side of the planet. The material conditions of society's life have become different. At the same time, a number of negative side effects appear in society. The way of life, the internal state of society, and the person himself have also radically changed. These changes are universal and objective. Along with the global ecological crisis, one can speak of a global social crisis. But unlike the external environment, relatively little attention was paid to the internal state of society, although the potential danger is no less significant. Even a general approach was not formulated, the processes of internal degradation of society were not described. But, as in the environment, in the social environment (society) there is a whole set of side negative phenomena.
The development of civilization, radical changes in the surrounding world have led to an internal crisis of man himself, his discord with the real world. There was a separation of the consciousness of people formed during the long evolution and their biological basis from the modern pace of life and the level of technology. An increasing number of people can no longer cope with the pressures dictated by life, can not adapt to the world around them. There is a steady fatigue due to stress on the human body. The number of crimes, mental illnesses, the number of outcasts, criminals, alcoholics, drug addicts is growing. And this process is constantly accelerating. The problem is that the possibilities of human adaptation to changing conditions are not unlimited. As in ecology, where maximum allowable concentrations of various substances and their lethal (lethal) doses are determined, there are also critical parameters here.
The true reason why the difficulties experienced by mankind have now acquired such enormous, truly frightening proportions, lies precisely in the fact that none of us has yet fully adapted either psychologically or functionally to the changed world and the new position of man in it. And this, in fact, applies even more to representatives of the intelligentsia, scientists, politicians and, in general, all kinds of leaders - industrial, trade union, religious - than to ordinary representatives of all sectors of society, both developed and developing countries. The essence of the problem lies precisely in the discrepancy between the reality created by man and how he perceives it and how he takes it into account in his behavior. The reality that is uncontrollably changing before our eyes, which we do not have time to keep track of, torments and frightens us. After all, all our worldview, all the stimuli of our behavior, all values, the entire system of institutions and institutions and our entire way of life, in essence, have remained to us as a legacy from previous centuries. And, feeling clearly not at ease, we timidly and unsuccessfully try to adapt to new conditions, no longer able to live in the former, natural world, but also not yet ready to fully acclimatize in a new, highly unnatural environment, which we ourselves have created. Our psyche and health are deeply affected by all this, the ability to make sound assessments and judgments is weakened, and, depressed, confused by all this avalanche of changes, we cannot develop a correct and consistent line of behavior. The operation of many complex systems is at the limit of human capabilities. As a result, accidents and catastrophes occur, which are inevitable companions of scientific and technological progress.
Modern problems are primarily related to the fact that we live in a time of changing communication technologies. The time of motionless letters was replaced by the time of moving pictures. The book has been replaced by a TV and a computer. This led to colossal consequences, the impact of which on us we cannot fully understand, because we are “inside” the process. Indeed, it is the activity of practical reason, the most important component of which is the technological application of science, that leads to many manifestations of the crisis of modern civilization. Technique in the broad sense of the word can be understood as an objective world subjected to rationalization. Together with technology, the form of rationality that previously existed in the scientific mind is introduced into the world. Today, the comprehension of technology, its links with science and culture, relationships with man constitute the main knot of modern philosophical problems.
Humanity has been and continues to be engulfed in the process of the emergence of a mass society, a process that would not have been possible without the development of technology: this is mass unemployment, closely related to technological progress, accompanied by the destruction of crafts and the disintegration of traditional social ties, this is mass culture, disseminated by the media, both printed and electronic. In the latter case, a person loses his individuality.
Technology is, to some extent, the impetus for many social phenomena. Consider, for example, popular culture. At first glance, its penetration into everyday consciousness is noticeable everywhere, from villages to capitals. Democracy and accessibility of school education, universal literacy, colossal circulation of newspapers and magazines, a flood of high-speed printing presses, cheap and well-made color reproductions of paintings and high-quality recordings of musical works - all this can undoubtedly be considered a positive result of the achievements of the information technology world. . But on closer inspection, we see reverse side, on the negative consequences of the introduction of new information technology into this area, such as, for example, television and the Internet, which can change the mass consciousness so profoundly that we can talk about the transition of universal literacy into its opposite and personal immunity to the written word - this is also the result of human existence in the modern information technology world.
The mass media have long gone beyond the capabilities of ordinary journalism, radio and cinema. Now modern television and the Internet are coming to the fore, which, thanks to communication satellites, have acquired a global audience as an object of obsessive manipulation. In this case, information and technological achievements are used to convey all sorts of trifles, gossip, intimate details. privacy and conflict situations turning the world into a "global village". society education spiritual knowledge
Nowadays, no one doubts the benefits that intellectual development. Unlike the specialized division of labor in industrial production, modern scientific specialization is not aimed at replacing the skilled with unskilled labour; rather, on the contrary, the more specialized and skilled scientific work crowds out the less specialized and less skilled. Technical specialists have no inner need for a holistic view of technical and social problems, for a humanistic and versatile education. Hence the dangers for traditional cultural institutions, for political and social democracy. These dangers become all the more ominous, the more narrowly technical mastery of all planetary resources becomes possible.
Thus, scientific and information technology innovations, successful or unsuccessful, really achievable or only imaginary, act as a factor that undermines the established level of cultural life and public consciousness.
This happens for the following reasons:
- 1. scientific and technological progress challenges the power, strength, significance and even the very existence of traditional religious and aesthetic experiences in all their forms;
- 2. it reinforces the symbolic fetish of science and technology in people's minds, or, in other words, turns science into anti-science, rational into irrational;
- 3. it transforms everyday relations between people, changing the social relations of production, consumption and communication;
- 4. it transforms social ideas about what is pleasure in the fulfillment of desires, while weakening the effect of cultural traditions, depriving the individual of reliance on them, giving him the power of irrational and unceremonious, tenacious manipulations;
- 5. The technique of elite social planning is alienated from a person, perceived by him as a disparate chaos of momentary, one-sided decisions that have no connection with the real life aspirations of people, turning them into a faceless mass;
- 6. The universal nature of global problems, combined with unbridled technical optimism, comes into conflict with the life experience of a particular person.
So, what brings the development of science to people good or evil? The product of intellectual labor belongs to everyone and therefore it is not easy to control for what purposes it will be used. It is clear that a surgical scalpel can save a person's life, or you can kill him. An effective drug, taken in a large dose, turns into a terrible poison. As a result of the development of gas chemistry, chemical weapons arose, the study of the properties of electricity made it possible to design an electric chair. Dynamite and TNT, which appeared in the laboratory, are used by builders laying tracks in the mountains, and revolutionaries seeking to "spur history".
