States of the East the beginning of European colonization lesson plan. Presentation on the topic: States of the East. The beginning of European colonization. Attack on English

1 slide

2 slide

Lesson Plan: The Mughal Empire of India. 2. "Peace for all." 3. Crisis and collapse of the empire. 4. The struggle of Portugal, France and England for India. 5. Manchu conquest of China. 6. “Closing” of China. 7. The reign of shoguns in Japan. Tokugawa Shogunate. 8. “Closing” of Japan.

3 slide

Lesson assignment: Think about how the “closure” of China and Japan affected the economic development of these countries.

4 slide

5 slide

1. The Mughal Empire in India Babur In 1526, the Afghan ruler Babur invaded India with 20,000 men, won several battles and laid the foundation for the Mughal Empire. Babur owed his victories over the Indian feudal lords to his experienced battle-hardened army, excellent artillery and new combat techniques. Having become a padishah, Babur put an end to feudal strife and provided patronage to trade, but in 1530 he died, barely laying the foundations of his empire.

6 slide

1. The Mughal Empire in India Under Babur’s successors, the empire by the end of the 17th century. included almost all of India. The religion of the conquerors was Islam, and it became the state religion of the Mughal Empire. The Muslim rulers were representatives of a numerical minority of the population, but the policies they pursued were no different from those of the Hindu princes. They allowed the “infidels”, in exchange for their observance of the laws, to live according to their customs, professing the traditional religion - Hinduism. The Great Mughals - Babur, Akbar, Jahan Sign - the power of the padishah

7 slide

2. “Peace for all” Akbar The Mughal Empire reached its greatest prosperity during the reign of Akbar (1556-1605). He went down in history as the builder of the Mogul empire, a talented reformer who sought to create a strong centralized state. Acting sometimes by force and sometimes by cunning, Akbar increased the territory of his state many times over. Akbar understood that the empire would be strong only if the central government was supported by various segments of the population. What did he do for this? Textbook, p.277

8 slide

2. “Peace for all” From the Hindu book of golden rules, Akbar also became famous as a patron of art. On his orders, scientists and poets translated works of the ancient Hindu epic into Persian. In the imperial workshop, artists created beautiful examples of Mughal miniatures, copied European engravings brought to the country by Catholic missionaries. In this workshop, portraits were created and genre scenes were illustrated in books. Akbar's reforms, carried out on the principle of “peace for all,” strengthened the Mughal empire.

Slide 9

3. Crisis and collapse of the empire Akbar’s successors failed to continue the policy of creating a strong centralized state. Indian society was divided by the caste system, different standards of living of numerous peoples and endless wars of conquest. It was necessary to grant more and more lands to the nobility, always ready for rebellion. And the treasury received less and less taxes, and the Mughals again unleashed wars of conquest. But the larger the territory of the Mughal Empire became, the weaker the central government became. Persian conqueror Nadir Shah

10 slide

3. Crisis and collapse of the empire Since the beginning of the 18th century. the power of the padishahs becomes symbolic. The provinces were separated one after another. The emperors lost real power, but the princes gained it. In 1739, the cavalry of the Persian conqueror Nadir Shah sacked Delhi and killed most of the capital's inhabitants. Then the northern part of India was overrun by Afghans. In the first half of the 18th century. India actually returned to a state of fragmentation, which facilitated European colonization. Nadir Shah's Cavalry

11 slide

4. The struggle of Portugal, France and England for India The penetration of European colonialists into India began in the 16th century. Having opened the sea route to India, the Portuguese captured several bases on the Malabar coast. But they did not have sufficient forces to advance into the interior of the country. The Portuguese were replaced by the Dutch, who began to export spices from India in large quantities and were engaged exclusively in trade, without interfering at all in the life of the Indians. The French were next. And finally, the British arrived in India, pushing aside all other Europeans. Discovery of the sea route to India by Vasco da Gama

12 slide

4. The struggle of Portugal, France and England for India In 1600, the British founded the East India Company, which created trading posts in different places in India. In 1690, the British built the fortified city of Calcutta on land given to them by the Great Mogul. The company acquired large land holdings, which were controlled by the governor-general, and to protect them, it built fortresses and created troops of hired Indian soldiers (sepoys), armed and trained in the European manner. These troops were commanded by English officers. Modern ruins of the East India Company

Slide 13

In 1757, the British captured Bengal, which marked the beginning of the systematic conquest of the entire country by the troops of the East India Company, its possessions turned into a real colonial empire. England's main rival in India was France, but it lost its fortresses in India and carried on only minor trade. The British exported fabrics, spices, and porcelain from India 4. The struggle of Portugal, France and England for India

Slide 14

15 slide

5. Manchu conquest of China From the end of the 16th century. The Manchu state strengthened in Northeast China. At the beginning of the 17th century. The Manchus began to raid China and subjugate neighboring tribes and Korea. Then they started a war with China. At the same time, peasant uprisings occurred in China due to the introduction of ever new taxes. Creator of the Qing Empire - Nurhaci

16 slide

The rebel army defeated the government troops of the Ming Dynasty and entered Beijing. Frightened Chinese feudal lords opened access to the capital to the Manchu cavalry. In June 1644, the Manchus entered Beijing. This is how the Manchu Qing dynasty established itself in China, ruling until 1911. 5. The Manchu conquest of China - the state of the Ming dynasty

Slide 17

5. Manchu conquest of China The Manchus secured a separate and privileged position for themselves. According to the form of government, Qing China in the 17th-18th centuries. was despotism. At the head of the state was the emperor - Bogdykhan, endowed with unlimited power. The Qing dynasty waged endless wars of conquest. By the middle of the 18th century. she conquered all of Mongolia, then annexed the Uighur state and the eastern part of Tibet to China. Conquest campaigns were repeatedly undertaken in Vietnam and Burma. Palace life during the Qing Dynasty

18 slide

6. “Closing” of China In the 17th-18th centuries. English and French merchants began to appear in Chinese ports. The Chinese looked at the arriving foreigners with fear and respect, seeing their superiority over themselves in military affairs and entrepreneurship. But in 1757, by decree of the Qing Emperor, all ports except Guangzhou were closed to foreign trade. Bogdykhan of the Qing dynasty

Slide 19

This was the beginning of China's isolation. The reasons for the policy of “closing” China were that information about the colonialist policy of Europeans in neighboring countries reached the Manchu court. Contacts with foreigners, as it seemed to the authorities, undermined the traditional foundations of Chinese society. 6. “Closing” of China Sculpture of Buddha

20 slide

21 slides

7. The reign of shoguns in Japan. Tokugawa Shogunate In the struggle for power between feudal factions in Japan at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th century. Ieyasu Toku-gawa was victorious, and then subjugated all the appanage princes of Japan to his power and assumed the title of shogun. From that time on, the Tokugawa shoguns became the sovereign rulers of Japan for the next 250 years. The imperial court was forced to bow to their power. Founder of the shogunate system Ieyasu Tokugawa

Slide 22

7. The reign of shoguns in Japan. Tokugawa Shogunate Imperial Palace The imperial family was deprived of real power, it was not allowed to own land, and a small rice ration was allocated for its maintenance. There were always officials at the imperial court who observed everything that was happening. The emperor was given honors, but it was emphasized that it was not fitting for a divine emperor to “condescend” to communicate with his subjects.

24 slide

7. The reign of shoguns in Japan. Tokugawa Shogunate At the beginning of the 17th century. The Tokugawa declared Buddhism the state religion and assigned each family to a specific temple. Confucianism became the doctrine regulating relations in society. Advances in printing in the 17th century. contributed to the development of literacy. Stories of an entertaining and instructive nature were popular among the urban population. But the government made sure that criticism of the shogun did not get into print media. In 1648, when a bookstore printed a book containing disrespectful statements about the shogun's ancestors, the store owner was executed. Ieyasu Tokugawa

25 slide

8. “Closing” of Japan From 1542, for almost 100 years, the Japanese bought weapons from the Portuguese. Then the Spaniards arrived in the country, followed by the Dutch and English. From the Europeans, the Japanese learned that, in addition to China and India, which in their minds limited the world, there were other countries. The missionaries preached Christian teachings in the country. The central government and nobility saw in Christian ideas of universal equality a danger to existing traditions. Attack on the British delegation to Emperor Meiji.

26 slide

8. “Closing” of Japan In the 30s. In the 17th century, decrees were issued on the expulsion of Europeans from the country and the prohibition of Christianity. The decree of Shogun Iemitsu Tokugawa read: “In the future, as long as the sun shines on the world, no one dares to land on the shores of Japan, even if he was an ambassador, and this law can never be repealed on pain of death.” Any foreign ship that arrived on the shores of Japan was subject to destruction and its crew to death. Decree of Shogun Iemitsu Tokugawa

Slide 27

8. “Closing” of Japan What consequences did the “closing” of Japan lead to? The despotic regime of the Tokugawa dynasty tried to prevent the destruction of traditional society. Although the "closure" of Japan was incomplete, it caused significant damage to traders associated with the foreign market. Having lost their traditional occupation, they began to buy land from bankrupt peasant owners and set up enterprises in the cities. The technical lag of Japan from the countries of the West was consolidated Okusha - the tomb of the first shogun of the Edo era, Tokugawa Ieyasu

In Russian literature, it is customary to distinguish three periods of colonial expansion:

1) “commercial colonialism” from the beginning of the 16th to the middle of the 18th centuries, characterized by the pursuit of colonial goods for export to Europe;

2) “colonialism of the era of industrial capital” - the second half of the 18th - the end of the 19th centuries, when the main method of exploitation of the colonies and the entire non-European world became the import of European goods into these countries;

3) “colonialism of the era of imperialism”, or “colonialism of the period of monopoly capital” - from the end of the 19th century, when another method was added to the previous methods of using the resources of dependent countries - the export of European capital there, the growth of investments, which led to the industrial development of non-European countries 23 .

Start first period coincides with the era of geographical discoveries. Great geographical discoveries were started by Portugal and Spain, feudal countries and far from the most developed. Why did the movements of the Crusaders to the East, movements that did not subside for several centuries, not cause such violent changes in the lives of people as the Spanish-Portuguese, seemingly the same feudal expansion. The answer is obvious.

First, colonial expansion during the Age of Discovery, unlike the Crusades, responded to the needs of merchant capitalism. It developed along with capitalism and became all-encompassing, bringing profound consequences for both the metropolis and the colonies.

Secondly, the nobles of the Iberian Peninsula took part in the first colonial conquests, and these wars were often financed by merchants of Flanders and Brabant.

Thirdly, the Portuguese and Spaniards, like the Dutch, were driven beyond Europe by an insatiable thirst for gold. The richest countries to Europeans seemed to be the states of Asia and Africa. European merchants brought gold sand from Senegal and Niger. In their stories, gold reserves acquired fantastic proportions; merchants claimed that “gold would be born” in Africa, in the Niger River basin.

Fourthly, China, India and Indochina attracted Europeans with their spices. Spices were as expensive as gold. In Europe, Asian states rich in spices were called “Indies”. Since African gold was mined from the shallows of the great rivers that flowed into the Atlantic Ocean, it seemed likely that by following the west coast of Africa they would reach the Golden River. Spices can also be obtained without clashes with the powerful Ottoman Empire. To do this, you need to find a sea route to India.

The Portuguese Bartolomeo Dias reached the Cape of Good Hope, and in 1498 Vasco da Gama discovered the sea route to India. As a result of the Great Geographical Discoveries, Portugal captured the following territories: in Asia - the city of Goa and some points on the West Coast of India. Having gained a foothold in India, the Portuguese moved to the East and captured Indonesia and the Moluccas; in Africa - the mouth of the Congo River (Zaire) and Mozambique. In the second half of the 16th century. Portuguese sailors managed to subjugate the state of Ndango, its monarch bore the title Ngola. Later it is the Portuguese colony of Angola.

Spain was looking for a western route to the riches of the Indies. Having traveled around the world in 1519-1522. Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese in the service of the Spanish king, discovered the Philippines. Catholic monastic orders played a major role in the colonization of the Philippine Islands. Taking advantage of the contradictions between tribal leaders, missionary monks converted first the local nobility and then their subjects to Christians. By the middle of the 17th century. The Spaniards gained a foothold in the Philippines.

At the beginning of the 17th century. The East attracted the attention of Holland, England and France. Holland in Asia captured the island of Ceylon, the southern part of Malaya and drove the Portuguese out of Indonesia. In Africa, Holland gained a foothold at the Cape of Good Hope.

England in Africa creates its first fort in Gambia and on the Gold Coast (Ghana).

In the second period England begins to fight for India. The struggle is on two fronts: rivalry with France in Europe (Seven Years' War); dismemberment of India proper and the gradual conquest of individual Indian principalities. By 1818, almost all of India was conquered by the English East India Company, leaving only one independent principality of Panjab (Punjab). In 1858, India became the “chief jewel of the British Crown.”

France, having been defeated in India, begins the fight for Indochina (Vietnam). On the African continent, Dakar, located at the mouth of the Senegal River, became the main French fort.

Interesting , that in the Spanish-Portuguese colonial policy the main role was played by the feudal-bureaucratic machine of the state, and in the second period of colonization the initiative belonged to the trading and usurious companies: the English East India, the Dutch West India, the French East India, etc.

Third period of colonization- this is the exploitation of colonies with the help of monopoly capital: from the division of China into “spheres of influence”, the conquest of Vietnam, Burma, etc. before the territorial division of Africa at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries. (The territorial division of Africa will be discussed in the last lecture).

What are the results of the resulting colonial system?

The creation of the colonial system tied the whole world together, but at the same time marked the beginning of the deepest division of this world, on one side of which there were a handful of capitalist nations - the metropolises, on the other - a great many enslaved peoples in colonies and dependent countries.

What did the colonization of the metropolis give?

Colonial expansion, with its methods characteristic of trade (manufacturing) capitalism, had an ambiguous impact on the economic and political development of the metropolises. On the one hand, the activities of trade monopoly companies created conditions for the development of national capitalism in the metropolis, on the other hand, it often contributed to the emergence of a reactionary oligarchy, closely associated with the nobility. This oligarchy became a brake on the path of progress. In countries where negative trends became prevalent, the pace of capitalist development slowed down. For example, the Dutch East India Company merged with the ruling house, with the conservative patriciate. As a result, the process of formation of the industrial bourgeoisie began to slow down, and Holland lagged behind England and other countries.

The most important result of colonial expansion was the “price revolution.” In the 16th – 17th centuries. A flood of cheap gold and silver poured into Europe, which led to an increase in prices for all goods while at the same time a relative decrease in wages. This increased profits and strengthened the young European bourgeoisie, “raising the capitalist class” 24.

How did colonization affect the development of Eastern countries?

Firstly, colonial expansion meant a disruption of the natural process of historical development, the forced involvement of colonies in the sphere of the world market and world capitalism.

Secondly, colonization led to a crisis and even the death of civilizations, not to mention the destruction of entire nations. The arrival of Europeans in Central and South America and Africa is especially noticeable. The African continent was turned into a reserved hunting ground for blacks. In areas captured by Europeans, the local population was exterminated, and the living were turned into slaves. The slave trade brought enormous losses to Africans, according to the black historian C. Dubois, during colonization from the 16th to the 18th centuries. the continent's population decreased by approximately 60-100 million people 25 .

Thirdly, the colonial policy of Europeans contributed to the incitement of interethnic conflicts, for example, between Hindus and Muslims in India, wars in Africa between individual African tribes and nationalities. Tribal leaders sought to enslave their neighbors and sell them to Europeans.

Fourthly, European capitalism “helped” the development of commodity-money relations in the countries of the East. However, colonies and dependent countries continued to serve as levers of primitive accumulation for the metropolises. Therefore, the states of Asia and Africa become: a) sources of raw materials and

b) markets for European goods. This led to the fact that capitalism in dependent countries developed one-sidedly, poorly and in those forms in which it was beneficial to European countries. The economic gap between West and East has not narrowed, but widened.

Fifthly, already in the 17th century. The peoples of Asia and Africa offered resistance to the colonialists, but it took place, as historians of the Soviet school believed, under the banner of “feudal nationalism.” National movements were led by princes, the top clergy, and less often by representatives of the intelligentsia. It was the resistance of the passing past. It will take time, new ideas and their carriers for the resistance to become a national liberation movement.

Literature

1. Alaev A.B., Erasov B.S. Formation or civilization? Dialogue [Text] / A.B. Alaev et al. // Peoples of Asia and Africa. – 1990. – No. 3. – P. 46-56.

Vasiliev L.S. History of the East: textbook [Text] /

L.S. Vasiliev. – M.: Higher School, 1993. – T. 1. – 495 p.; – T. 2. – 495 p.

Vasiliev L.S. History of Eastern religions [Text] / L.S. Vasiliev. – M.: University, 1998. – 425 p.

Weber M. Selected works. Sociology of religion [Text] / M. Weber. [Transl. with German]. – M.: Progress, 1990. – 804 p.

Weber M. Favorites: Protestant ethics and the spirit of capitalism [Text] / M. Weber. [Transl. with German]. – M.: ROSSPEN, 2006. – 656 p.

Erasov B.S. Problems of the theory of civilizations [Text] / B.S. Erasov // New and recent history. – 1995. – No. 6. – P. 181-186.

Erasov B.S. Culture, religion and civilizations in the East. Essays on general theory [Text] / B.S. Erasov; USSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oriental Studies. – M.: Nauka, 1990. – 207 p.

8. Erasov B.S. Civilization: Universals and identity [Text] / B.S. Erasov. – M.: Nauka, 2002. – 524 p.

10. Eremeev D.E. Why the East fell behind the West [Text] / D.E. Eremeev // Asia and Africa today. – 1989. – No. 7. – P. 16-20; – No. 9. – P. 29-33; – No. 11. – P. 10-14.

11. Ivanov N.A. The decline of the East and the establishment of world hegemony of Western Europe [Text] / N.A. Ivanov // East (Oriens). – 1994. – No. 4. – P. 5-19.

History of the East [Text]: in 6 volumes / Ch. Editor: R.B. Rybakov (pres.) and others - M.: Vost. lit., 2004-2005. T. 4: The East in modern times (late XVIII – early XX). Book 1. – 608 s.; Book 2. – 574 p.

Marx K. Capital [Text] / K. Marx, F. Engels. Op. 2nd ed. – M.: State. ed. watered lit., 1962. – T. 25. – Part 2. – 551 p.

Marx K. Economic manuscripts 1861-1863. [Text] / K. Marx, F. Engels. Op. 2nd ed. – M.: State Publishing House. watered lit., 1973, – T. 47. – 659 p.

Reisner L.I. Civilization and way of communication [Text] / L.I. Reisner. RAS Inst. oriental studies. – M.: Nauka, 1993. – 307 p.

Comparative study of civilizations. Reader: textbook for university students [Text] / Comp., ed. and entry Art. B.S. Erasov. – M.: Aspect Press, 1999. – 555 p.

Subbotin V.A. Great discoveries: Columbus. Vasco da Gama. Magellan [Text] / V.A. Subbotin. – M.: URAO, 1998. – 268 p.

Sukharchuk G.D. East-West: historical and psychological divide [Text] / G.D. Sukharchuk // Questions of history. – 1998. – No. 1. – P. 30-40.

Toynbee A.D. Civilization before the court of history: Sat. [Text] / A.D. Toynbee. [Transl. from English]. – M.: Iris Press, 2003. – 590 p.

Yakovlev A.I. Essays on the modernization of the countries of the East and West in the 19th-20th centuries. [Text] / A.I. Yakovlev. – M.: Vost. univ., 2006. – 504 p.

Yakovlev A.I. Countries of the East: synthesis of traditional and modern [Text] / A.I. Yakovlev. – M.: Vost. univ., 2007. – 168 p.

L E C T I O NII

Japan during the reign of the Tokugawa shoguns

(XVII – XIXcenturies)

Historical reference. Establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate. Socio-economic development of the country: cycles of rise and decline. The political crisis began XIXcentury. Civil War 1862-1869 Revolutionary coup of Meiji Ishin. First bourgeois reforms

In the XVII-XVIII centuries. capitalism became the dominant mode of production in two European countries - Holland and England, and after the war of liberation of the North American colonies against English rule - in the USA. France has made significant progress in the development of capitalism.

This circumstance was the main prerequisite for the broad colonial expansion of these states, to which the main role in the colonial plunder of overseas countries passed from Spain and Portugal.

In the XVII-XVIII centuries. The foundations of the world colonial system of imperialism were laid. The fierce struggle of European states for colonies at that time took the form of trade wars. The colonies continued to serve as one of the means of primitive accumulation for the European bourgeoisie.

At the same time, they became increasingly important as sources of many types of raw materials and foreign markets for manufactories that were rapidly developing in Europe. Finally, the presence of colonies, stimulating the development of shipping and trade, was the most important prerequisite for the growth of the merchant and naval fleet.

The policy of enslavement and ruthless exploitation of the population of the colonies appears as an integral part of the history of capitalism, starting from the era of primitive accumulation and ending with its last stage - imperialism.

European colonial merchants did not act alone in overseas countries, but united into large monopoly companies. The latter served as a powerful lever for accumulation; they reduced the risk associated with colonial enterprises for individual capitalist shareholders. Trading companies occupied a privileged position and enjoyed special protection from the state.

Such associations of merchants were also necessary because alone they could not suppress the resistance of Asian states, fight European rivals and carry out extensive overseas trade, which in those days was inextricably linked with piracy and war. Monopoly companies were usually granted very broad rights by the state.

For example, founded at the beginning of the 17th century. Almost simultaneously, the Dutch, English and French East India Companies had the right to maintain their military and naval forces in the East, declare war and make peace, build fortresses and arsenals, and carry out justice against their employees.

One of the main objects of the predatory colonial policy of the European powers in the 17th-18th centuries. became the countries of the East. The dominant social system at this time in Asia remained feudalism at various stages of its development. The colonial expansion of Europeans disrupted the independent development of many countries of the East.

They lost political independence - the main prerequisite for normal economic and cultural growth, their economy was bled dry by colonial exploitation and plunder, their productive forces were undermined, and cultural life in most cases fell into decay.

Such was the fate of the peoples of the Philippines under the rule of the Spaniards, the peoples of Indonesia and Ceylon under the heel of the Dutch East India Company, the peoples of a large part of India, where at the end of the 18th century. British colonialists established themselves. At the same time, the colonial policy of European countries dealt blow after blow to the medieval isolation of the feudal countries of the East, violently drawing them - in a position of oppression and unequal rights - into the orbit of the emerging world market.

Thus, the historically progressive process of creating a world market, the economic rapprochement of peoples and the growth of their cultural ties took place in the form of violent suppression of the independent development of enslaved peoples, dooming them to economic and cultural backwardness and at the same time gigantically accelerating the successes of capitalism in the advanced countries of Europe.

In turn, these successes of capitalism led to a rapid increase in the superiority of the economic and military potential of the most advanced countries of Europe compared to the less developed countries of the feudal East, thereby making it easier for the exploiting elite of bourgeois nations to continuously expand the sphere of colonial exploitation.

Huge values ​​and treasures plundered by European colonialists in the Asian countries they enslaved were exported to the metropolis and only there were they converted into capital and used in production. For the robbed peoples, this was an irreparable loss, which led to the bleeding of their economy. In the first 100 years of their rule in India alone, the British pumped out valuables from there totaling 12 billion gold rubles.

This flow of looted wealth fertilized the capitalist development of England and accelerated the industrial revolution in that country. The seizure of treasures accumulated by Indian feudal lords, the intensification of feudal exploitation of Indian peasants and the serf-like exploitation of artisans attached to the trading posts of the East India Company; introduce monopolies on trade in consumer goods; imposing heavy tribute on vassal princes and imposing on them enslaving loans with usurious interest - these were the methods of initial accumulation of the English colonialists in India, primarily in Bengal, captured by the East India Company in 1757.

“The treasures that flowed from India to England throughout the 18th century were acquired not so much through relatively insignificant trade as through direct exploitation of the country and the seizure of enormous wealth, which was then transported to England.”

Having arrogated to itself the rights of the supreme owner of the land and strengthened the previously existing forms of feudal-tax exploitation of the peasants, the English East India Company in a short period of time brought the masses of India to complete ruin.

Marx notes that sometimes rent “can reach such proportions that it poses a serious threat to the reproduction of the conditions of labor, the very means of production, makes the expansion of production more or less impossible and reduces the direct producer to the physical minimum of the means of subsistence. This happens especially when this form is found ready-made and begins to be exploited by a conquering trading nation, as,
for example, the British in India."

The British did not pay the slightest attention to maintaining irrigation structures, which had always been a subject of special concern on the part of the feudal states of India. The short-sighted policy of the British colonialists, blinded by greed, led to the destruction of large irrigation structures created by the labor of many generations.

This caused the decline of agriculture in the most fertile areas of India, especially on the eastern coast of the Deccan Peninsula. Here, as in Bengal, the jungle encroached on people, and cultivated lands were abandoned for a long time.

Dutch colonialists first appeared in Java in 1596. In 1602, in order to expand colonial expansion in the East, six Dutch trading companies were merged into a large united East India Company with permanent share capital. The policies of the Dutch East India Company in Indonesia are a striking example of the methods used in the era of primitive accumulation.

Through brutal violence, deception, bribery and betrayal, this company captured during the 17th-18th centuries. all of Java, including Mataram and Bantam, the Moluccas (Spice Islands), and created a number of strongholds and bases on other islands of the archipelago.

The basis of the Dutch colonial system in Java was the feudal exploitation of the peasantry. The company forced peasants to cultivate the export crops needed by the colonialists (coffee, cane sugar, spices) on the best lands and deliver the harvest to the company’s warehouses.

Cotton plantations in the colony. Engraving from the Encyclopedia.

In an effort to maintain monopolistically high prices in European markets, the Dutch, during periods of falling coffee prices, did not hesitate to massively destroy coffee trees, grown with such difficulty by peasants, and when prices rose, they again forced coffee trees to be planted.

The Dutch colonialists resorted to this operation many times. But the Dutch East India Company could sell Indonesian spices at incredibly high prices on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange, where merchants from almost all European countries gathered.

All of Indonesia was turned by the Dutch colonialists into a supplier of goods for the East India Company's monopoly trade with Europe and the countries of the East. This policy brought enormous disasters to the Indonesian population. The Dutch made local feudal lords their agents in robbing Indonesian peasants, who extorted exported products from the peasants in the form of a tax.

The Dutch retained judicial and administrative functions for the feudal lords. All those who opposed the predatory policies of the East India Company were mercilessly destroyed by the Dutch colonialists.

Subsequently, the Dutch and English East India Companies became real territorial powers. The first was at the beginning of the 17th century. established itself in Indonesia, the second after the Seven Years' War of 1756-1763. took possession of vast lands in India.

The French East India Company grew up on the basis of feudal-absolutist orders, which left its mark on its character and organization. Its activities were placed under the bureaucratic control of an intendant appointed by the king, its directors were appointed not from merchants, but from court favorites to noble nobles; The company's working capital was made up not so much from the share contributions of the merchants, but from funds received from royal favors.

Entirely dependent financially on the government, the French East India Company was tied hand and foot by bureaucratic tutelage and the petty control of royal officials. Not receiving sufficient support from the state for its colonial enterprises and experiencing a constant lack of funds, it was significantly weaker than its English and Dutch competitors.

The activities of monopoly companies accelerated the development of capitalism in the metropolitan countries, but thereby undermined the foundations of the existence of the companies themselves. The process of development of capitalist manufacturing industry and the formation of the industrial bourgeoisie came into conflict with the monopoly rights of the East India Companies, which denied direct access to colonial markets to outside merchants.

Broad circles of the bourgeoisie, not associated with this monopoly, increasingly demanded its abolition or limitation. On the other hand, the methods of primitive accumulation practiced by the East India Companies in India and Indonesia brought the economies of these countries into such a state that they threatened the very possibility of further successful exploitation of their wealth.

The greed of a handful of rich people who ran these companies (the total number of shareholders of the English East India Company did not exceed 2 thousand, of the Dutch - 500 people) led the monopoly companies to the brink of bankruptcy. When, after France lost its possessions in India in 1769, the French East India Company was liquidated, it turned out that its losses for 1725-1769 were equal to 170 million francs.

The deficit of the Dutch East India Company reached 96 million guilders in 1791. As for the English East India Company, by presenting exaggerated reports it managed to cope with its deplorable financial situation for a long time, but was finally forced in the second half of the 18th century. also apply to the government for a loan to cover the deficit.

By the end of the 18th century. Monopoly companies were already obsolete, and their liquidation became the order of the day.

History lesson in 8th grade Date taughtand I ______________________

Subject: States of the East. Beginning of European colonization (China, Japan)

Objectives: to learn the features of the development of the countries of the East: China and Japan 16-18 centuries

subject : reveal the features of the economic, political and social development of the countries of the East;

-characterize the relations between European and Eastern civilizations;

- search for information in various sources about the peculiarities of the economic, political and social structure of the countries of the East. characterize the policy of “closing” the country;

- search for information in various sources about the process of colonization in countries East.

Metasubject

Regulatory: accept and retain the educational task, take into account the action guidelines identified by the teacher in the new educational material in collaboration with the teacher.

Cognitive: consciously and voluntarily construct messages in oral and written form, including those of a creative and research nature; use methods of project activity.

Communicative: are active in interaction to solve communicative and cognitive problems (ask questions, formulate their difficulties, offer help and erasedanichestvo.

Equipment: cluster circuits, additional material, tests
States of the East: the beginning of European colonization
1. Manchu conquest of China.

2. “Closing” of China

3. The reign of shoguns in Japan. Tokugawa Shogunate.

4. “Closing” of Japan

During the classes

1.Organizational stage of the lesson.

2. Updating knowledge. Checking homework

2.1.Front survey

How and why did the Mughal Empire arise in India?(political fragmentation in these lands, due to constant wars, agriculture was ruined, trade became increasingly difficult; Muslim feudal lords sought to unite, because they were afraid of the strengthening of the Hindu feudal lords.)

Who carried out reforms in the empire? What reforms have been carried out?

Why did the Mughal Empire collapse?

(disunion of Indian society; endless wars of conquest;

weakening of central government;

real power with the princes, a return to the state of fragmentation)

Which European colonialists entered India? Who got India?

(Portugal, Holland, France and England. In the 17th century, the struggle for dominance in India began between the British and French East India Companies, ending in the victory of Britain)

2.2 Checking the syncwine “India”

3.Work on new material

3.1. Determination of the topic and objectives of the lesson.

Scheme

VGO------------colonial conquests--------states of the East

Which states were subject to colonial conquest? Name those that we haven’t met yet? Let's write down the topic of the lesson and define the tasks.

Teacher: With the advent of the Great Geographical Discoveries, attempts to colonize the countries of the East by Europeans began. China and Japan fought against this and tried to maintain their freedom.(finish the diagram)

During the lesson you will learn about the conquest of China by the Manchus and the accession of the Qing dynasty;

About the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan and the “closing” of China and Japan from other states.

3.2. work in groups:

1 . Making a cluster on the topic China p.290-291 textbook + additional material

(each group received a cluster diagram and additional material)

2.task : Textbook p291-294 Independent work

What caused the “closure” of China and Japan?

Were there similarities in the reasons for the closure of these countries?

What are the consequences of “closing” countries?

3.3. Presentation of the cluster. Answers to questions 2 tasks

4. Lesson summary. We draw a conclusion. Reflection.

4.1.p.297 read the output

4.2.- how do you evaluate your work in class (active - inactive)

What was interesting in the lesson?

What difficulties did you experience while working in class?

Evaluate your work in the group.

5.Homework: paragraph 29 -30, learn concepts, notes in notebooks

CHINA

From the second half of the 17th century. the Manchu emperors became zealous Confucians. They ruled the country following the ancient teachings of Confucius and the advice of Confucian scholar-officials. The traditional Chinese administrative system and the system of reproduction of officials were preserved (the latter was done through the organization of special exams). To become a scientist - “shenshi”, one had to pass exams and receive an academic degree, which allowed one to enter the civil service. To do this, one had to write an essay and memorize the texts of many books, which required many years of preparation. But any subject of the empire had the right to take such exams. There were often cases when members of the village community, having collected the necessary funds from all households, sent a capable young man to the city to study and take exams. This system made it possible to identify the most capable people to govern the country (although some rich people, by giving a bribe, could also pass a difficult exam and get a good place in the public administration system).

The main occupation of the population The state considered agriculture. An ancient saying has been preserved: “Agriculture is the trunk, the foundation; trade, craft and other activities are secondary branches.” The Manchu rulers and their officials paid main attention to the state of agriculture, which provided the treasury with the bulk of income and guaranteed the stability of the empire. The Manchus ensured the obedience of the Chinese population, the symbol of this was the braid - all men had to wear it on pain of death. Having achieved humility, the Manchu rulers began to zealously care about the prosperity of the country's economy, believing in the saying of Confucius that the highest goal of the leaders is the welfare of the people, on which the well-being of the state is based.

Speaking about China’s connections with the outside world, it can be noted that at the end of the 18th century, after the “closure” of the country, European trade with China began to expand again. Chinese silk, porcelain, and tea were in great demand in Europe. They began to be sold to foreign merchants in large quantities. But the Europeans had nothing to offer the Chinese in return for these goods. When the first European mission arrived in China in 1793 (on the ships that carried the mission along the rivers and canals of China, an expressive inscription was inscribed: “Tribute bearer from the English country”), the head of the mission was given an imperial decree to present it to the English King George III. Its content was arrogant and boiled down to approximately the following: “We welcome your desire to join our culture, we are ready to accept your tribute, but do not count on the permanent presence of an ambassador in China, this is not customary with us.” It also said: “As your ambassador could see for himself, we have absolutely everything. We do not attach importance to finely made objects and do not need the products of your country.” The Chinese were satisfied with their own products. The Chinese tradition was not focused on borrowing other people's experience and customs. Considering themselves the wisest thanks to Confucianism, the Chinese sincerely believed that only they could teach other peoples, who are barbarians, to live correctly.

In the XVII-XVIII centuries. China remained one of the largest countries in the world with a fairly stable society, a well-established economy, and a strong army. Until the 19th century Qing China was able to maintain its traditional positions in relations with the outside world.

According to the form of government of China became a despotism, that is, a state with unlimited power of the ruler. At the head of the empire was the emperor, or Bogdykhan. The State Council, the State Chancellery and various chambers were subordinate to him. All the highest positions went to the Manchus.

The army of the empire was divided into Manchu troops - “eight banners”, and Chinese troops - “green banner”.

The empire was divided into provinces , united into 10 governorships. Each province in turn was divided into regions, districts, districts and volosts. The government made every effort to ensure that the provinces were isolated from each other both in government and in the economy. This was done in order to prevent the unification of the Chinese people.

The lower strata of the population found themselves in a difficult situation. The peasants were deprived of all rights, and numerous duties and restrictions were imposed on them. They could not even manage their own household. Slaves were at the lowest level of society. Among them were “eternal slaves” - prisoners of war, and debt slaves - ruined peasants.

All Chinese were ordered to shave some of their hair and wear braids. Those who did not obey the order had their heads cut off.

There was a strict ban on marriages between Chinese and Manchus. Thus, assimilation did not occur and the Manchus secured a privileged position in the empire.

Closing China.

The rulers of the Qing dynasty waged numerous wars of conquest. At the end of the 17th century they captured Mongolia. In the middle of the 18th century, they subjugated the lands of the Dzungar state. In 1759 - East Turkestan. Also, the borders of the empire were expanded by annexing Tibet, Burma, and Nepal.

China has always attracted European interest as a rich and large market. In the early days after the Manchus seized power, Europeans founded trading posts on the territory of the empire. England is in Guangzhou, France is in Ningbo, and Portugal is in Macau. Catholic missionaries who preached their faith were received quite well in China. This was the heyday of Manchu power.

However, over time, power began to weaken, the Manchus were afraid that the Europeans might help the Chinese population. The government decided to isolate itself from the outside world and protect itself by doing so. The process of “closing” the country has begun:

·the activities of Catholic missionaries were declared illegal, and they were gradually expelled from the country;

Chinese merchants were prohibited from sailing on foreign ships and generally speaking with foreigners. The death penalty threatened those who built large ships capable of going to sea over long distances. Thus, the merchants of the empire could no longer conduct foreign trade. Only people appointed by the government could do this;

in 1757, trade was prohibited in all ports except Guangzhou. But within this city, Europeans were forbidden to settle and study Chinese. Residents who taught Europeans the language were executed.

China began to pursue a policy of self-isolation, which subsequently affected the development of the state and led to dependence on Western countries.

state control

CHINA 16-18 centuries

Domestic policy

Foreign policy

Qing Dynasty

O

community farming

Subject: States of the East. The beginning of European colonization (General History 8th grade)

Great geographical discoveries Colonial conquests States of the East that lost their independence States of the East that retained freedom at the cost of “closing” their countries to Europeans (isolation from the world) 18th century - the countries of the East continued to live within the framework of a traditional society and lagged behind the countries of Europe in their development

IndiaChinaJapan - reign of padishah (emperor) Babur the Great: gg. – Akbar’s reign: 3. Crisis and collapse of the empire: 4. The struggle of European powers for India: gg. - reign of the Ming dynasty: gg. - reign of the Manchu Qing dynasty: 3. Isolation of China: gg. – the reign of princes in Japan from the Tokugawa dynasty - the Tokugawa shogunate: 2. Isolation of Japan: The beginning of European colonization of the states of the East

Gg. - reign of padishah Babur the Great. - reign of Padishah Akbar Crisis and collapse of the empire The struggle of European powers for India The beginning of European colonization of India

1526 - the invasion of the ruler of Kabul (Afghanistan) Babur into India and the conquest of vast territories - the beginning of the formation of the Mughal Empire. The reasons for Babur's victories: an experienced, battle-hardened army, excellent artillery, new combat techniques (covering one's infantry and artillery with a barrier of wagons connected by chains).

Gg. - the reign of the padishah (emperor) Babur the Great put an end to feudal strife, provided patronage to trade, laid the foundations of the Mughal Empire, declared Islam the state religion. Babur the Great, Padishah of India

Gg. - Akbar's reign He increased the territory of his state many times. Akbar the Great Padishah of the Mughal Empire.

1. Management reform: 1) he delved into all matters, 2) attracted to his side all the large landowners (Muslims and Hindus) and traders, 3) encouraged the development of crafts and trade. 2. Tax reform: 1) established a tax for peasants equal to one-third of the harvest, 2) abolished the positions of tax farmers (peasants paid the tax directly to the state) 3) the tax was collected not from the entire property, but only from the cultivated plot. 4) transferred the peasants from a tax in kind to a cash tax 3. He took care of the good condition of the irrigation system 4. He forbade the enslavement of prisoners of war. 5. Proclaimed the equality of all religions 1) abolished taxes levied on subjects of non-Muslim origin, 2) encouraged the study of Hinduism, 3) allowed the construction of Hindu temples and celebrations. 6.Patronized art. 1.scientists and poets translated works of the ancient Hindu epic into Persian. 2. In the imperial workshop, artists created beautiful examples of Mughal miniatures, 3. copied European engravings brought to the country by Catholic missionaries. 4. In this workshop, portraits and genre scenes were created, books were illustrated. Akbar's reforms:

Gg. – Akbar’s reign Akbar’s reforms, carried out on the principle of “peace for all,” strengthened the Mughal Empire. During his reign, a society emerged where different religions coexisted in relative harmony. Akbar the Great () Padishah of the Mughal Empire.

Crisis and collapse of the empire 1. Indian society was too divided: 1) caste system, 2) Hindu and Muslim religions, 3) different peoples who were at different levels of economic and cultural development. 2.Endless wars of conquest. 3. The rebellious nobility robbed peasants and ruined entire regions. 4. The treasury received less and less taxes. 5. The central government became weaker. 6. Beginning of the 18th century. - the empire collapsed - the Persian conqueror Nadir Shah plundered Delhi and destroyed most of the inhabitants of the capital. Then the northern part of India was overrun by Afghans. In the first half of the 18th century. India effectively returned to a state of fragmentation, which made European colonization easier.

1600 - founded the East India Company, which created trading posts in different places in India - built the city of Calcutta, acquired large land holdings, which were controlled by the governor-general, built fortresses to protect them and created troops from hired Indian soldiers (sepoys) ), armed and trained in a European manner under the command of English officers, the city captured Bengal - the beginning of the systematic conquest of the entire country by the troops of the East India Company, its possessions turned into a real colonial empire. India Portugal Holland England France In the 16th century. opened a sea route to India and captured several bases on the Malabar coast. However, it did not have sufficient forces to advance into the interior of the country. She exported spices from India in large quantities and was engaged exclusively in trade, without interfering at all in the life of the Indians. England's main rival lost its fortresses in India and conducted only minor trade.

ChinaJapan - reign of the Ming dynasty. - reign of the Qing dynasty Isolation of China. - Tokugawa shogunate Isolation of Japan Beginning of European colonization of China and Japan

Gg. - reign of the Ming Dynasty in China, beginning of the 17th century. – decline of the Ming Empire: 1. The emperor’s associates who ruled the state plundered the state treasury. 2. The costs of maintaining a huge number of officials and the imperial court required the introduction of more and more new taxes. 3. The Manchus began to raid China, then started a war with it. 4. The peasant uprising of 1644 led to the capture of Beijing by the rebels and the overthrow of the Ming Dynasty.

Gg. - reign of the Manchu Qing dynasty 1. The Manchus secured a separate and privileged position for themselves (marriages between Manchus and Chinese were prohibited). 2. At the head of the state is the Bogdykhan Emperor, endowed with unlimited power (despotism). 3.Endless wars of conquest (conquered: Mongolia, the state of the Uighurs, the eastern part of Tibet; campaigns of conquest in Vietnam and Burma).

In 1757, by decree of the Qing emperor, all ports except Guangzhou were declared closed to foreign trade. In Guangzhou, foreigners were not allowed to settle within the city limits and study Chinese. The isolation of China will further lead it to dependence on Western countries - the Portuguese founded the colony of Macau on the southern coast of China. In the XVIIX-VIII centuries. English and French merchants began to appear in Chinese ports. Information about the colonialist policies of Europeans in neighboring countries reached the Manchu court; contacts between Chinese traders and foreigners were considered dangerous by the authorities, undermining the traditional foundations of society.

In the struggle for power between feudal factions in Japan at the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries. The victory was won by Ieyasu Tokugawa, who then subjugated all the appanage princes of Japan to his power and assumed the title of shogun. Tokugawa Ieyasu - founder of the Tokugawa shogunate. - the reign of princes in Japan from the Tokugawa dynasty - the Tokugawa shogunate.

1. They moved to new lands and confiscated the lands of rebellious princes (daimyo). 2. The imperial family is deprived of real power (there is no land in property, a small rice ration is required for its maintenance, officials who monitored everything that was happening were constantly at the imperial court). 3. Received from 13 to 25% of state income. 4. Established their control over large cities, mines, foreign trade, etc. 5. Introduced a system of hostage of appanage princes in the capital of Edo. 6. Beginning of the 17th century. - Buddhism is the state religion (each family is assigned to a specific temple). 7. Confucianism is a teaching that regulates relations in society. 8. Strict censorship in the press. 9.Persecuted, which arose in the 17th century. folk theater of kabuki (song and dance). Reign of the Tokugawa shoguns.

1.In the 30s. XVII century The government of Shogun Iemitsu Tokugawa issued decrees expelling Europeans from the country and banning Christianity. 2. Any foreign ship that arrived on the shores of Japan was subject to destruction and its crew to death. The policy of “closing” the country was caused by the desire of the authorities to prevent the invasion of Japan by Europeans and the desire to preserve the old traditions and feudal order intact. After the “closure” of the country, Japan’s trade relations with Europe ceased. Some exceptions were allowed only in relation to the Dutch; communication with neighboring Asian countries also continued. - The discovery of Japan by the Portuguese. The Catholic missionary Francis Xavier arrived in Japan. 3. For almost 100 years, the Japanese bought weapons (arquebuses and muskets) from the Portuguese. 4.Then the Spaniards arrived in the country, followed by the Dutch and English. 5. From the Europeans, the Japanese learned that, in addition to China and India, which in their minds limited the world, there were other countries. 6.The missionaries preached Christian teaching in the country, and it was successful among the peasants. This caused the displeasure of the central government and the nobility, who saw in the Christian ideas of universal equality a danger to existing traditions.

Consequences of the “closure” of Japan: At the beginning of the 17th century. The despotic regime of the Tokugawa family was established in Japan. The country's rulers tried to prevent the destruction of traditional society by force. Although the "closure" of Japan was incomplete, it caused significant damage to traders associated with the foreign market. Having lost their traditional occupation, they began to buy land from bankrupt peasant owners and set up enterprises in the cities. The “closure” of the country also reinforced Japan’s technical lag behind Western countries.

Great geographical discoveries Colonial conquests States of the East that lost their independence (India) States of the East that retained freedom at the cost of “closing” their countries to Europeans (isolation from the world) (China, Japan) 18th century - the countries of the East continued to live within the framework of traditional society and lagged behind in its development from European countries

Homework § R/t 1-5 pages