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General history of pirates. The Life and Pirate Adventures of the Glorious Captain Singleton (collection)

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Title: General History of Pirates. The Life and Pirate Adventures of the Glorious Captain Singleton (collection)

About the book by Daniel Defoe “A General History of Pirates. The Life and Pirate Adventures of the Glorious Captain Singleton (collection)"

“Many things seem to us to have always existed. Since childhood, we have become so accustomed to Defoe that it is difficult for us to realize that there were simply no English novels before him. And even before him there were no magazines in England. He founded the first weekly magazine, The Review, which was published for ten years. For ten years, once a week, Defoe had a crazy day, and besides, he also wrote most of the articles himself ... "

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Charles Johnson (Daniel Defoe)

General History of Pirates

Preface

War, trade and piracy -

Three types of essence of one.

I. Goethe. "Faust"

Even small children probably know that archaeologists are looking for the remains of the bygone life of humanity in the earth. Shards of stone were used for hunting and fighting, processed skins and reaped crops. Inconspicuous fragments of rough pottery. Shapeless ruins that were once the walls of houses. Discoveries that are more spectacular in appearance are rare: everyday life and its attributes have always outnumbered the number of holidays and extraordinary objects. And yet... In all the archaeological expeditions in which I had to participate (and there were more than a dozen of them - in Moldova, Ukraine, the Caucasus and even in the Summer Garden, in the very heart of the Neva capital), residents of nearby neighborhoods always visited the excavation site, if, of course, someone lived within the horizon. For some time the guests stood quietly on the edge of the pit in which dust-covered workers were swarming. And when someone straightened his aching back and unsteadily walked towards the tin milk can for a sip of warm, tasteless water, a short and seemingly humorous conversation ensued - always the same:

- Hello. So you're digging? And how did they find a lot of gold?

At first it amused me. Then it got annoying. And only much later did I realize that this sacramental question was not dictated by greed, not ignorance, and not even entirely curiosity. It’s just that inside each of us, even the most cynical and embittered by years of routine, exhausting struggle for survival, there is an ineradicable romantic with huge blue eyes. And it doesn’t matter to him at all what can be bought with the gold he asked about: the very sound of the word “treasure” reverberates somewhere inside with a chord so sweet and subtle that base matters are far from them, like earth's surface from the source of the music of the spheres...

I saw the unbearably shining eyes of the children crowding around the Neva parapets during the Cutty Sark regatta: through the reflections of the colorful sails, the same romantic blue of the unique shade of warm tropical seas splashed in their eyes. And intertwined with the familiar chord were the overtones of the trade wind ringing with shrouds and the serpentine hiss of a heavy wave ripped open by the keel, the squeal of restless sailor souls in the sky and the spells of a strange bird that has seen a lot, muttering over your ear in the night:

- Piasters! Piasters! Piasters!

That is why the theme of pirates of the “classical” period at the very end of the bloody century of two world wars is attractive, and will certainly continue to attract many generations of growing up romantics with huge blue eyes: mysterious treasures, distant seas, sails, the clanking of swords, strong-willed men and their royally exalted ladies hearts elevated to knighthood by Sir Francis Drake and Sir Henry Morgan... The enchanting legend woven by Byron, Poe, Sabbatini and many, many others is spiritual and harmonious just enough to encourage the wings folded behind our backs to fly, and the one standing behind it the silhouette of the Last Lender with a scythe is just so ghostly and not scary that the blood of pirate victims appears to be nothing more than cranberry juice. And even the antagonists of the “noble robbers”, with black armbands, wooden legs and a pathologically evil disposition, since the times of Stevenson, Hsu and Conan Doyle fit quite well into the overall picture: in the end, the “good guys” defeat the “bad guys”, and virtue, as expected, he triumphs. In discussing the sublime movements of the soul, which are so lacking in our pragmatic times (however, what time is not pragmatic?), this whole myth is beautiful and necessary, and it would be a sin for me, who even now will not miss the opportunity to enjoy a good “pirate” novel, try to debunk him. However, the book you are now holding in your hands is of a completely different nature. And in our preface we will also talk about something completely different.

Usually, the idea of the phenomenon of piracy is firmly associated with the 16th - 18th centuries - that time, which was called “classical” just above. However, in reality, its origin is lost in the mists of time. The word “pirate” itself firmly entered the lexicon of ancient Greek inhabitants four centuries BC, but it had predecessors, and the heroes of Greek myths - Minos, Odysseus, Hercules, Jason - did not disdain acts of piracy... Piracy was already just as commonplace then. , like arable farming or cattle breeding, differing from them only in a greater degree of risk, and in the budget (as we would now say) of many Mediterranean city-states it often played an even more significant role: the same Minoan Crete, for example, largely lived off sea robbery.

Moreover, in the Roman Digests (collections of laws), one of the laws that reached Roman law from the time of the ancient Greek sage Solon, three maritime “specializations” are listed - sailors, merchants and pirates. Let us add on our own: not just three equal professions, but three hypostases of one maritime profession, and whether to be a game or a hunter on the high seas depended solely on circumstances both in antiquity and, as we will see later, in the “enlightened” centuries.

No matter how eccentric it may sound, it was to piracy that the ancient Greek civilizations owed their commercial and technical flourishing at sea, as well as to land raids and wars - the development of military equipment, military leadership and political systems. After all, the need to protect their lives and property pushed sailors to improve ships and weapons, develop new trade routes and develop the art of navigation, develop the principles of cartography and various economic disciplines. And this inevitably led to the rapid development of navigation and trade. And here an analogy arises with the “forest orderlies” - wolves, who objectively contribute to the survival and prosperity of many “prey” species.

And just as an excessive increase in the number of wolves turns them from a blessing into a disaster, the excessively increased power of pirates made them, instead of an incentive to development, a brake. Then the state organized a raid on them, similar to the one carried out by Gnaeus Pompey in Sicily, and the number of “sea orderlies” for some time was within reasonable limits. So these two processes of mutual regulation alternated from century to century, until the useful beginning of sea robbery was finally exhausted - and this was recognized only a little more than a century ago!

Charles Johnson (Daniel Defoe)

General History of Pirates

Preface

War, trade and piracy -

Three types of essence of one.

I. Goethe. "Faust"

- Hello. So you're digging? And how did they find a lot of gold?

At first it amused me. Then it got annoying. And only much later did I realize that this sacramental question was not dictated by greed, not ignorance, and not even entirely curiosity. It’s just that inside each of us, even the most cynical and embittered by years of routine, exhausting struggle for survival, there is an ineradicable romantic with huge blue eyes. And it doesn’t matter to him at all what can be bought with the gold he asked about: the very sound of the word “treasure” reverberates somewhere inside with a chord so sweet and subtle that base matters are far from them, like the earth’s surface from the source of the music of the spheres...

- Piasters! Piasters! Piasters!

Daniel Defoe General History of Pirates

http://reeed.ru/lib/

Translation: Igor Stepanovich Malsky

annotation

A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the Most Notorious Pirates, and of their Manners, Policies, and Governments, from the Time of their First Appearance on Providence Island, in 1717, where they founded their Settlement, to the Present Year, 1724; with the addition of the amazing exploits and adventures of female pirates Anne Bonny and Mary Read; which is preceded by an account of the adventures of the famous Captain Avery and his comrades, with a description of the death he suffered in England.

Charles Johnson (Daniel Defoe) A General History of Pirates

Preface

War, trade and piracy -

Three types of essence of one.

I. Goethe. "Faust"

- Hello. So you're digging? And how did they find a lot of gold?

At first it amused me. Then it got annoying. And only much later did I realize that this sacramental question was not dictated by greed, not ignorance, and not even entirely curiosity. It’s just that inside each of us, even the most cynical and embittered by years of routine, exhausting struggle for survival, there is an ineradicable romantic with huge blue eyes. And it doesn’t matter to him at all what can be bought with the gold he asked about: the very sound of the word “treasure” reverberates somewhere inside with a chord so sweet and subtle that base matters are far from them, like the earth’s surface from the source of the music of the spheres...

- Piasters! Piasters! Piasters!

Typically, the idea of the phenomenon of piracy is firmly associated with the 16th–18th centuries - that time, which was called “classical” just above. However, in reality, its origin is lost in the mists of time. The word “pirate” itself firmly entered the lexicon of ancient Greek inhabitants four centuries BC, but it had predecessors, and the heroes of Greek myths - Minos, Odysseus, Hercules, Jason - did not disdain acts of piracy... Piracy was already just as commonplace then. , like arable farming or cattle breeding, differing from them only in a greater degree of risk, and in the budget (as we would now say) of many Mediterranean city-states it often played an even more significant role: the same Minoan Crete, for example, largely lived off sea robbery.

Finally, in addition to the progressive and “sanitary” components, in addition to the idea of plundering the loot that is still close to many, piracy, until the very last times of its official recognition, was associated with the slave trade. “We must hunt both wild animals and those people who, being by nature destined for submission, do not want to submit. This kind of war is just by nature.” These words belong, no less, to the father of European positivist science - Aristotle, although pirates once enslaved his own teacher - Plato, and they managed to ransom him only after much trouble.

True, by the beginning of the era of great geographical discoveries, European piracy gradually lost its role as one of the main suppliers of “living goods” to world markets: the vast hunting grounds of Guinea, that is, almost the entire western coast of Africa, were at the service of the maritime states of Europe. Portuguese, and then Dutch, English, French official expeditions of slave hunters quickly ousted pirates from this profitable sector of trade. And yet, they managed to snatch good chunks from the sale of captured transports with black slaves, not to mention the traditional practice of ransoming for noble white captives. The other side of this topic is somewhat unexpected - runaway black slaves and captured on transports turned out to be an abundant source of replenishment of the number of pirates themselves. At the same time, the crews of the pirate ships, partly consisting of blacks, were particularly resilient in battle: the former slaves had something to take revenge for, and if captured, they would face a fate much more bitter than the gallows.

But the most important factor that shaped the main features of the piracy that we now perceive as “classic” was, of course, the discovery of America. When the newly-minted maritime states - Holland, England and France - began to timidly penetrate into the ocean spaces, the world was already entirely divided between the superpowers of those times: Spain and Portugal. Legally, other countries could not lay claim to the creation of overseas colonies: this state of affairs was sanctified by a bull of the Pope himself. Capture by force? It is also doubtful: the same colonies supplied an endless stream of silver and, until then, rare gold in Europe, to the treasuries of the Spanish and Portuguese crowns, so the war with these monsters was doomed to failure for purely economic reasons. The only way out of this vicious circle was sanctioned piracy “on a national basis.”

This is how the famous institution of privateering flourished, aimed at undermining the economic power and colonial omnipotence of the Spaniards and Portuguese. And very soon, most of the European pirates, having oriented themselves to the situation, moved to the Caribbean Sea and to the African shores. Pirate bases began to emerge in Tortuga, Providence, Madagascar, and by the middle of the 17th century, Caribbean pirates became strong enough to not only attack Spanish treasury galleons, but also capture entire cities on the Isthmus of Panama and Darien. The “golden age” began in the history of piracy.

In European countries that were applicants for equal membership in the “maritime club”, this state of affairs caused ambivalent feelings. On the one hand, even after the death of the Great Armada, Spain remained the unconditional master of the sea, so the government of England, for example, tried not to get into trouble and officially disowned “their” pirates. On the other hand, for the realization of the colonial aspirations of newcomers, robbery attacks on Spanish transports continued to be extremely useful. In addition, the dangers of navigation in European waters have decreased, and among the bourgeoisie, loud pirate campaigns against the “golden cities” of New Spain caused real surges of patriotism, sometimes even somewhat feverish.

Yes, in public opinion a specific living pirate formally remained an odious person, even if the state itself stopped prosecuting him. But the pirate exploits themselves, with all their blood and dirt, not only happened far from their native threshold, but also greatly fueled the feeling of national pride. It is no coincidence that it was in the 16th–17th centuries in England that books of a hitherto unprecedented genre began to be published - travel diaries and memoirs of pirates, which invariably enjoyed a certain readership. And finally, in 1678, in Holland, and soon in a number of other European countries, a work appeared that laid the foundation for an extensive family of books on the history of piracy - “Pirates of America” by A. Exquemelin.

It is still not known for certain what name was encrypted in this anagram. However, all historians agree that under the pseudonym “A. Exquemelin” was hiding a French doctor, who, by the will of fate, became a buccaneer in Tortuga and took a direct part in the famous Panama campaigns of Henry Morgan. Returning to Europe in 1674, Exquemelin began practicing medicine in Amsterdam, and in his spare time wrote down what he considered interesting from his observations of the nature, morals and customs of the Caribbean, from his experience as a buccaneer and participant in pirate raids, interspersing ethnography and naturalistics with extensive biographies of Caribbean pirates. It was this book that not only preserved in history, but also greatly distinguished the names of L’Ollone and Roca the Brazilian from the general number of pirates of the 17th century, and immortalized the living details of Morgan’s expeditions.

"Pirates of America" caused a sensation in Europe. In a matter of months, the book was translated and republished in Germany, Spain, England, and France. It is characteristic of that time that the translators edited “Pirates” in the spirit of their national predilections; as a result, if the Dutch text depicted the atrocities of the Spaniards in the New World, then in its Spanish version the Spaniards were presented as innocent lambs, and the English pirates, and especially Morgan himself, were bloody monsters. You and I might not be particularly interested in this circumstance if English translation The book was not made... from Spanish. But this is exactly what happened, and this circumstance in a certain way influenced the formation of the entire “pirate” genre.

In 1724, a book appeared on the shelves of London bookstores that was destined for the ambiguous fate of the “gray eminence” of literature about pirates - “A General History of Pirates” by Captain Charles Johnson. It outlined the biographies of ten Caribbean pirates in the 1710s. Like Pirates of America, the book enjoyed tremendous success among readers: soon the second and third editions, supplemented by new biographies, were published, and in 1728 the second volume of the General History appeared, telling about the pirates of the Indian Ocean.

Many details of the style of the History indicate that its author took Exquemelin’s work as a model. The same topicality, since the book dealt with the events of several recent years. The same slightly dry, and at times deliberately dispassionate language of an outside observer-chronicler. The same abundance of small everyday details - and at the end of the book, for greater similarity, there is even a lengthy “Description” sewn into the fabric of the presentation, telling about natural and geographical features of the islands of Sao Tome and Principe: undoubtedly interesting, but, unlike “Pirates of America,” it has almost nothing to do with the main text. Finally, impressive pictures of the atrocities of English pirates (and all the main characters of the “History” are English), which continued the tradition established, as we already know, by the light hand of the Spanish translator Exquemelin. And yet, what gave Johnson’s book special value in the eyes of his contemporaries and is even more valuable today was the author’s undoubted discovery: reliance on documentary evidence.

It is unlikely that anywhere else the general public could have had the opportunity to read a letter from the captain of a merchant ship detailing the brutal battle he waged with two pirate ships. Or the original text of the speech with which the royal judge addressed the captured pirate before pronouncing his death sentence. In some places, Johnson’s “History” even resembles a kind of statistical report, with such scrupulousness it lists data on ships captured by pirates: type, name, captain’s name, number of guns, number of crew. Exquemelin, for obvious reasons, could not have access to this kind of information. But his book has something that Johnson does not have: the experience of an eyewitness and direct participant in the events described.

Charles Johnson was not such an eyewitness, and could only draw vivid details of what he wrote about from the memories of other people. This is apparently the origin of the numerous minor inaccuracies and lacunae that plague parts of the text that are not based on documents. Hence, there is some fog in the descriptions of places of action: the author often has a poor idea of who is moving, where and in relation to what. But this is not the main drawback of “The History of Pirates” from the point of view of a historian: as decades passed, it gradually became clear that many details in the descriptions of the characters, not to mention the dialogues, Johnson... simply made up! The apotheosis of the author’s dishonesty was that the biographies of female pirates Mary Read and Anne Bonny were fictitious by him from the beginning to almost the end. Such things, as we know, do not fit well in the heads of professional historians. And “The General History of Pirates” went into obscurity.

It was, of course, impossible to completely ignore it: for the average reader, both a hundred and two hundred years after the writing of this book, it was much more important to feel captivated by its strangely ordinary in its cruelty events than to meticulously find out the reliability of this or that detail. In addition, very, very much information contained in the “History” not only did not suffer from the intervention of the author’s imagination, but is also absent from all other sources. And if this information were removed from historical use, in its place gaping voids that could not be filled would form. Therefore, professionals involved in the history of piracy (and such people appeared by the end of the 1700s) chose the Solomonic solution. Information (and sometimes myths) from the "History of Pirates" have been used in all books on this topic for two and a half centuries. The History of Pirates itself is not mentioned almost anywhere as a source of this information. Thus, through his own bad faith, Charles Johnson became " eminence grise» history of piracy.

However, as I already said, only historians reproached Captain Johnson for dishonesty, and in their own way, of course, they are right. But is this correctness absolute? After all, even without speaking more about a certain cunning of representatives of historical science, one should recognize the undoubted literary value of “History”. Could it not have happened that the “factual forgery” made by the author was dictated not by his evil will, but by some more respectful circumstances? To answer this question fairly, one had to first understand what kind of person Captain Charles Johnson was. But when they began to look into it, it turned out that such a person... simply did not exist.

When it was established that Captain Charles Johnson was not listed in the archive lists of the British Maritime Ministry, many researchers reasonably assumed that in this too the author of the History followed in the footsteps of his predecessor, A. Exquemelin, and, also being a former pirate, published a book under a pseudonym. This hypothesis explained Johnson's exceptional knowledge of the details of the lives of sea robbers of the 1710s, but it left open both the question of his honesty and how the former pirate could have accessed the documents. The mystery of the identity of Charles Johnson remained a mystery until 1932, when the American literary critic John Moore published an article analyzing “The History of the Pirates.”

John Moore suggested that the English writer Daniel Defoe, the world-famous author of Robinson Crusoe, was hiding behind the pseudonym “Captain Johnson.” To confirm his hypothesis, he had to do a lot of work. The scientist found documents from which it followed that in the late 1710s - early 1720s, when the General History of Pirates was written, Defoe was keenly interested in shipbuilding and navigation. During these years, he actively wrote on pirate topics and published several books, although less documentary than “History,” but dedicated to the same people and based on the same sources. Having carried out a textual analysis of some of the works of Daniel Defoe and several chapters from the "History of Pirates", Moore showed that in a number of cases their texts are absolutely identical, and the biography of the pirate John Gow, which appeared in the third edition of the "History", was a simple reworking of Defoe's pamphlet published by a few months earlier.

There is nothing surprising in the fact that the writer published “History” under a pseudonym. Of the hundreds of books and articles written after 1710, he published only two works under his real name, and of all his works (there are more than 500), only about a dozen.

Currently, John Moore's hypothesis has become generally accepted outside of Russia. However, in our country to this day there are books, including well-known and respected authors of popular books on the history of piracy, where “The History of the Pirates” by Captain Charles Johnson is presented as the work from which Daniel Defoe drew factual material for his works on the pirate theme. The beauty of the situation is that some of the authors restrainedly but unambiguously reproach Defoe for plagiarism. Let's hope that now that the book is finally published in Russian, such misunderstandings will become a thing of the past.

Although Daniel Defoe “came” to the pirate theme quite by accident, the very appeal to it was completely natural: here, as it were, two parallel current sides of his life merged together. Everyone knows about one of these sides in one way or another, for who, during their school years, has not read one of the editions of Robinson Crusoe, and therefore the preface to it? A brilliant and very prolific satirist, who published his first political pamphlet at the age of 23, and the last one in the seventy-first year of his life, a few months before his death, he was repeatedly arrested and fined for his work, and was once even sentenced to stand in the pillory. Publisher of the weekly Review and the newspaper Political Mercury, journalist and editor. The author of numerous works on the history of Great Britain and the first fictionalized biography of the Tsar of Muscovy, Peter I. Finally, the creator of 18 novels, the first of which, published when Defoe was already 59 years old, immortalized his name...

The second side of his activities is less known to our readers. 18-year-old Daniel, preparing to take holy orders, abandons this career and begins to engage in a variety of trades, including those related to the import and export of goods to America (this is where, it turns out, the first thread of his interest in the problems of sea communications comes from). In the summer of 1685, he took part in the uprising of the Protestant Duke of Monmouth, and three years later he became involved with William of Orange, a contender for the English throne, and even became part of his retinue during the Duke’s trip to Ireland in June 1690. Then came the first commercial collapse reason: in 1692, Defoe, who by that time was engaged in insuring ships, went bankrupt due to their increasing frequency of destruction (there was a war for the Palatinate inheritance); the amount of debts is 17,000 pounds. Now all his commercial projects will be connected to land.

In his fifth decade, having survived a series of fines and imprisonments associated with both a sharp pen and commercial failures, Defoe comes to direct cooperation with the government. At the end of 1704 he was released from prison, his debts were paid by the crown, and the pamphleteer himself became a propagandist and informer - first under the Tory government, and from 1715 under the new Whig government. This change in status not only did not hinder his prolificacy as a pamphleteer, as already mentioned above, but also apparently helped him to act in a new capacity as a writer of novels.

Some of them lay in a desk drawer for many years: The Joys and Sorrows of the Famous Moll Flanders, a novel published in 1722, is dated, for example, 1683! And if you look at the themes of Defoe’s major works as a whole, you are once again convinced of how wrong the common opinion about the “specialization” of writers is. There is a widely known anecdote about Queen Victoria, who, enraptured by Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland, requested all of his works and received a pile of mathematical treatises. An anecdote is an anecdote: Carroll had plenty of poetry collections, short stories, and even novels. But only the children's fairy tale is widely known and loved. Something similar happened to Defoe.

If you look for analogies to his creative passions, the first thing that comes to mind is... Vladimir Gilyarovsky. “Uncle Gilyai,” a singer of the Moscow slums and a luminary of Russian journalism, was keenly interested in the inhabitants of the world of porters, cab drivers, thieves and beggars. Defoe was just as interested in the world of London prostitutes (remember the same “Moll Flanders”), swindlers and adventurers. And... pirates. The position of a government informant, presumably, provided him with every opportunity to collect the necessary information, and the instinct of a person writing did not allow him to neglect such a storehouse of plots and themes. Therefore, “Robinson Crusoe” and its two sequels, practically unknown to the reading public in Russia, stand apart in his work, like “Alice” and “Alice Through the Looking Glass” by Carroll. But a good half of Defoe’s major works are related to the pirate theme, and all of them were written after 1718: “The Pirate King,” whose hero was Henry Every (published in 1719), “The Life and Pirate Adventures of Captain Singleton” (1720), “The History of Colonel Jack” (1722), “A New Voyage Around the World” (1724), “Four Years’ Wanderings” (1726), “Madagascar, or the Diary of Robert Drury” (1729) ... Of course, “The History of Pirates” should be included here; and... "Robinson Crusoe".

The latter may seem somewhat strange, although there is an episode in Robinson in which the hero is captured by pirates. To dispel confusion, and at the same time try to explain Defoe’s sudden interest in the activities of pirates (which arose a decade and a half after the writer could have last encountered its consequences), we will have to change the topic of conversation again.

Where did pirates come from in the 16th century? XVIII centuries? As always, there are multiple sources and multiple reasons to be found here. If you look closely at the periods of ups and downs of pirate activity, it turns out that its surges occur at the end of major wars between the maritime powers of Europe. Defoe in The Pirate's History speaks very precisely about this. Indeed, people with an adventurous streak, not too concerned about the cleanliness of their gloves, during the next war received an excellent opportunity to legally satisfy both their passion for adventure and their thirst for profit by receiving a letter of marque. When the war ended, most of them, having acquired a taste, but no longer having legal grounds for sea robbery, began to engage in it illegally. After some time, the government had to once again undertake a demonstrative cleanup of pirate nests. (The General History of Pirates is about just one such period, which was destined to become the last peak in history of massive pirate activity in the Caribbean Sea and off the coasts of Africa and India.)

The second source today may seem quite unexpected: sailors and even officers of ships captured by pirates. But let us turn again to the dry statistics cited by Defoe on the pages of this book. In the chapter “The Life of Captain England”, in the list of ships captured by this pirate from March 25 to June 27, 1719, we read: “Eagle”... 17 crew members... 7 became pirates; “Charlotte”... 18 people... 13 became pirates; “Sarah”... 18 people... 3 became pirates; “Bentworth”... 30 people... 12 became pirates; “Deer”... 2 people, and both became pirates; “Carteret”... 18 people... 5 became pirates; “Mercury”... 18 people... 5 became pirates; “Timic”... 13 people... 4 became pirates; “Elizabeth and Catherine”... 14 people... 4 became pirates.” It turns out that the pirate freemen, along with the looming noose in the future, was preferred by every third person, and even a little more!

We can talk a lot here about the social situation that provoked such decisions, but this would take us far away, and it has already been noted more than once. We can cite several other sources of recruitment for the pirate ranks. And yet, more important, in our opinion, are the questions “who?” and why?" transfer to another plane. After all, no one has canceled the “trinity” of the maritime professions of merchant, sailor and pirate; it has not only been preserved since ancient times, but also acquired a fourth hypostasis: the pioneer of newly discovered lands. And the New World, with its gold, Indians, pioneers and filibusters, turned out to be the valve through which people with the same general quality broke free from an aging Europe: those whom Lev Nikolaevich Gumilev called “passionaries.” It was here that their irrepressible energy could be used, and whether it could be directed towards destruction or creation depended on the circumstances.

One of these people, whose name is often mentioned on the pages of the “History of Pirates”, was the reason for such a seemingly far deviation from the topic. The English privateer Woods Rogers, a hereditary sea captain, first sent privateers on raids against French ships, and when the English government stopped demanding 20 percent of the value of the spoils from privateers, he himself got ready to hunt. Leading a flotilla of two frigates, in September 1708 he headed for the Pacific Ocean and, after a brief stop at the Juan Fernandez Islands, capturing several Spanish and French ships along the way, in May 1709 he unexpectedly attacked the port of Guayaquil and plundered it. In January 1710, he captured a Manila galleon, a pipe dream for the vast majority of Caribbean pirates, and was wounded by a musket bullet in the upper jaw, but just three days later he tried to capture another galleon. During this fight, a piece of shrapnel knocked out a piece of Rogers' heel bone and cut off more than half of his leg under the ankle. The second tidbit could not be captured. However, the goods already captured were more than enough to pay for the expedition. In October 1711, the ships returned to England, and in 1712, Rogers' book “A Sea Voyage Around the World,” based on diary entries, was published. Some researchers believe that the book was edited by... Daniel Defoe. But we will return to this episode a little later.

In 1713–1715 Rogers transported slaves from Africa to Sumatra, and at the end of 1717, at the request of planters from the Bahamas, he was proclaimed the first royal governor of the island of New Providence, the main Caribbean pirate base of those years. Appearing in the Bahamas in July of the following year, he managed to force some of the pirates to lay down their arms in exchange for a royal amnesty, dispersed the rest, and hanged some. Pirates began to avoid New Providence. However, the metropolis did not provide any support to the governor’s activities, and in 1721 Rogers went to London for help. He failed to get money to defend the island (now from the Spaniards), went bankrupt and ended up in a debtor's prison. He was reinstated as governor only in 1728, and four years later Woods Rogers died in New Providence.

Unfortunately, I do not know for certain how close Defoe’s acquaintance was with Woods Rogers. But I have no doubt that such an acquaintance existed and lasted for many years. It has already been mentioned above that Defoe is believed to have edited Rogers' book. But this book talks, in particular, about a stop at the Juan Fernandez Islands, and about a pirate landed by his comrades on one of the islands and picked up by Captain Rogers. This pirate's name was Alexander Selkirk, and a few years later he became known throughout England, and then throughout the world, under the name Robinson Crusoe.

After Rogers' trip to London in 1721, Defoe had enough material about pirates of the Caribbean at his disposal to write a whole series of books. And all these pirates are from among those “offended” by the governor of New Providence in 1718, which Defoe always mentions in their biographies from the “General History”. Of course, a final judgment about the connection between these two people can be made only after a thorough study of the topic. But I think that even now we can safely say: Defoe’s interest in the life and activities of pirates, a number of his novels that open with the immortal “Robinson”, “The General History of Pirates” with its unique historical data - all this is just a reflected light of the passionarity of Captain Woods Rogers.

But let's give credit to the author. Let's not talk about novels - that has its time and its place. As for the General History of Pirates, in this book the elderly rebel and informer managed to convey to us what no one else could. Let at times dry protocol facts and his own wild fantasies mixed in his head, the desire to create a reliable picture of events and an senile inclination to write didactic “life experiences” (but in this sense, the biblical “Book of the Wisdom of Solomon” is no different from, say, the third volumes of "Robinson"!). Defoe did the main thing: he recorded everyday piracy for centuries. Reading Exquemelin, we can imagine that the whole life of a pirate consisted of the capture of cities, caravans of gold, gigantic fleets of many hundreds of cutlasses. On the pages of “History of Pirates” we see the truth: “workdays” with regular cleaning of the bottoms, captures of small ships and going to a blocked port for medicine; with ship prostitutes, captured along with pirates and therefore becoming a historical myth, and everyday food robbery; with the deposition of captains and a panicked flight from military patrol ships... All this carries a unique aroma of authenticity, and is presented in such a way that layers of the author’s tribute to the Imagination not only do not interrupt it, but in an incomprehensible way shade and enrich it. And a strange thing: while working on the translation, I kept sarcastic to myself, calling “The History of Pirates” a “production novel.” And for some reason the huge blue eyes of the one sitting inside glowed brighter and brighter...

The text of “The General History of Pirates” is published in Russian in the same volume in which the book first appeared on London shelves in 1724. Explanations of some cultural realities, brief curriculum vitae and other things that, in the opinion of the translator, could be of interest to the reader, are given in the notes (partly they are placed at the bottom of the pages, partly at the end of each chapter). Geographical names, nautical terms, ancient measures of weight, length, etc., as well as monetary units, are separated into special appendices for ease of use.

The translator expresses sincere and deep gratitude to E. N. Malskaya for her enormous technical assistance in preparing the translation; Academic Director of the "Educatcenter" E. V. Kislenkova - for effective assistance in a critical situation; employee of the Russian National Library named after. M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, historian M. A. Govorun - for assistance in working with reference literature and searching for visual materials; to the candidate historical sciences S. V. Lobachev - for the materials provided, partially used in the preparation of this book.

Igor Malsky

Transcript

2 Daniel Defoe General History of Pirates Abstract A general history of the robberies and murders committed by the most famous pirates, as well as their manners, politics and government, from the time of their first appearance on the island of Providence in 1717, where they founded their settlement, until this year 1724; with the addition of the amazing exploits and adventures of female pirates Anne Bonny and Mary Read; which is preceded by an account of the adventures of the famous Captain Avery and his comrades, with a description of the death he suffered in England.

3 Contents Preface 4 The Life of Captain Avery 14 The Life of Captain Martel 26 The Life of Captain Teach 30 End of the introductory fragment. 39 3

4 Charles Johnson (Daniel Defoe) General History of Pirates Preface War, trade and piracy Three types of the same essence. I. Goethe. “Faust” Even small children probably know that archaeologists are looking in the ground for the remains of the bygone life of humanity. Shards of stone were used for hunting and fighting, processed skins and reaped crops. Inconspicuous fragments of rough pottery. Shapeless ruins that were once the walls of houses. Discoveries that are more spectacular in appearance are rare: everyday life and its attributes have always outnumbered the number of holidays and extraordinary objects. And yet, in all the archaeological expeditions in which I had to participate (and there were more than a dozen of them in Moldova, Ukraine, the Caucasus and even in the Summer Garden, in the very heart of the Neva capital), residents of nearby neighborhoods always visited the excavation site, if, Of course, someone lived within the horizon. For some time the guests stood quietly on the edge of the pit in which dust-covered workers were swarming. And when someone straightened their aching back and walked unsteadily towards the tin milk can for a sip of warm, tasteless water, a short and seemingly humorous conversation would begin, always the same: Hello. So you're digging? And how did they find a lot of gold? At first it amused me. Then it got annoying. And only much later did I realize that this sacramental question was not dictated by greed, not ignorance, and not even entirely curiosity. It’s just that inside each of us, even the most cynical and embittered by years of routine, exhausting struggle for survival, there is an ineradicable romantic with huge blue eyes. And it doesn’t matter to him at all what can be bought with the gold he asked about: the very sound of the word “treasure” reverberates somewhere inside with a chord so sweet and subtle that base matters are far from them, like the earth’s surface from the source of the music of the spheres of the Self I saw the unbearably shining eyes of the children crowding around the Neva parapets during the days of the Cutty Sark regatta: through the reflections of the colorful sails, the same romantic blue of the unique shade of warm tropical seas splashed in their eyes. And interwoven into the familiar chord were the overtones of the trade wind ringing with shrouds and the serpentine hiss of a heavy wave ripped open by the keel, the squeal of restless sailor souls in the sky and the spells of a strange bird that has seen a lot, muttering over your ear in the night: Piasters! Piasters! Piasters! That is why the theme of pirates of the “classical” period at the very end of the bloody century of two world wars is attractive, and will certainly continue to attract many generations of growing up romantics with huge blue eyes: mysterious treasures, distant seas, sails, the clanking of swords, strong-willed men and their royally exalted ladies hearts elevated to knighthood by Sir Francis Drake and Sir Henry Morgan. The enchanting legend woven by Byron, Poe, Sabbatini and many, many others is spiritual and harmonious just enough to encourage the wings curled behind our backs to fly, and the silhouette standing behind it The Last Lender with a Scythe is just so illusory and not scary that the blood of pirate victims seems to be nothing more than a stick - 4

5 wine juice. And even the antagonists of the “noble robbers”, with black armbands, wooden legs and a pathologically evil disposition, since the times of Stevenson, Hsu and Conan Doyle fit quite well into the overall picture: in the end, the “good guys” defeat the “bad guys”, and virtue, as expected, he triumphs. In discussing the sublime movements of the soul, which are so lacking in our pragmatic times (however, what time is not pragmatic?), this whole myth is beautiful and necessary, and it would be a sin for me, who even now will not miss the opportunity to enjoy a good “pirate” novel, try to debunk him. However, the book you are now holding in your hands is of a completely different nature. And in our preface we will also talk about something completely different. Typically, the idea of the phenomenon of piracy is firmly associated with the 16th and 18th centuries, a time that was called “classical” just above. However, in reality, its origin is lost in the mists of time. The word “pirate” itself firmly entered the lexicon of ancient Greek inhabitants four centuries BC, but it had predecessors, and the heroes of Greek myths Minos, Odysseus, Hercules, Jason did not disdain acts of piracy. The pirate craft was already as commonplace as arable farming or cattle breeding, differing from them only by a greater degree of risk, and in the budget (as we would now say) of many Mediterranean city-states often played an even more significant role: the same Minoan Crete, for example, largely lived off sea robbery . Moreover, in the Roman Digests (collections of laws), one of the laws that reached Roman law from the time of the ancient Greek sage Solon, three maritime “specializations” are listed: sailors, merchants and pirates. Let us add on our own: not just three equal professions, but three hypostases of one maritime profession, and whether to be a game or a hunter on the high seas depended solely on circumstances both in antiquity and, as we will see later, in the “enlightened” centuries. No matter how eccentric it may sound, it was to piracy that the ancient Greek civilizations owed their commercial and technical flourishing at sea, as well as the development of military equipment, military leadership and political systems to land raids and wars. After all, the need to protect their lives and property pushed sailors to improve ships and weapons, develop new trade routes and develop the art of navigation, develop the principles of cartography and various economic disciplines. And this inevitably led to the rapid development of navigation and trade. And here an analogy arises with the “forest orderlies” wolves, who objectively contribute to the survival and prosperity of many “prey” species. And just as an excessive increase in the number of wolves turns them from a blessing into a disaster, the excessively increased power of pirates made them, instead of an incentive to development, a brake. Then the state organized a raid on them, similar to the one carried out by Gnaeus Pompey in Sicily, and the number of “sea orderlies” for some time was within reasonable limits. So these two processes of mutual regulation alternated from century to century, until the useful beginning of sea robbery was finally exhausted, and this was recognized only a little more than a century ago! Finally, in addition to the progressive and “sanitary” components, in addition to the idea of plundering the loot that is still close to many, piracy, until the very last times of its official recognition, was associated with the slave trade. “We must hunt both wild animals and those people who, being by nature destined for submission, do not want to submit. This kind of war is just by nature.” These words belong, no less, to the father of European positivist science, Aristotle, although 5

6 pirates once enslaved his own teacher Plato, and they managed to ransom him only after much trouble. True, by the beginning of the era of great geographical discoveries, European piracy gradually lost its role as one of the main suppliers of “living goods” to world markets: the vast hunting grounds of Guinea, that is, almost the entire western coast of Africa, were at the service of the maritime states of Europe. Portuguese, and then Dutch, English, French official expeditions of slave hunters quickly ousted pirates from this profitable sector of trade. And yet, they managed to snatch good chunks from the sale of captured transports with black slaves, not to mention the traditional practice of ransoming for noble white captives. The other side of this topic is somewhat unexpected: runaway and captured black slaves on transports turned out to be an abundant source of replenishment of the number of pirates themselves. At the same time, the crews of the pirate ships, partly consisting of blacks, were particularly resilient in battle: the former slaves had something to take revenge for, and if captured, they would face a fate much more bitter than the gallows. But the most important factor that shaped the main features of the piracy that we now perceive as “classic” was, of course, the discovery of America. When the newly-minted maritime states of Holland, England and France began to timidly penetrate into the ocean spaces, the world was already entirely divided between the superpowers of those times: Spain and Portugal. Legally, other countries could not lay claim to the creation of overseas colonies: this state of affairs was sanctified by a bull of the Pope himself. Capture by force? It is also doubtful: the same colonies supplied an endless stream of silver and, until then, rare gold in Europe, to the treasuries of the Spanish and Portuguese crowns, so the war with these monsters was doomed to failure for purely economic reasons. The only way out of this vicious circle was sanctioned piracy “on a national basis.” This is how the famous institution of privateering flourished, aimed at undermining the economic power and colonial omnipotence of the Spaniards and Portuguese. And very soon, most of the European pirates, having oriented themselves to the situation, moved to the Caribbean Sea and to the African shores. Pirate bases began to emerge in Tortuga, Providence, Madagascar, and by the middle of the 17th century, Caribbean pirates became strong enough to not only attack Spanish treasury galleons, but also capture entire cities on the Isthmus of Panama and Darien. The “golden age” began in the history of piracy. In European countries aspiring to equal membership in the “maritime club,” this state of affairs caused ambivalent feelings. On the one hand, even after the death of the Great Armada, Spain remained the unconditional master of the sea, so the government of England, for example, tried not to get into trouble and officially disowned “their” pirates. On the other hand, for the realization of the colonial aspirations of newcomers, robbery attacks on Spanish transports continued to be extremely useful. In addition, the dangers of navigation in European waters have decreased, and among the bourgeoisie, loud pirate campaigns against the “golden cities” of New Spain caused real surges of patriotism, sometimes even somewhat feverish. Yes, in public opinion a specific living pirate formally remained an odious person, even if the state itself stopped prosecuting him. But the pirate exploits themselves, with all their blood and dirt, not only happened far from their native threshold, but also greatly fueled the feeling of national pride. It is no coincidence that it was in the 16th and 17th centuries in England that books of a hitherto unprecedented genre began to be published: travel diaries and memoirs of pirates, which invariably

7 had a certain readership demand. And finally, in 1678, in Holland, and soon in a number of other European countries, an essay appeared that laid the foundation for an extensive family of books on the history of piracy, “Pirates of America” by A. Exquemelin. It is still not known for certain what name was encrypted in this anagram. However, all historians agree that under the pseudonym “A. Exquemelin” was hiding a French doctor, who, by the will of fate, became a buccaneer in Tortuga and took a direct part in the famous Panama campaigns of Henry Morgan. Returning to Europe in 1674, Exquemelin began practicing medicine in Amsterdam, and in his spare time wrote down what he considered interesting from his observations of the nature, morals and customs of the Caribbean, from his experience as a buccaneer and participant in pirate raids, interspersing ethnography and naturalistics with extensive biographies of Caribbean pirates. It was this book that not only preserved in history, but also greatly distinguished the names of L'Ollone and Roca the Brazilian from the general number of pirates of the 17th century, and immortalized the living details of Morgan's expeditions. "Pirates of America" caused a sensation in Europe. In a matter of months, the book was translated and republished in Germany, Spain, England, and France. It is characteristic of that time that the translators edited “Pirates” in the spirit of their national predilections; as a result, if the Dutch text depicted the atrocities of the Spaniards in the New World, then in its Spanish version the Spaniards were presented as innocent lambs, and the English pirates, and especially Morgan himself, were bloody monsters. You and I might not be particularly interested in this circumstance if the English translation of the book had not been made from Spanish. But this is exactly what happened, and this circumstance in a certain way influenced the formation of the entire “pirate” genre. In 1724, a book appeared on the shelves of London bookstores, which was destined for the ambiguous fate of the “gray eminence” of literature about pirates, “A General History of Pirates” by Captain Charles Johnson. It outlined the biographies of ten Caribbean pirates in the 1710s. Like Pirates of America, the book enjoyed tremendous success among readers: soon the second and third editions, supplemented by new biographies, were published, and in 1728 the second volume of the General History appeared, telling about the pirates of the Indian Ocean. Many details of the style of the History indicate that its author took Exquemelin’s work as a model. The same topicality, since the book dealt with the events of several recent years. The same slightly dry, and at times deliberately dispassionate language of an outside observer-chronicler. The same abundance of small everyday details and at the end of the book, for greater similarity, even a lengthy “Description” sewn into the fabric of the presentation, telling about the natural and geographical features of the islands of Sao Tome and Principe: undoubtedly interesting, but, unlike “Pirates of America” , which has almost nothing to do with the main text. Finally, impressive pictures of the atrocities of English pirates (and all the main characters of the “History” are English), which continued the tradition established, as we already know, by the light hand of the Spanish translator Exquemelin. And yet, what gave Johnson’s book special value in the eyes of his contemporaries and is even more valuable today was the author’s undoubted discovery: reliance on documentary evidence. It is unlikely that anywhere else the general public could have had the opportunity to read a letter from the captain of a merchant ship detailing the brutal battle he waged with two pirate ships. Or the original text of the speech with which the royal judge addressed the captured pirate before pronouncing his death sentence. In some places, Johnson’s “History” even resembles a kind of statistical report, with such scrupulousness it lists data on ships captured by pirates: type, name, captain’s name, number of guns, number of crew. Access to such 7

Exquemelin, for obvious reasons, could not have 8 types of information. But his book has something that Johnson does not have: the experience of an eyewitness and direct participant in the events described. Charles Johnson was not such an eyewitness, and could only draw vivid details of what he wrote about from the memories of other people. This is apparently the origin of the numerous minor inaccuracies and lacunae that plague parts of the text that are not based on documents. Hence, there is some fog in the descriptions of places of action: the author often has a poor idea of who is moving, where and in relation to what. But this is not the main drawback of “The History of Pirates” from the point of view of a historian: as decades passed, it gradually became clear that Johnson simply made up many details in the descriptions of the characters, not to mention the dialogues! The apotheosis of the author’s dishonesty was that the biographies of female pirates Mary Read and Anne Bonny were fictitious by him from the beginning to almost the end. Such things, as we know, do not fit well in the heads of professional historians. And “The General History of Pirates” went into obscurity. It was, of course, impossible to completely ignore it: for the average reader, both a hundred and two hundred years after the writing of this book, it was much more important to feel captivated by its strangely ordinary in its cruelty events than to meticulously find out the reliability of this or that detail. In addition, very, very much information contained in the “History” not only did not suffer from the intervention of the author’s imagination, but is also absent from all other sources. And if this information were removed from historical use, in its place gaping voids that could not be filled would form. Therefore, professionals involved in the history of piracy (and such people appeared by the end of the 1700s) chose the Solomonic solution. Information (and sometimes myths) from the "History of Pirates" have been used in all books on this topic for two and a half centuries. The History of Pirates itself is not mentioned almost anywhere as a source of this information. Thus, through his own dishonesty, Charles Johnson became the “eminence grise” of the history of piracy. However, as I already said, only historians reproached Captain Johnson for dishonesty, and in their own way, of course, they are right. But is this correctness absolute? After all, even without speaking more about a certain cunning of representatives of historical science, one should recognize the undoubted literary value of “History”. Could it not have happened that the “factual forgery” made by the author was dictated not by his evil will, but by some more respectful circumstances? To answer this question fairly, one had to first understand what kind of person Captain Charles Johnson was. But when they began to look into it, it turned out that such a person simply did not exist. When it was established that Captain Charles Johnson was not listed in the archive lists of the British Maritime Ministry, many researchers reasonably assumed that in this too the author of the History followed in the footsteps of his predecessor A. Exquemelin, and, also being a former pirate, published a book under pseudonym. This hypothesis explained Johnson's exceptional knowledge of the details of the lives of sea robbers of the 1710s, but it left open both the question of his honesty and how the former pirate could have accessed the documents. The mystery of the identity of Charles Johnson remained a mystery until 1932, when the American literary critic John Moore published an article analyzing “The History of the Pirates.” John Moore suggested that the English writer Daniel Defoe, the world-famous author of Robinson Crusoe, was hiding behind the pseudonym “Captain Johnson.” To confirm his hypothesis, he had to do a lot of work. The scientist found documents from which it followed that in the late 1710s and early 1720s, when the “General History of Pirates” was written, Defoe was keenly interested in shipbuilding and sailing - 8

9 nim. During these years, he actively wrote on pirate topics and published several books, although less documentary than “History,” but dedicated to the same people and based on the same sources. Having carried out a textual analysis of some of the works of Daniel Defoe and several chapters from the "History of Pirates", Moore showed that in a number of cases their texts are absolutely identical, and the biography of the pirate John Gow, which appeared in the third edition of the "History", was a simple reworking of Defoe's pamphlet published by a few months earlier. There is nothing surprising in the fact that the writer published “History” under a pseudonym. Of the hundreds of books and articles written after 1710, he published only two works under his real name, and of all his works (there are more than 500), only about a dozen. Currently, John Moore's hypothesis has become generally accepted outside of Russia. However, in our country to this day there are books, including well-known and respected authors of popular books on the history of piracy, where “The History of the Pirates” by Captain Charles Johnson is presented as the work from which Daniel Defoe drew factual material for his works on the pirate theme. The beauty of the situation is that some of the authors restrainedly but unambiguously reproach Defoe for plagiarism. Let's hope that now that the book is finally published in Russian, such misunderstandings will become a thing of the past. Although Daniel Defoe “came” to the pirate theme quite by accident, the very appeal to it was completely natural: here, as it were, two parallel current sides of his life merged together. Everyone knows about one of these sides in one way or another, for who, during their school years, has not read one of the editions of Robinson Crusoe, and therefore the preface to it? A brilliant and very prolific satirist, who published his first political pamphlet at the age of 23, and his last in the seventy-first year of his life, a few months before his death, he was repeatedly arrested and fined for his work, and was once even sentenced to stand in the pillory. Publisher of the weekly Review and the newspaper Political Mercury, journalist and editor. The author of numerous works on the history of Great Britain and the first fictionalized biography of the Tsar of Muscovy, Peter I. Finally, the creator of 18 novels, the first of which, published when Defoe was already 59 years old, immortalized his name. The second side of his activity is less known to our reader. 18-year-old Daniel, preparing to take holy orders, abandons this career and begins to engage in a variety of trades, including those related to the import and export of goods to America (this is where, it turns out, the first thread of his interest in the problems of sea communications comes from). In the summer of 1685, he took part in the uprising of the Protestant Duke of Monmouth, and three years later he contacted William of Orange, a contender for the English throne, and even became part of his retinue during the Duke’s trip to Ireland in June 1690. Then came the first commercial collapse : in 1692, Defoe, who by that time was engaged in insuring ships, went bankrupt due to their increasing frequency of destruction (there was a war for the Palatinate inheritance); the amount of debts is pounds. Now all his commercial projects will be connected to land. In his fifth decade, having survived a series of fines and imprisonments associated with both a sharp pen and commercial failures, Defoe comes to direct cooperation with the government. At the end of 1704 he was released from prison, his debts were paid by the crown, and the pamphleteer himself became a propagandist and informer, first under the Tory government, and from 1715 under the new Whig government. This change in status 9

10 not only did not hinder his fertility as a pamphleteer, as already mentioned above, but also apparently helped him to act in a new capacity as a writer of novels. Some of them lay in a desk drawer for many years: The Joys and Sorrows of the Famous Moll Flanders, a novel published in 1722, is dated, for example, 1683! And if you look at the themes of Defoe’s major works as a whole, you are once again convinced of how wrong the common opinion about the “specialization” of writers is. There is a widely known anecdote about Queen Victoria, who, enraptured by Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland, requested all of his works and received a pile of mathematical treatises. An anecdote is an anecdote: Carroll had plenty of poetry collections, short stories, and even novels. But only the children's fairy tale is widely known and loved. Something similar happened to Defoe. If you look for analogies to his creative passions, Vladimir Gilyarovsky comes to mind first. “Uncle Gilyai,” a singer of the Moscow slums and a luminary of Russian journalism, was keenly interested in the inhabitants of the world of porters, cab drivers, thieves and beggars. Defoe was just as interested in the world of London prostitutes (remember the same “Moll Flanders”), swindlers and adventurers. And pirates. The position of a government informant, presumably, provided him with every opportunity to collect the necessary information, and the instinct of a person writing did not allow him to neglect such a storehouse of plots and themes. Therefore, “Robinson Crusoe” and its two sequels, practically unknown to the reading public in Russia, stand apart in his work, like “Alice” and “Alice Through the Looking Glass” by Carroll. But a good half of Defoe’s major works are related to the pirate theme, and all of them were written after 1718: “The Pirate King,” whose hero was Henry Every (published in 1719), “The Life and Pirate Adventures of Captain Singleton” (1720), “The History of Colonel Jack” (1722), “A New Voyage Around the World” (1724), “Four Years’ Wanderings” (1726), “Madagascar, or the Diary of Robert Drury” (1729) Of course, “The History of the Pirates” should also be included here; and Robinson Crusoe. The latter may seem somewhat strange, although there is an episode in Robinson in which the hero is captured by pirates. To dispel confusion, and at the same time try to explain Defoe’s sudden interest in the activities of pirates (which arose a decade and a half after the writer could have last encountered its consequences), we will have to change the topic of conversation again. Where did pirates come from in the 16th and 18th centuries? As always, there are multiple sources and multiple reasons to be found here. If you look closely at the periods of ups and downs of pirate activity, it turns out that its surges occur at the end of major wars between the maritime powers of Europe. Defoe in The Pirate's History speaks very precisely about this. Indeed, people with an adventurous streak, not too concerned about the cleanliness of their gloves, during the next war received an excellent opportunity to legally satisfy both their passion for adventure and their thirst for profit by receiving a letter of marque. When the war ended, most of them, having acquired a taste, but no longer having legal grounds for sea robbery, began to engage in it illegally. After some time, the government had to once again undertake a demonstrative cleanup of pirate nests. (The General History of Pirates talks about just one such period, which was destined to become the last peak in history of massive pirate activity in the Caribbean Sea and off the coasts of Africa and India.) The second source today may seem quite unexpected: sailors and even officers ships hijacked by pirates. But let us turn again to the dry statistics cited by Defoe on the pages of this book. In the chapter "The Life of Captain England", in the list 10

11 ships captured by this pirate from March 25 to June 27, 1719, we read: “Eagle” 17 people of crew 7 became pirates; "Charlotte" 18 people 13 became pirates; "Sarah" 18 people 3 became pirates; "Bentworth" 30 people 12 became pirates; “Deer” 2 people, and both became pirates; "Carteret" 18 people 5 became pirates; "Mercury" 18 people 5 became pirates; “Timic” 13 people 4 became pirates; “Elizabeth and Catherine” 14 people 4 became pirates.” It turns out that the pirate freemen, along with the looming noose in the future, was preferred by every third person, and even a little more! We can talk a lot here about the social situation that provoked such decisions, but this would take us far away, and it has already been noted more than once. We can cite several other sources of recruitment for the pirate ranks. And yet, more important, in our opinion, are the questions “who?” and why?" transfer to another plane. After all, no one has canceled the “trinity” of the maritime professions of merchant, sailor and pirate; it has not only been preserved since ancient times, but also acquired a fourth hypostasis: the pioneer of newly discovered lands. And the New World, with its gold, Indians, pioneers and filibusters, turned out to be the valve through which people with the same general quality broke free from an aging Europe: those whom Lev Nikolaevich Gumilev called “passionaries.” It was here that their irrepressible energy could be used, and whether it could be directed towards destruction or creation depended on the circumstances. One of these people, whose name is often mentioned on the pages of the “History of Pirates”, was the reason for such a seemingly far deviation from the topic. The English privateer Woods Rogers, a hereditary sea captain, first sent privateers on raids against French ships, and when the English government stopped demanding 20 percent of the value of the spoils from privateers, he himself got ready to hunt. Leading a flotilla of two frigates, in September 1708 he headed for the Pacific Ocean and, after a brief stop at the Juan Fernandez Islands, capturing several Spanish and French ships along the way, in May 1709 he unexpectedly attacked the port of Guayaquil and plundered it. In January 1710, he captured a Manila galleon, a pipe dream for the vast majority of Caribbean pirates, and was wounded by a musket ball in the upper jaw, but just three days later he tried to capture another galleon. During this fight, a piece of shrapnel knocked out a piece of Rogers' heel bone and cut off more than half of his leg under the ankle. The second tidbit could not be captured. However, the goods already captured were more than enough to pay for the expedition. In October 1711, the ships returned to England, and in 1712, Rogers' book “A Sea Voyage Around the World,” based on diary entries, was published. Some researchers believe that the book was edited by Daniel Defoe. But we will return to this episode a little later. In Rogers transported slaves from Africa to Sumatra, and at the end of 1717, at the request of planters from the Bahamas, he was proclaimed the first royal governor of the island of New Providence, the main Caribbean pirate base of those years. Appearing in the Bahamas in July of the following year, he managed to force some of the pirates to lay down their arms in exchange for a royal amnesty, dispersed the rest, and hanged some. Pirates began to avoid New Providence. However, the metropolis did not provide any support to the governor’s activities, and in 1721 Rogers went to London for help. He failed to get money to defend the island (now from the Spaniards), went bankrupt and ended up in a debtor's prison. He was reinstated as governor only in 1728, and four years later Woods Rogers died in New Providence. Unfortunately, I do not know for certain how close Defoe’s acquaintance was with Woods Rogers. But I have no doubt that such an acquaintance existed and lasted for many years. It has already been mentioned above that Defoe is believed to have edited 11

12 cited Rogers' book. But this book talks, in particular, about a stop at the Juan Fernandez Islands, and about a pirate landed by his comrades on one of the islands and picked up by Captain Rogers. This pirate's name was Alexander Selkirk, and a few years later he became known throughout England, and then throughout the world, under the name Robinson Crusoe. After Rogers' trip to London in 1721, Defoe had enough material about pirates of the Caribbean at his disposal to write a whole series of books. And all these pirates are among those “offended” by the governor of New Providence in 1718, which Defoe always mentions in their biographies from the “General History”. Of course, a final judgment about the connection between these two people can be made only after a thorough study of the topic. But I think that even now we can safely say: Defoe’s interest in the life and activities of pirates, a number of his novels that open with the immortal “Robinson”, “The General History of Pirates” with its unique historical data are all just the reflected light of the passionarity of Captain Woods Rogers. But let's give credit to the author. Let's not talk about novels; those have their time and place. As for the General History of Pirates, in this book the elderly rebel and informer managed to convey to us what no one else could. Let at times dry protocol facts and his own wild fantasies mixed in his head, the desire to create a reliable picture of events and an senile inclination to write didactic “life experiences” (but in this sense, the biblical “Book of the Wisdom of Solomon” is no different from, say, the third volumes of "Robinson"!). Defoe did the main thing: he recorded everyday piracy for centuries. Reading Exquemelin, we can imagine that the whole life of a pirate consisted of the capture of cities, caravans of gold, gigantic fleets of many hundreds of cutlasses. On the pages of “History of Pirates” we see the truth: “workdays” with regular cleaning of the bottoms, captures of small ships and going to a blocked port for medicine; with ship prostitutes, captured along with pirates and therefore becoming a historical myth, and everyday food robbery; with the deposition of captains and a panicked flight from military patrol ships. All this carries a unique aroma of authenticity, and is presented in such a way that layers of the author’s tribute to the Imagination not only do not interrupt it, but in an incomprehensible way shade and enrich it. And a strange thing: while working on the translation, I kept sarcastic to myself, calling “The History of Pirates” a “production novel.” And for some reason the huge blue eyes of the one sitting inside glowed brighter and brighter. The text of the “General History of Pirates” is published in Russian in the same volume in which the book first appeared on London shelves in 1724. Explanations of some cultural realities, brief biographical information, and other things that, in the translator's opinion, could be of interest to the reader, are given in the notes (they are partly placed at the bottom of the pages, partly at the end of each chapter). Geographical names, nautical terms, ancient measures of weight, length, etc., as well as monetary units, are separated into special appendices for ease of use. The translator expresses sincere and deep gratitude to E. N. Malskaya for her enormous technical assistance in preparing the translation; Academic Director of the “Educatcenter” E. V. Kislenkova for effective assistance in a critical situation; employee of the Russian National Library named after. M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, historian M. A. Govorun for assistance in working with reference literature and searching for visual materials; Candidate of Historical Sciences S.V. Lobachev for the materials provided, partially used in the preparation of this book. 12

13 Igor Malsky 13

14 The Life of Captain Avery There was never a man among the brave adventurers who would have caused so much talk in his time as Captain Avery. There was a lot of fuss around him, as there is now around Meriways, and he was considered a very important person. In Europe they said that he elevated himself to royal dignity and became the founder of a new monarchy, that he plundered untold riches and married the daughter of the Great Mogul 1, whom he captured on an Indian ship that fell into his hands, and that by her he had many children , who were endowed with royal privileges and surrounded by great luxury. They also said that he built forts and artillery magazines and commanded a squadron of ships, the crews of which were recruited from clever and desperate guys of all nationalities; that he gave orders in his own name to ship captains and fort commanders, who revered him as their sovereign. A play was even written about him, which was called “The Lucky Pirate.” 2 All these stories were treated with complete confidence, so that the Council 3 was presented with several plans on how to equip a squadron in order to catch him; others proposed to declare an amnesty for him and his comrades and invite them to England with all their treasures, for they feared that his growing power might interfere with trade between Europe and the East Indies. However, all this was nothing more than empty rumors, fueled by the gullibility of some and the irresponsibility of others, who loved to tell all sorts of wonderful stories, because at the very time when they said that he was coveting the royal crown, he asked for alms, and when rumors were spread, that he owned enormous wealth in Madagascar, he was dying of hunger in England. Undoubtedly, the reader will be curious to know what happened to this man and what was the true background of so many and unreliable news concerning his life, so I will tell his story as briefly as possible. Avery was born in the west of England, near Plymouth, in Devonshire. Having trained in maritime affairs, he served as a mate on a merchant ship and took part in several trading voyages. It happened (and this happened even before the Peace of Ryswick 4, when the alliance of Spain, England, Holland and other powers acted against France) that the French from Martinique carried out smuggling trade with the Spaniards on the Peruvian coast, which, according to the laws of Spain, was prohibited even to friends in peacetime, for no one except the Spaniards themselves was allowed to visit those places or go ashore, under pain of any 1526 The Mughal dynasty ruled until 1761. In the 17th century. The Mughal Empire included most of India. In the 18th century broke up into a number of states, which in the 18th and 19th centuries. were captured by the British. During the period covered by the History of Pirates, the following Mughals ruled: Aurangzeb (), Bahadur I (), Jahandar Shah (), Farruq Sayyar (), Mahammed Shah (). 2 Play by Charles Johnson (). Staged in 1712 at the Drury Lane Theatre, published in 1713. It was a reworking of a 16th-century tragedy. with the addition of comic and satirical elements. The plot is based on London gossip about Captain Avery. It is noteworthy that it was under the name of Charles Johnson that Defoe published A General History of Pirates. 3 In this case, we mean the Council of State, the elected executive and legislative body of the English government, which included ministers. Since the 1660s, similar Councils with local powers were elected throughout the English colonial possessions and attached to colonial governors appointed by the mother country. 4 In September-October 1697, in the Dutch village of Ryswijk (Rijswijk), a peace treaty was concluded, which ended the War of the Palatinate Succession between France and the League of Augsburg, which included England, Holland, Spain, Sweden and the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire" Leopold I. 14

15 minutes to be taken into custody. Therefore, the Spaniards constantly kept several ships there that cruised along the coast and were called Guarda del Costa 5, to which the order was given to capture all ships that they encountered less than five leagues from the coast. The French, however, became skilled in this trade, but the Spaniards did not have enough ships, and those they had were poorly armed. And it often happened that when the Spaniards came across French smugglers 6, they did not have enough strength to attack them, for which reason Spain decided to take two or three foreign ships into service. When this became known in Bristol, several merchants from this city equipped two ships, with more than thirty cannons 7 and with a crew of 120 people each, providing them with plenty of provisions and ammunition, and all other necessary supplies. The transaction was approved by the Spanish agents, and the ships were ordered to sail for La Coruña, or, in our opinion, Groin, where they were to receive further orders and take on board as passengers several Spanish gentlemen bound for New Spain. On one of those ships, which I will call "Duke" and the captain of which was Commander Gibson, Avery served as first mate. 8 Since he was not so much a brave man as cunning and treacherous, he gradually gained the confidence of several of the most desperate sailors with another ship, as well as the one on board which he himself was. He found out their intentions before revealing his own to them, and, making sure that they were quite suitable for the implementation of his plan, finally invited them to escape on one of the ships, captivating them with stories about what riches should await them on the shores of India. And as soon as he said this, he easily enlisted their support, and it was decided to carry out this plan at ten o’clock in the evening the next day. It must be said that the captain of the ship was a passionate lover of punch 9, and therefore spent most of his time on the shore, in taverns. However, that day he did not go ashore as usual, which, however, did not stop his addiction. He took his usual dose of alcohol on board and went to bed before the hour for which the enterprise was scheduled. Those sailors who were not involved in the conspiracy also scattered to their hammocks, so that there was no one left on deck except the conspirators, who actually made up the majority of the crew. At the appointed time, a Dutch longboat appeared, which Avery greeted as expected. In response, the sailors from the longboat asked: “Is your drunken boatswain on board?” It was a password previously agreed upon between them, and Avery answered in the affirmative. The longboat stood side by side with the ship, and sixteen strong guys joined the conspirators. When our sailors saw that everything had gone smoothly, they battened down the hatches and got to work. They did not drag the anchor rope, but slowly raised the anchor, and thus went out to sea without any excitement or commotion, although there were several ships in the bay - 5 Guarda del Costa (Spanish) coast guard. 6 Smuggler is a smuggler's ship. Smugglers caused considerable damage to the monopoly of trading companies, and in the colonies they were fought no less, and often more harshly, than pirates. 7 This refers to large-caliber guns, since the ships were equipped in the “frigate” class. In general, the following types of cannons were installed on ships of that time: half-cannons (caliber 6.75 inches, cannon weight 30.5 pounds), petras (24 pounds), basilisks (15 pounds), sakara (3.5 inches, 5 pounds) and small rotary cannons minions, faucons (falconets), serpentines, rabans (the weight of the core of the last two is only half a pound). The number of gun servants depended on the caliber of the guns. 8 That is, he was a lieutenant, the second in command on the ship. The events described took place in June 1694. 9 Punch is a strong alcoholic drink that appeared in the 17th century. The basis of the punch was rum or alcohol, to which sugar, spices and sometimes lemon were added. The punch ingredients were mixed in bowls and drunk hot or cold from scoops. Punch was usually prepared at friendly parties. It was very popular among British and American sailors (including pirates), from whom the land inhabitants also adopted a passion for this drink. 15

16 lei, among which was a forty-gun Dutch frigate. His captain was offered a large reward if he would go after them, but Mynheer 10, who probably did not want to serve anyone but himself, did not succumb to persuasion, giving this opportunity to someone else, thanks to which he allowed Mr. Avery to follow whatever course he pleases. Meanwhile, either from the rocking or from the noise while working with the rigging, the captain woke up and rang the bell. Avery and two accomplices entered the cabin, where the half-asleep and slightly frightened captain asked them: What is going on here? “Nothing,” Avery answered coolly. What's wrong with the ship, why is it rocking so much? What's the weather like? asked the captain, who thought that a storm had broken out and the ship had been torn from its anchor. No, no, answered Avery, we went to sea. The wind is fair and the weather is excellent. In the sea? exclaimed the captain. Can't be! Let's go, said Avery, and don't be afraid of anything. Put on some clothes and I'll tell you our secret. Know that now I am the captain of the ship, and this is my cabin, so you better leave it. I'm heading to Madagascar 11 to try my luck and all these guys have joined me. The captain gradually came to his senses and began to understand what was happening. However, he was still very scared. Noticing this, Avery said that he had nothing to fear and that if he wanted to join them, they would gladly accept him. Over time, if he stops drinking and copes with his duties, he might be made a lieutenant. If he doesn’t want it, then a boat has already been launched into the water and is ready to take him to shore. The captain was glad to hear this and accepted the second offer, after which the whole crew was called to find out who wanted to go ashore with the captain and who wanted to try their luck with the rest. There were only five or six people who did not want to participate in this venture. At that very moment they and the captain were put into a boat, leaving them to get to the shore on their own. The conspirators continued their journey to Madagascar. I do not know whether they captured any ships along the way 12; but when they arrived at the north-eastern end of Island 13, they found two sloops lying at anchor there. Seeing the ship, the sloops cut the ropes and rushed to the shore; all the people landed on land and disappeared into the forest. These sloops were stolen in the West Indies, and, seeing Avery's ship, the sailors decided that this frigate had been sent in pursuit of them, and since they did not have the strength to resist it, they had no choice but to flee. After wondering where they might be hiding, Avery sent several men ashore to tell them that they came in peace, and that they could join the crew of the frigate for the safety of all. The sailors from the sloops were well armed; they took refuge in 10 Corrupted Dutch Mein Herr, respectful address, lit. "my Lord". In this context, Defoe uses it ironically. In general, throughout the entire book it is noticeable that the Dutch do not at all enjoy the author’s sympathy. 11 Having mentioned this island, Avery already told the captain that he had decided to become a pirate: at that time Madagascar was considered the main pirate base of the South Atlantic, ideal for intercepting ships sailing around Africa to the Red Sea and to India. 12 According to some sources, along the way, Avery robbed three British ships off the Cape Verde Islands and sank two Dutch ships off the island of Sao Tome. 13 More precisely, Avery's ship arrived at Johanna Island (Comoros). 16

17 into the forest and posted sentries who watched as people disembarked from the ship. However, they saw only two or three people, unarmed ones at that, who had no intention of fighting them at all, but only shouted that they had come in peace and that they were ready to take them to the ship, where they could explain themselves. At first the sailors thought that this was a cunning trick, but when the messengers said that the captain himself and as many crew members as they themselves would allow were ready to meet them on the shore without weapons, they believed in the sincerity of their intentions and soon came to mutual agreement. Several people from the ship went ashore, and several sailors from the sloops swam to ship 14. The latter were delighted with their new partners, since their ships were small and they could not attack an armed ship, so so far they had not been able to capture any significant production. But now they were full of hopes of getting involved in the big game. Avery was also glad of the addition, with which he could strengthen his team, and although the share of the spoils falling to each one was now supposed to decrease by 15, he nevertheless decided that all means were good to achieve the goal, and he himself would not allow himself to be deprived. After consulting what to do next, they decided to set sail on galley 16 and two sloops and immediately set to work to take the sloops beyond the surf, which was soon accomplished. The flotilla headed for the Arabian coast. Near the mouth of the Indus River, Mars noticed a sail from the top of the mast, after which they rushed in pursuit and, approaching it, saw that it was big ship perhaps some Dutch merchant ship returning home from the East Indies. But fate prepared the best gift for them. When they opened fire to stop this ship, they raised the flag of the Great Mogul on it and seemed to be preparing for defense. Avery was just firing at the ship from a long distance, 17 and some of his sailors began to realize that their captain was by no means the hero he first seemed. However, at this time the sloops came into play. One of them approached the ship from the bow, the other from the stern, they attacked and boarded it, after which the ship immediately lowered its flag and surrendered. It was one of the personal ships of the Great Mogul 18, and on board it were several high court officials, and among them, as they said, one of the daughters of the Mogul, who was making a pilgrimage to Mecca 19. The Mohammedans believe that each of them is obliged once in his life visit this place, and go there with rich gifts, which they lay at the tomb of Mohammed. It is known that the inhabitants of the East travel with extraordinary pomp, taking with them all their slaves and servants, luxurious clothes and jewelry, loading their ships with gold and silver, and 14 According to other sources, Avery captured a French pirate ship from Johanna with booty, most of which were defeated joined his team. The crew of the second sloop appears to be a breakaway part of Thomas Tew's crew (as discussed below). 15 All booty on pirate ships was divided into parts (shares), usually at the following rate: ordinary crew members 1 share; junior officers from a share and a quarter to 1.5; the captain and navigator each had 2 shares (but sometimes the captain’s share reached 4 and even 8). For wounds and injuries received in battle, compensation was given in fixed amounts, which were paid before the division began. Specific amounts of compensation and proportions of shares were stipulated in the agreement (“contract”), which was signed by all its members when the team was formed. 16 Defoe's mistake. As he himself writes elsewhere in the book, Avery had a frigate. 17 The range of guns in those days did not exceed 300 steps (about 200 m), and the firing speed and hit accuracy were very low. Therefore, pirates usually used broadside cannon fire only to intimidate victims, relying solely on boarding combat. 18 Avery captured the Ganga-i-Sawai, the Mughal's largest ship, which carried 400 to 500 soldiers and 80 cannons. This battle lasted two hours, with both sides losing many people killed. 19 The fact that the daughter of the Great Mogul was on board the Ganga is most likely a legend. In addition to the 5 million rupees in silver and gold from the trading season on the shores of the Red Sea, the ship was carrying back to India several noble women pilgrims returning from Mecca. However, the surviving report of an Indian historian detailing the capture of this ship does not mention any relatives of the padishah. This is not mentioned in other sources either. 17

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“Truly great are those whose heart “Truly great are those whose heart beats for everyone” Ekaterina Tropina, 9 years old MBOU Gymnasium 11, 3 “A” hand class. Negorozhenko L.N. Honorary citizen of his city

Option I Section I. GREAT GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES 1. 1 Indicate the modern state whose lands became part of the Portuguese colonial empire. 2. 2 Name the conquistador who led the conquest

V.V. VLADIMIROV HOW RUSSIA FIGHTED IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR and why the Russian Empire collapsed MOSCOW 2016 Emperor Nicholas II 2 Nicholas II ruled the Russian Empire for almost a quarter of a century. That was very

UDC 373.167.1:94 BBK 63.3я72 В67 Symbols: personal qualities; meta-subject results. B67 Volkova, E. V. General History: History of Modern Times. 7th grade : workbook with contour maps

Illustrated Adventure Classics by Daniel Defoe (1651 1731) English writer Daniel Defoe lived a stormy, turbulent life. From early youth he was haunted by various adversities, but with amazing

Scenario plan for a game OOD in mathematics ( senior group) Game - journey "Mathematical Islands". Educational area: “Cognitive development”. Goal: Creating conditions for children to master methods

How the wolf got his bottom "waiting but" whose fox "went" to aul 1 for the chicken. She “went” there because she “really wanted” to eat. In the village, the fox stole the big hen and quickly ran to

Alena The magic of a parrot... Chapter I On a autumn morning, Vasilisa woke up in her room, in a large house on the coast of the Gulf of Finland. Her favorite day of the year has arrived: her birthday. The magic of a parrot... Vasilisa

“Oh, the village, my village!” Goal: to expand children’s ideas about Russia as the country in which they live. Objectives: to cultivate a sense of pride in the Motherland, a sense of involvement in its fate, to maintain interest

Yaroslav Elena Boy Andrei Chulkov on the island MOM Chapter I Boy Andrei Chulkov on the island MOM a small port town the sun shone almost every day. Children played in the street and visited each other

VICTORY! EXECUTIVE SUMMARY... 4 VALUES... 7 GENERAL RESPONSE 17 years ago è è vïåðåä... 55 Ãëàâà òðåòüÿ Ïðèíöèï êîíöåíòðàöèè Ñîñðäîî

Page: 1 TEST 9 Last name, first name Class Read the text. HOW CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS DISCOVERED AMERICA Christopher Columbus was born in 1451 into a weaver's family in the Italian city of Genoa. He began going to sea as a teenager.

Journey to the emerald city A literary journey based on the work of A. Volkov We are not going on a journey alone, but with the main character of the fairy tale Ellie and her faithful friend Totoshka. Like an autumn leaf trembling,

OKTV 2005/2006 Orosz nyelv II. forduló Choose the correct option and write in the texts the letter that represents it. 1. ODE TO COFFEE Every morning, millions of people around the world begin their day (1). How many

Completion time - 90 minutes 1.1. Here are several articles of laws from the famous “Laws” of the Babylonian king Hammurabi, which are the most important source on the social system of Mesopotamia II

Chapter 2 Overcome the Fear of Negotiation The secret to a good deal is simple. Ask. Ask to reduce the price or improve the terms of the contract. Request changes to the agreement. Ask for discounts, concessions or extra

Lesson 46 1. -What line, descendant, was Jesus from? -From the line of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. 2. -What line of the Jewish king did Jesus also descend from? -From the line of King David. 3. -What does the name Christ mean for