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The phenomenon of aftereffect in analyzers. Increasing the sensitivity of the analyzer under the influence of internal factors The phenomenon of aftereffect in analyzers

General idea of ​​sensory processes. Classification of types of sensations and their characteristics. The problem of measuring sensations.
Sensory processes are processes associated with the formation and change of human sensations; processes associated with the work of the human senses, as a result of which sensations appear.
Sensation is a reflection of the properties of objects of the objective world, arising from their direct impact on receptors. Sensation is a reflection in the mind of a person of individual properties and qualities of objects and phenomena that directly affect his senses.
Sensation is not only a component of a sensory image, but also an activity or a component of it. Sensitivity is formed in the action that it afferents and regulates, and its development - differentiation, subtlety and accuracy of sensations - essentially depends on the action. In man, the development of increasingly subtle sensations is inextricably linked with the development of social practice: generating new objects with new qualities, it also generates new sensations. From a physiological point of view, sensations represent the activity of: receptors that perceive irritations; conducting centripetal nerve pathways, through which the excitation that occurs in the receptors is transmitted to the corresponding parts of the cortex hemispheres; the central cortical sections of the analyzers, where the processing of nerve signals from the receptors takes place.
The constant orientation of a person in the environment is carried out according to the physiological mechanism of the "reflex ring", which provides a constant feedback of a person with the world around him. Sensation arises in phylogeny on the basis of elementary irritability as sensitivity to stimuli that have no direct ecological significance, thereby reflecting an objective relationship between biotic and abiotic environmental factors. Unlike the sensations of animals, human sensations are mediated by his practical activity, by the entire process of the historical development of society.
The dependence of sensations on external stimuli raises the question of the nature of this dependence. Research has established that not every stimulus causes a sensation. You need a minimum intensity of the stimulus in order to cause a sensation. This minimum intensity is called the lower absolute threshold.
Along with the lower one, there is an upper absolute threshold, i.e. the maximum intensity possible to experience a given quality.
There is also a difference threshold of sensation - this is the minimum difference in the intensity of two homogeneous stimuli that a person is able to feel. E. Weber found that a certain ratio between the intensities of two stimuli is required in order for them to give different sensations. This ratio is expressed in the law established by him: the ratio of the additional stimulus to the main one must be a constant value. Further studies showed that this law is valid only for stimuli of average magnitude: when approaching absolute thresholds, this magnitude ceases to be constant.
The thresholds of sensitivity are shifted depending on the attitude of a person to the task that he solves by differentiating one or another sensory data. The same physical stimulus of the same intensity can be both lower and higher than the threshold of sensitivity, depending on what significance it acquires for a person.
The characteristic of sensitivity is not exhausted by psychophysical laws. For the sensitivity of an organ, its physiological state is also important. The significance of physiological moments is manifested, first of all, in the phenomena of adaptation, in the adaptation of an organ to a long-acting stimulus.
A.V. Petrovsky distinguishes three varieties of the phenomenon of adaptation.
1. Adaptation as the complete disappearance of sensation with prolonged action of the stimulus.
2. Adaptation as a dulling of sensation under the influence of a strong stimulus.
3. Adaptation is also called an increase in sensitivity under the influence of a weak stimulus. This type of adaptation is defined as positive adaptation. In the visual analyzer, the dark adaptation of the eye, when its sensitivity increases under the influence of darkness, is a positive adaptation. A similar form of auditory adaptation is silence adaptation. The phenomenon of contrast is closely related to adaptation, which affects the change in sensitivity under the influence of the previous irritation (aggravation of the sensation of cold after hot).
Another property of sensations is sensitization - an increase in the sensitivity of analyzers due to an increase in the cerebral cortex under the influence of the simultaneous activity of other analyzers (for example, an increase in rhythm contributes to an increase in musculoskeletal sensitivity).
Many perceptual tasks require the joint work of several perceptual systems, so intermodal or transitional forms of sensitivity are possible, occupying an intermediate position between traditional modalities. A typical intermodal sensation is the sensation of vibration. Another example is the "sixth sense" of the blind. It is known that the blind from birth or from childhood are able to detect obstacles at a distance and successfully bypass them. The development of intermodal sensations, which make it possible to compensate for certain sensory deficiencies, emphasizes the importance that the presence of a specific perceptual task has for the development of perceptual systems.
Consider the classification of sensations. The first and simplest classification distinguishes sensations by modality:
1. visual; 2.auditory; 3. taste; 4.olfactory; 5.tactile.
The following classification: by the nature of energy: 1. photoperception; 2.chemoperception; 3. mechanoperception.
A.R. Luria believes that the classification of sensations can be carried out according to at least two basic principles - systematic and genetic (in other words, according to the principle of modality, on the one hand, and according to the principle of complexity or level of their construction, on the other).
Systematic classification of sensations. Singling out the largest and most significant groups of sensations, they can be divided into three main types: 1. interoceptive (combine signals that reach us from the internal environment of the body);
2. proprioceptive (provide information about the position of the body in space and the position of the musculoskeletal system, provide regulation of our movements);
H. exteroceptive sensations (provide receiving signals from the outside world and create the basis for our conscious behavior):
a) contact perception - the perceived object is localized on the surface of the body;
b) distant perception - the experience of the absence of physical contact with the perceived object.
Genetic classification allows us to distinguish two types of sensitivity:
a) protopathic (more primitive, affective, less differentiated and localized), which includes organic feelings (hunger, thirst, etc.); b) epicritical (more subtly differentiating, objectified and rational), which includes the main human senses. Epicritical sensitivity is genetically younger and controls protopathic sensitivity. Every sensation involves a polarity, a two-sidedness. On the one hand, it reflects some side of the reality that acts on the receptor as an irritant, on the other hand, it reflects the state of the organism to some extent. This is connected with the presence in sensitivity, on the one hand, of affective, on the other hand, of perceptual, contemplative moments. Both of these sides are presented in sensations in unity.
Consider the issue of measuring sensations. Weber deduced the law according to which the ratio of the additional stimulus to the main one must be a constant value. Fechner said that psychological quantities cannot be measured directly, only thresholds can be measured. Feeling is a function of the impact energy. According to Fechner, a barely perceptible difference can serve as a unit of measurement for psychological quantities. Thus, it is possible to calculate the intensity of sensation from the intensity of the stimulus. Fechner deduced a law, which was later called the basic psychophysical law, according to which the change in the strength of sensation is proportional to the decimal logarithm of the change in the strength of the impact. Feelings grow in arithmetic progression when stimuli grow exponentially. Fechner's view is called objective psychophysics.
Stevens further revised Fechner's law. He made two postulates: any person can compare his feelings in terms of intensity, and everything that can be called an adjective in a comparative degree can be measured. Stevens came to the conclusion that the basic psychophysical law is expressed not by a logarithmic, but by a power curve. This pattern is called the Stevens law.
Different types of sensations are characterized not only by specificity, but also by properties common to them. These properties include: quality, intensity, duration and spatial localization. Quality is the main feature of a given sensation, distinguishing it from other types of sensations and varying within a given type of sensation. The qualitative variety of sensations reflects the infinite variety of forms of motion of matter. The intensity of sensation is its quantitative characteristic and is determined by the strength of the acting stimulus and the functional state of the receptor. The duration of sensation is its temporal characteristic. It is also determined by the functional state of the sense organ, but mainly by the duration of the stimulus and its intensity. When an irritant is exposed to a sensory organ, sensation does not occur immediately, but after some time - the so-called latent (hidden) period of sensation. The latent period of different types of sensations is not the same. And, finally, sensations are characterized by the spatial localization of the stimulus. The analysis carried out by spatial receptors gives us information about the localization of the stimulus in space. Contact sensations are related to the part of the body that is affected by the stimulus.

Feeling- it is a reflection in the mind of a person of individual properties and qualities of objects and phenomena that directly affect his senses.

sense organs- these are the mechanisms by which information about our environment enters the cerebral cortex. With the help of sensations, the main external signs of objects and phenomena (color, shape, size, features of the surface of objects, sound, taste, etc.) and the state of internal organs (muscle sensations, pain, etc.) are reflected.

physiological basissensations is the activity of analyzers, which consist of: a) receptors that perceive irritation of the nervous apparatus and are located on the periphery of the central nervous system;

b) conducting, centripetal (afferent) nerve pathways, through which the excitation that occurs in the receptors is transmitted to the corresponding parts of the cerebral cortex of the human brain;

c) the central cortical sections of the analyzers, where the "processing" of nerve signals from the receptors takes place

Properties of sensations Key words: adaptation, contrast, sensation thresholds, sensitization, sequential images.

Adaptation- increase or decrease in the sensitivity of analyzers as a result of continuous or prolonged exposure to stimuli.

Contrast- the phenomenon of contrast is that weak stimuli increase sensitivity to other simultaneously acting stimuli, and strong ones reduce this sensitivity.

Thresholds of sensations. LOWER threshold of sensation - that minimum value or strength of the stimulus that is capable of causing nervous excitation in the analyzer sufficient to cause a sensation. The smaller the value of this threshold, the higher the sensitivity of this analyzer.

The upper threshold of sensationthat maximum value of the stimulus, above which this irritation ceases to be felt. A person hears, for example, 20,000 vibrations in 1 second. Absolute the threshold of sensation varies from person to person. The value of the threshold of sensations changes with age. So, in the elderly, the absolute upper threshold of audibility of tones is about 15,000 vibrations per 1 second. The magnitude of the absolute threshold can be influenced by the nature of human activity, its functional state, the strength and duration of irritation, etc.



Difference threshold of sensation(discrimination threshold) - ma is the minimum difference in the intensity of two homogeneous stimuli that a person is able to feel. In order to catch this difference, it is necessary that it reaches a certain value. For example, sounds of 400 - 402 oscillations per 1 sec are perceived as sounds of the same pitch; 2 loads weighing 500 and 510 g seem equally heavy. The smaller the difference threshold, the higher the differentiation ability of this analyzer to distinguish between stimuli.

Sensitization- an increase in the sensitivity of analyzers due to an increase in the excitability of the cerebral cortex under the influence of the simultaneous activity of other analyzers. The sensitivity of the analyzer can be increased with the help of pharmacological agents, as well as with the activity of other analyzers; for example, sensations of rhythm contribute to increased musculoskeletal sensitivity.

Consistent images- this is a continuation of the sensation when the action of the stimulus has already ceased.At sensation, the receptor of one or another sense organ is in a state of excitation for some time. After the cessation of exposure to the stimulus, the excitation in the receptor does not disappear immediately. For example, after exiting the subway car, it seems to us for several seconds that we are still moving in the train.

Feelings:

1. Exteroreceptive sensations reflect the properties of objects and phenomena of the external environment. Via visual sensations, a person is able to distinguish up to 180 tones of color and more than 10,000 shades between them. Via auditory sensations, a person perceives the speech of other people, controls many types of work, enjoys music, etc. Olfactory sensations help a person to distinguish between volatile substances and odors common in the air. Flavoring sensations determine the qualitative characteristics of the food taken by a person and are highly dependent on the feeling of hunger. Temperature sensations are sensations of heat and cold. Tactile sensations together with musculoskeletal make up the sense of touch, with the help of which a person reflects the qualitative features of objects - their smoothness, roughness, density, as well as the touch of the object to the body, the location and size of the irritated skin area.

2. Interoreceptive sensations reflect the state of internal organs. pain sensations signal damage and irritation of human organs, are a kind of manifestation of the protective functions of the body. The intensity of pain sensations varies, reaching great strength in some cases, which can even lead to a state of shock. Feel equilibrium ensure the vertical position of the human body. A sense of balance arises as a result of the functional activity of the vestibular analyzer. Feel acceleration - these are sensations that reflect the centrifugal and centripetal forces developing during the movement of a person.

3. Proprioceptive sensations are sensations that reflect the movement of our body. Via musculo-motor sensations a person receives information: about the position of the body in space, about relative position all its parts, about the movement of the body and its parts, about the contraction, stretching and relaxation of muscles, etc. Musculoskeletal sensations are complex. Simultaneous stimulation of receptors of different quality gives sensations of a peculiar quality: irritation of the receptor endings in the muscles creates a feeling of muscle tone when performing a movement; sensations of muscle tension and effort are associated with irritation of the nerve endings of the tendon; irritation of the receptors of the articular surfaces gives a sense of direction, shape and speed of movement.

Absolute and relative sensitivity of sensations do not remain unchanged. Their thresholds cannot be expressed in constant numbers.

Studies have shown that both absolute and relative sensitivity can vary widely: in the dark, vision becomes sharper, and in strong light, its sensitivity decreases. Depending on the environment, the sensitivity (for example, visual) of a person changes dramatically. Studies have also shown that the sensitivity of the eye in the dark increases in 200000 (!) once.

Such changes in sensitivity are associated with the phenomenon of sensory adaptation - a change in sensitivity that occurs as a result of the adaptation of the sense organ to the stimuli acting on it. Adaptation means:

When the sensory organs are exposed to sufficiently strong stimuli, sensitivity decreases,

When exposed to weak stimuli (or lack thereof), sensitivity increases.

Such a change in sensitivity does not occur immediately, it takes a certain time. For different sense organs, these time characteristics are different. In order for vision in a dark room to acquire the necessary sensitivity, about 30 minutes should pass. The adaptation of the auditory organs is much faster, they adapt to the surrounding background after 15 seconds. Just as quickly, there is a change in the sensitivity of touch (a slight touch on the skin ceases to be perceived after a few seconds).

There is an adaptation to smells. There is thermal adaptation (getting used to temperature changes environment). However, these phenomena are clearly expressed only in the middle range, and addiction to extreme cold or extreme heat, as well as to painful stimuli, is almost never encountered.

Basically, the adaptation of sensations depends on the processes occurring directly in the receptor. Under the influence of light, for example, visual purple, located in the rods of the retina, decomposes (fades). In the dark, visual purple is restored, sensitivity increases.

Adaptation is also connected with the processes taking place in the central sections of the analyzers. The change in sensitivity is affected by different excitability of the nerve centers. Prolonged stimulation of the cerebral cortex provokes protective inhibition, which also reduces sensitivity. Adaptation demonstrates the greater plasticity of the organism in its adaptation to environmental conditions.

Interaction of sensations

The sensitivity of the analyzer can also change under the influence of stimulation of other (not "native" for the analyzer) sense organs. There are two types of interaction of sensations:

Interaction between sensations of the same kind,

Interaction between different kinds of sensations.

P. P. Lazarev found that eye lighting makes audible sounds louder. S. V. Kravkov showed that no sense organ can work without affecting the functioning of other organs. In his experiments, for example, sound stimulation (whistling) sharpened the work of visual sensation, increased its sensitivity to light stimuli.

Smells can also increase or decrease light and auditory sensitivity. All analyzers are able to influence each other. The interaction of sensations is manifested in two opposite processes (and this shows a relationship with the processes of adaptation): an increase in sensitivity, a decrease in sensitivity.

General pattern in the interaction of sensations: weak stimuli increase, and strong ones decrease the sensitivity of the analyzers during their interaction with each other.

The mechanism of interaction of sensations of one kind, in fact, is similar to the interaction of sensations of different types. A strong signal in some parts of the visual field, for example, can reduce sensitivity in other parts of the visual field (and vice versa). So, gray color on a white background will look darker, and surrounded by black color - lighter.

Sensitization

There are ways to increase the sensitivity of the senses. This increase in sensitivity is called sensitization. A. R. Luria singled out two sides of increased sensitivity according to the type of sensitization:

Having a long-term, permanent character and depending mainly on stable changes occurring in the body,

It is temporary and depends on the physiological and mental state of the person.

The first type of sensitization is closely related to the change in sensitivity. Studies have shown that the acuteness of the sensitivity of the sense organs increases with age, reaching a maximum by the age of 20-30, then stabilization occurs, followed by a decrease in sensitivity to old age.

Synesthesia

Synesthesia is the occurrence under the influence of irritation of one analyzer of a sensation characteristic of another analyzer. For many people, sound waves are able to create the illusion of coloring the surrounding space in one color or another.

Synesthesia, according to some assumptions, can serve as the basis of outstanding abilities. Many composers have a so-called color hearing. The well-known mnemonist Sh., who has a phenomenal memory and was studied by A. R. Luria, could characterize the voice of a person as “yellow and crumbly” (sounds of different tones evoked different visual sensations in him).

The phenomena of synesthesia clearly show the close connection of the analyzers with each other.

Speaking about the properties of sensations, we cannot but dwell on a number of phenomena associated with sensations. It would be wrong to assume that absolute And relative sensitivity remain unchanged and their thresholds are expressed in constant numbers. Studies show that sensitivity can vary over a very wide range. For example, in the dark, our vision becomes sharper, and in strong light, its sensitivity decreases. This can be observed when you move from a dark room to light or from a brightly lit room to darkness. In both cases, the person is temporarily "blind", it takes some time for the eyes to adjust to bright light or darkness. This suggests that, depending on the environment (illumination), the visual sensitivity of a person changes dramatically. Studies have shown that this change is very large and the sensitivity of the eye in the dark is aggravated by 200,000 times.

The described changes in sensitivity, depending on environmental conditions, are associated with the phenomenon of sensory adaptation. Sensory adaptation is called a change in sensitivity that occurs as a result of the adaptation of the sense organ to the stimuli acting on it. As a rule, adaptation is expressed in the fact that when sufficiently strong stimuli act on the sense organs, sensitivity decreases, and when weak stimuli or in the absence of a stimulus act, sensitivity increases.

Such a change in sensitivity does not occur immediately, but requires a certain time. Moreover, the time characteristics of this process are not the same for different sense organs. So, in order for vision in a dark room to acquire the necessary sensitivity, about 30 minutes should pass. Only after that a person acquires the ability to navigate well in the dark. The adaptation of the auditory organs is much faster. Human hearing adapts to the surrounding background after 15 seconds. Just as quickly, there is a change in the sensitivity of touch (a weak touch on the skin ceases to be perceived after a few seconds).

Phenomena well known thermal adaptation (getting used to changes in ambient temperature). However, these phenomena are clearly expressed only in the middle range, and addiction to extreme cold or extreme heat, as well as to pain stimuli, is almost never encountered. The phenomena of adaptation to smells are also known.

The adaptation of our sensations mainly depends on the processes occurring in the receptor itself. So, for example, under the influence of light, visual purple, located in the rods of the retina, decomposes (fades). In the dark, on the contrary / visual purple is restored, which leads to an increase in sensitivity. However, the phenomenon of adaptation is also associated with the processes taking place in the central sections of the analyzers, in particular with a change in the excitability of the nerve centers. With prolonged stimulation, the cerebral cortex responds with internal protective inhibition, which reduces sensitivity. The development of inhibition causes increased excitation of other foci, contributing to an increase in sensitivity in new conditions. In general, adaptation is an important process, indicating a greater plasticity of the organism in its adaptation to environmental conditions.

There is another phenomenon that we must consider. All types of sensations are not isolated from each other, therefore the intensity of sensations depends not only on the strength of the stimulus and the level of adaptation of the receptor, but also on the stimuli currently affecting other sense organs. A change in the sensitivity of the analyzer under the influence of irritation of other sense organs is called the interaction of sensations.

should be distinguished two types of interaction of sensations:

  1. interaction between sensations of the same kind,
  2. interaction between different types of sensations.

Interactions between sensations of different types can be illustrated by the studies of Academician P.P. Lazarev, who found that eye lighting makes audible sounds louder. Similar results were obtained by Professor S. V. Kravkov. He established that no sense organ can work without affecting the functioning of other organs. So, it turned out that sound stimulation (for example, whistling) can sharpen the work of visual sensation, increasing its sensitivity to light stimuli. Some odors also affect in a similar way, increasing or decreasing light and auditory sensitivity. All our analyzer systems are capable of influencing each other to a greater or lesser extent. At the same time, the interaction of sensations, like adaptation, manifests itself in two opposite processes - an increase and a decrease in sensitivity. The general pattern is that weak stimuli increase, and strong ones decrease the sensitivity of the analyzers during their interaction.

A similar picture can be observed in the interaction of sensations of the same kind. For example, a point in the dark is easier to see against a light background. As an example of the interaction of visual sensations, one can cite the phenomenon of contrast, which is expressed in the fact that the color changes in the opposite direction in relation to the colors surrounding it. For example, a gray color on a white background will look darker, and surrounded by black color will look lighter.

As follows from the above examples, there are ways to increase the sensitivity of the senses. An increase in sensitivity as a result of the interaction of analyzers or exercises is called sensitization. A. R. Luria distinguishes two sides of increased sensitivity according to the type of sensitization. The first is of a long-term, permanent nature and depends mainly on stable changes occurring in the body, so the age of the subject is clearly associated with a change in sensitivity. Studies have shown that the sensitivity of the sense organs increases with age, reaching a maximum by the age of 20-30, in order to gradually decrease in the future. The second side of the increase in sensitivity according to the type of sensitization is temporary and depends on both physiological and psychological emergency effects on the state of the subject.

The interaction of sensations is also found in a phenomenon called synesthesia- the appearance under the influence of irritation of one analyzer of a sensation characteristic of other analyzers. In psychology, the facts of “colored hearing” are well known, which is found in many people, and especially in many musicians (for example, in Scriabin). So, it is widely known that we regard high sounds as “light”, and low ones as “dark”.

In some people, synesthesia manifests itself with exceptional clarity. One of the subjects with exceptionally pronounced synesthesia - the famous mnemonist Sh. - was studied in detail by A. R. Luria. This person perceived all voices as colored and often said that the voice of a person addressing him, for example, was “yellow and crumbly.” The tones he heard caused him visual sensations of various shades (from bright yellow to purple). Perceived colors were perceived by him as "sonorous" or "deaf", as "salty" or "crunchy". Similar phenomena in more obliterated forms occur quite often in the form of a direct tendency to "color" numbers, days of the week, names of months in different colors. The phenomena of synesthesia are another evidence of the constant interconnection of the analyzer systems of the human body, the integrity of the sensory reflection of the objective world.

Various sense organs that give us information about the state of the external world around us can be sensitive to the displayed phenomena with greater or lesser accuracy.

The sensitivity of our sense organs can vary within very large limits. There are two main forms of sensitivity variability, one of which depends on environmental conditions and is called adaptation, and the other depends on the conditions of the state of the organism and is called sensitization.

Adaptation- adaptation of the analyzer to the stimulus. It is known that in the dark our vision becomes sharper, and in strong light its sensitivity decreases. This can be observed during the transition from darkness to light: the human eye begins to experience pain, the person temporarily “blinds”.

The most important factor influencing the level of sensitivity is the interaction of the analyzers. Sensitization- this is an increase in sensitivity as a result of the interaction of analyzers and exercises. This phenomenon must be used when driving. So, the weak effect of side stimuli (for example, wiping the face, hands, neck with cold water or slowly chewing a sweet and sour tablet, for example, ascorbic acid) increases the sensitivity of night vision, which is very important when driving at night.

Different analyzers have different adaptability. There is practically no adaptation of a person to pain sensation, which is important biological significance, since pain is a signal of trouble in the body.

The adaptation of the auditory organs is much faster. Human hearing adapts to the surrounding background after 15 seconds. Just as quickly, there is a change in sensitivity in touch (a slight touch on the skin ceases to be perceived after a few seconds).

It is known that the conditions of activity associated with the constant re-adaptation of analyzers cause rapid fatigue. For example, driving a car at night on a motorway with changing illumination of the roadway.

A more significant and constant influence on the senses in the process of driving a car is exerted by such factors as noise and vibration.

Constant noise (and the noise generated by the movement of the car, as a rule, is constant) has a negative effect on the hearing organs. In addition, under the influence of noise, the latent period of the motor reaction lengthens, visual perception decreases, twilight vision weakens, coordination of movements and functions of the vestibular apparatus are disturbed, and premature fatigue occurs.

The change in the sensitivity of the sense organs also changes with the age of a person. Already after 35 years, visual acuity and its adaptation generally decrease, and hearing deteriorates. And although many drivers attribute this to poor lighting, weak headlights, the fact remains that their eyes do not see equally well. With age, they not only see worse, but are also more easily blinded, and the field of vision narrows more often.

Consider now the effects of alcohol and other psychoactive and medicines on human mental activity.

When taking sleeping pills, sedatives, antidepressants, anticonvulsants (phenobarbital) and antiallergic drugs (pipolfen, tavegil, suprastin), drowsiness, dizziness, decreased attention and reaction time occur. Harmless cough or headache medicines can depress the central nervous system, reducing attention and slowing down the reaction rate. First of all, these are drugs containing codeine (tramadol, tramalt, retard, pentalgin, spasmoveralgin, sedalgin).

Thus, you should carefully study the instructions for the drug that the driver is going to take before driving.

Consider now the effect of alcohol on driving. Although the Rules of the Road prohibit driving while intoxicated, in our country, unfortunately, there is a strong tradition of doubting the correctness of the actions and / or the result of an examination for intoxication. Believing that “I am fine,” the driver gets behind the wheel drunk and puts other people and himself in danger.

So, studies have found significant impairment of the functions of the nervous system even from fairly small doses of alcohol. Objectively established a noticeable weakening of the functions of all the senses from very small doses of alcohol, including beer.

Under the influence of medium doses, that is, one to one and a half glasses of vodka, motor acts are accelerated at first, and then slow down. Another feeling that is easily lost by a drunk person is the feeling of fear.

In addition, it should be borne in mind that when the temperature drops by 5 °, the harmful effect of alcohol increases almost tenfold! But people are sure that alcohol has a warming effect, and they believe that for a frozen person, a sip of something strong is the best medicine.

Thus, our ability to see, hear, feel is influenced by many things familiar to us: light and darkness, drugs, alcohol. When driving a car, it is necessary to take this into account in order to avoid dangerous situations and accidents.