English 5 translation with transcription. Five translation and transcription, pronunciation, phrases and sentences. §6. Features of middle consonants

Before proceeding to performing phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same.

Letters- these are writing, graphic symbols with the help of which the content of the text is conveyed or the conversation is outlined. Letters are used to convey meaning visually, we will perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters out loud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

The list of all letters is just the alphabet

Almost every student knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called the Cyrillic alphabet. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a specific sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet uses:

• 21 letters for consonants;
• 10 letters - vowels;
• and two: b (soft sign) and b (hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not themselves determine any sound units.

You often pronounce sounds in phrases differently from how you write them down in writing. In addition, more letters can be used in a word than sounds. For example, "childish" - the letters "T" and "C" merge into one phoneme [c]. Conversely, the number of sounds in the word "blacken" is greater, since the letter "U" in this case is pronounced as [yu].

What is phonetic parsing?

We perceive the sounding speech by ear. Phonetic parsing of a word means the characteristic of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such analysis is often called "sound-letter" analysis. So, in phonetic analysis, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment and the syllabic structure of the phrase, united by a common verbal stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter parsing, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, the spelling is correct:

• black -> [ч "О́рный"]
• apple -> [yablaka]
• anchor -> [yakar "]
• tree -> [yolka]
• sun -> [sontse]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special characters. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly identify and distinguish between the letter notation (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

• the phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets -;
• a soft consonant is indicated by the transcription sign ['] - an apostrophe;
• shock [´] - stress;
• in complex word forms from several roots, the secondary stress sign [`] is used - gravis (not practiced in the school curriculum);
• the letters of the alphabet Y, Y, E, E, L and B are NEVER used in the transcription (in the curriculum);
• for doubled consonants, [:] is used - the sign of the longitude of the pronunciation of the sound.

Below are detailed rules for spelling, alphabetic and phonetic and parsing of words with examples online, in accordance with the school-wide norms of the modern Russian language. For professional linguists, the transcription of phonetic characteristics is distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic signs of vowels and consonant phonemes.

How to do phonetic parsing of a word?

The following scheme will help you carry out a letter analysis:

• Write out the necessary word and say it out loud several times.
• Count how many vowels and consonants it contains.
• Indicate a stressed syllable. (Stress with the help of intensity (energy) selects a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
• Divide the phonetic word by syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that the syllable section in differs from the hyphenation rules. The total number of syllables is always the same as the number of vowels.
• In transcription, sort the word by sound.
• Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
• In front of each letter in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (as it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always the same as letters. The letters "b" and "b" do not represent any sounds. The letters "e", "e", "u", "i", "and" can mean 2 sounds at once.
• Analyze each phoneme separately and separate its properties with commas:
  • for a vowel we indicate in the characteristic: vowel sound; percussive or unstressed;
  • in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: consonant sound; hard or soft, voiced or voiceless, sonorous, paired / unpaired in hardness-softness and voiced-deafness.
• At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic parsing of a word

Here is a sample of phonetic analysis for the word "phenomenon" → [yivl'en'n'iye]. In this example, there are 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables here: I-vle′-no-e. The stress falls on the second.

Sound characteristic of letters:

i [y] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorous [and] - vowel, unstressed in [v] - acc., paired hard, paired zv.l [l '] - acc., paired soft., unpaired ... sound, sonorous [e ′] - vowel, stressed [n '] - agree, paired soft., unpaired. zv., sonorous and [and] - vowel., unstressed [y] - acc., unpaired. soft, unpaired zv., sonorous [e] - vowel., unstressed ________________________ In total in the word phenomenon - 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter "I" and the last "E" stand for two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. Further, the classification of the sound units of the Russian language, their interrelationships and the rules of transcription for sound-letter parsing is given.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What sounds are there?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, are percussive and unstressed. The consonant sound in Russian words is: hard - soft, sonorous - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian living speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonants and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many people have a reasonable question, why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does the total number of sounds and letters differ in both vowels and consonants?

All this is easy to explain. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can mean 2 sounds at once. For example, pairs of softness-hardness:

• [b] - cheerful and [b '] - squirrel;
• or [d] - [d ’]: home - to do.

And some do not have a pair, for example [h '] will always be soft. In doubt, try to say it firmly and make sure that this is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached dimensionless scales, and the sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in the words of the Russian language

Vowel sounds unlike the melodic consonants, they flow freely from the larynx, as it were, in a chant, without obstacles and tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. Conversely, the louder you try to pronounce the consonant, the more energetically you will close your mouth. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these classes of phonemes.

The stress in any word forms can only fall on the vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowels are there in Russian phonetics?

In Russian speech, fewer vowel phonemes are used than letters. There are six percussion sounds: [a], [and], [o], [e], [y], [s]. Let us remind you that there are ten letters: a, e, e, and, o, y, s, e, i, y. The vowels Е, Е, Ю, Я are not "pure" sounds and in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words in letters, stress falls on the listed letters.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the force of exhalation, increased duration of sounding and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced clearly and expressively, sound analysis of syllables with stressed vowel phonemes is much easier to carry out. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retain its basic appearance is called strong position. Only a stressed sound and a syllable can take this position. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in a weak position.

• The vowel in the stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more clearly, with the greatest strength and duration.
• A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less strength and not so clearly.

In the Russian language, only one phoneme "U" retains its unchangeable phonetic properties: ku kura za, tablet, u chu si, u lov, - in all positions it is pronounced clearly as [u]. This means that the vowel "U" does not undergo a qualitative reduction. Attention: on the letter, the phoneme [y] can also be denoted by another letter "U": muesli [m'u ´sl'i], key [kl'u ´ch ’] and so on.

Parsing the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in the strong position (under stress). In such cases, "O" is not subject to reduction: cat [ko 't'ik], bell [kalako' l'ch'yk], milk [malako'], eight [vo'c'im '], search [paisko' vaya], dialect [go' var], autumn [o's'in '].

An exception to the rule of a strong position for "O", when unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only some foreign words: cocoa [cocoa "o], patio [pa" tio], radio [ra "dio], boa [bo a "] and a number of service units, for example, union no. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter "ё" - [o]: turn [t'o'rn], fire [cas't'o'r]. It will not be difficult to parse the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the position under stress.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in the words of the Russian language

It is possible to make the correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of the vowel only after the stress is placed in the word. Do not forget about the existence in our language of homonymy: for "mok - zamo" to and about the change of phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

• I'm home [ya to ma].
• New houses [but "vie da ma"].

IN unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, pronounced differently than it is written:

• mountains - mountain = [go "ry] - [gara"];
• he is online = [o "n] - [a nla" yn]
• wit t flax = [s'id'e "t'i l'n'itsa].

Similar vowel changes in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative when the duration of the sound changes. And a high-quality reduction, when the characteristic of the original sound changes.

The same unstressed vowel can change its phonetic characteristics depending on the position:

• primarily with respect to the stressed syllable;
• at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
• in naked syllables (they consist of only one vowel);
• by the influence of neighboring signs (b, b) and a consonant.

So, it differs 1st degree of reduction... It is exposed to:

• vowels in the first pre-stressed syllable;
• an overt syllable at the very beginning;
• repetitive vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the "head" of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-local [n'iz'd'e'shn'iy].

(uncovered syllable) + (2-3 pre-stressed syllable) + 1st pre-stressed syllable ← stressed syllable → stressed syllable (+2/3 stressed syllable)

• vpe-re -di [fp'ir'i d'i '];
• e-natural-nno [yi s't'e's't'v'in: a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all post-stressed syllables when parsing sound refer to 2nd degree reduction. It is also called “second degree weak position”.

• kiss [pa-tsy-la-wa't ’];
• to model [ma-dy-l'i'-ra-wat '];
• swallow [la'-sta -ch'ka];
• kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i'-na-yy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in degrees: second, third (after hard and soft agree., This is outside the curriculum): study [uch'i'ts: a], become numb [atyp'in'et't '], hope [nad'e'zhda]. In literal analysis, the reduction of a vowel in a weak position in the final open syllable (= at the absolute end of the word) will appear very slightly:

• cup;
• goddess;
• with songs;
• turn.

Sound letter parsing: iotated sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], E - [yo], Yu - [yu], I - [ya] often denote two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases, the additional phoneme is "Y"? That is why these vowels are called iotated. The meaning of the letters E, Y, Y, Y is determined by their positional position.

When parsing phonetically, the vowels e, e, yu, i form 2 sounds:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

• At the beginning of the word "Yo" and "YO" are always:
  • - hedgehog [yo' zhyts: a], Christmas tree [yo'lach'ny], hedgehog [yo' zhyk], capacity [yo' mkast '];
  • - jeweler [yuv 'il'i'r], yula [yu la'], skirt [yu' pka], Jupiter [yu p'i't'ir], briskness [yu ´rkas't '];
• at the beginning of the word "E" and "I" only under stress *:
  • - spruce [ye'l '], I go [ye'w: y], huntsman [ye' g'ir'], eunuch [ye' vuh];
  • - yacht [ya'khta], anchor [ya'kar '], yaki [ya'ki], apple [ya' blaka];
  • (* to perform sound-literal analysis of unstressed vowels "E" and "I", a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
• in the position immediately after the vowel "E" and "U" always. But "E" and "I" in stressed and unstressed syllables, except for cases when these letters are located behind the vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd post-stressed syllables in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis online and examples for specified cases:
  • - the receiver [pr'iyo'mn'ik], singing t [payot], pecking t [klyuyo ´t];
  • -yu rveda [ayu r'v'ed'da], sing t [payu ´t], melt [t'yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
• after the dividing solid "b" the sign "E" and "U" - always, and "E" and "I" only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo'm], shooting [syo'mka], adjutant [adyu "ta'nt]
• after the dividing soft "b" signs "E" and "U" - always, and "E" and "I" under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya'], brothers [brat'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya'na], blizzard [v'yu'ha], family [s'em'ya' ]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stress is crucial. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the sound analysis of the remaining iotated ones and see how they can still change their characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels"E" and "I" denote two sounds in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

• at the very beginning of a word:
  • - unity [yi d'in'e'n'i'ye], spruce [yilovy], blackberries [yizhiv'i'ka], his [yivo'], egoza [yigaza'], Yenisei [yin'is 'hey], Egypt [yig'i'p'it];
  • - January [yi nva'rskiy], core [yidro'], sarcastic [yiz'v'i't '], label [yirly'k], Japan [yipo'n'iya], lamb [yign'o'nak ];
  • (The only exceptions are rare foreign language word forms and names: Caucasian [ye wrap'io'idnaya], Eugene [ye] vgeniy, European [ye wrap'e'yits], diocese [ye] par'archia, etc.).
• immediately after the vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd post-stressed syllables, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
  • timely [svayi vr'e'm'ina], trains [payi zda'], we will eat [payi d'i'm], run over [nayi w: a't '], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi ts], students [uch'a'sh'iyi s'a], sentences [pr'idlazhe'n'iyi mi'i], vanity [suyi ta'],
  • bark [la'yi t '], pendulum [ma'yi tn'ik], hare [z'yi ts], belt [po'yi s], declare [zayi v'i't'], I will manifest [prayi in 'l'u´]
• after the dividing hard "b" or soft "b" sign: - intoxicates [p'yi n'i't], express [izyi v'i't '], announcement [abyi vl'e'n'iye], edible [this is good].

Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by "hiccups", and for the Moscow school "hiccups". Previously, the iotrated "Yo" was pronounced with a more accented "ye". With the change of capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to Moscow norms in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel "I" in the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel "I" under stress and without stress is sounded differently: fair [ya ´rmarka], but an egg [yi yzo´].

Important:

The letter "I" after the soft sign "b" also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule applies to syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's conduct a sample of sound-letter online parsing: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [on k'r'yi 'x "socks], rabbit [kro'l'ich'yi], no family [s'im 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], nobody's [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [l's'yi]. But: Vowel "O" after a soft sign "B" is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotation can be heard: broth [bul'o'n], pavilion n [pav'il'o'n], similarly: postman , champignon n, chignon n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillotine, karagno la, minion n and others.

Phonetic parsing of words when the vowels "U" "E" "E" "I" form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the indicated letters give one sound when:

• sound units "E" "U" "E" are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: w, w, c. Then they denote phonemes:
  • ё - [o],
  • e - [e],
  • yu - [y].
  Examples of online parsing by sounds: yellow [yellow], silk [sho 'lk], whole [whole], recipe [r'itse'ft], pearl [zhe'mch'uk], six [she'st '], hornet [she´ rshen'], parachute [parashu´ t];
• The letters "I" "U" "E" "E" and "I" denote the softness of the preceding consonant [’]. The only exception is for: [w], [w], [c]. In such cases in striking position they form one vowel sound:
  • ё - [o]: voucher [put'o´ fka], easy [l'o´ hk'iy], honey mushroom [ap'o´ nak], actor [act'o'r], child [rib ' o'nak];
  • e - [e]: seal [t'ul'e'n '], mirror [z'e'rkala], smarter [umn'e' ye], conveyor [canv'e' yir];
  • I - [a]: kittens [kat'a'ta], softly [m'a'hka], oath [k'a'tva], took [v'a'l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
  • yu - [y]: beak [cl'u'f], people [l'u' d'am], gateway [schl'u'c], tulle [t'u'l '], costume [cas't 'mind].
  • Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel "E" does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening has ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the XX century. In such cases, when you make phonetic analysis of the composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without the preceding apostrophe of softness: hotel [ate'l '], shoulder strap [br'ite'l'ka], test [te'st] , tennis [te´ n: is], cafe [cafe´], mashed potatoes [p'ure´], ambre [amber´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [tablet 't].
• Attention! After soft consonants in pre-stressed syllables the vowels "E" and "I" undergo a qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [and] (excl. for [c], [g], [w]). Examples of phonetic parsing of words with similar phonemes: - zerno [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], ve sely [v'i s'o'ly], ringing [z'v 'i n'i't], forest [l'i sleep'y], metitsa [m'i t'e'l'itsa], per po [p'i ro'], brought weak [pr' in'i sl'], knit [v'i z't '], la gat [l'i g't'], five grater [p'i t'o'rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonants of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in the Russian language. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by the organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hiss, whistle or sonority occurs in the voice.

How many consonants are there in Russian?

The alphabet is used to designate them 21 letters. However, when performing sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonants more, namely - 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are the consonant sounds?

In our language, consonants are:

• hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
  • [b] - [b ’]: b anan - b tree,
  • [in] - [in ’]: in height - in yun,
  • [g] - [g ']: city - duke,
  • [d] - [d ’]: da acha - d dolphin,
  • [z] - [z ']: z von - z ethere,
  • [to] - [to ’]: to onfeta - to yangaroo,
  • [l] - [l ']: l odka - luks,
  • [m] - [m ’]: magic - dreams,
  • [n] - [n ']: new - n ectar,
  • [p] - [p ’]: p alma-p yosik,
  • [p] - [p ’]: pomashka - p poison,
  • [s] - [s ’]: s ovenir - yurprise,
  • [t] - [t ’]: t uchka - t yulpan,
  • [f] - [f ’]: f lag - f evral,
  • [x] - [x ’]: x nut - x seeker.
• Certain consonants do not have a hard-soft pair. Unpaired include:
  • sounds [f], [c], [w] are always solid (life, cycl, mouse);
  • [h ’], [sch’] and [th ’] are always soft (daughter, more often yours).
• The sounds [w], [h ’], [w], [u’] in our language are called hissing.

The consonant can be voiced - deaf, as well as sonorous and noisy.

It is possible to determine voicedness-deafness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and the involvement of the organs of articulation.

• Sonorous (l, m, n, p, d) are the most sonorous phonemes, they contain a maximum of voice and a little noise: lev, r ai, nol.
• If, when pronouncing a word during sound parsing, both a voice and a noise are formed, then you have a voiced consonant (g, b, z, etc.): zavod, b people o, w from n.
• When pronouncing voiceless consonants (n, s, t and others), the vocal cords do not tense, only noise is emitted: st opka a, f ishk a, kost yum, ts irk, zashit.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of the formation: bow (b, p, d, t) - gap (w, w, h, s) and the method of articulation: labial (b, p, m) , labiodental (f, v), front lingual (t, d, z, s, c, w, w, sch, h, n, l, r), middle lingual (d), posterior lingual (k, g, x) ... The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Hint: If you are just starting to practice phonetic parsing of words, try pressing your palms to your ears and pronouncing the phoneme. If you managed to hear a voice, then the sound under study is a voiced consonant, if you hear noise, then it is deaf.

Hint: For associative communication, remember the phrases: "Oh, we haven't forgotten a friend." - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding soft-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat some shchets? - Fi! " - similarly, these cues contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonants in Russian

The consonant, like the vowel, undergoes changes. One and the same letter phonetically can mean a different sound, depending on the position occupied. In the flow of speech, the sounding of one consonant is likened to the articulation of a consonant located next to it. This effect facilitates pronunciation and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stunning / voicing

In a certain position, the phonetic law of deafness-voiced assimilation operates for consonants. A voiced paired consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

• at the absolute end of the phonetic word: but w [no'sh], snow [s'n'e'k], vegetable garden [agaro't], club [klu'p];
• before voiceless consonants: forget-me-not a [n'izabu't ka], obh vatit [apkh vat'i't ’], tu ornik [ft o'rn'ik], pipe a [corpse a].
• doing sound literal parsing online, you will notice that a voiceless paired consonant in front of a voiced consonant (except for [th '], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l '], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n '], [p] - [p']) also voiced, that is, it is replaced by its own sonorous pair: surrender [zda'ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba'], threshing [malad 'ba'], request [pro'z'ba], guess [adgada't'].

In Russian phonetics, a voiceless noisy consonant is not combined with the subsequent voiced noisy one, except for the sounds [в] - [в ']: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both phonemes [s] and [s] is equally permissible.

When parsing the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter "G" is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-literal analysis in the endings "-th", "-his" adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant "Г" is transcribed as a sound [in]: red [krasnava], blue [s'i'n'iva] , white [b'e'lava], sharp, full, former, that, this, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school curriculum on phonetics, this process is called consonant contraction: separate [hell: 'il'i't'] → the letters "T" and "D" are reduced into sounds [d'd '], bessh is clever [b'ish: u ´mny]. When parsing the composition of a number of words in the sound-letter analysis, dissimilation is observed - the process is the opposite of assimilation. In this case, the common feature of two adjacent consonants changes: the combination "GK" sounds like [xk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'oh'kh'k'iy], soft [m'ah'kh ' k'iy].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, the apostrophe ['] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

• The softening of paired solid consonants occurs before "b";
• the softness of a consonant sound in a syllable in writing will help determine the following vowel letter (e, e, i, y, i);
• [u ’], [h’] and [th] are only soft by default;
• the sound [n] is always softened before the soft consonants "Z", "S", "D", "T": claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'iceen'z' iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve [n'z'] fir, face [n'z '] iya, ka [n'd'] idat, ba [n'd '] it, and [n'd'] ivid , blo [n'd '] in, stipe [n'd'] ia, ba [n't '] ik, vi [n't'] ik, zo [n't '] ik, ve [n' t '] il, a [n't'] ichny, ko [n't '] text, rem [n't'] irovat;
• the letters "Н", "К", "Р" during phonetic analysis by composition can be softened before soft sounds [h '], [u']: glass ik [stack'n'ch'ik], change ik [sm'e ′ N'sh'ik], ponch ik [po'n'ch'ik], mason ik [kam'en'n'sh'ik], boulevard ina [bul'va'r'shch'ina], borsch [ Borsch'];
• often the sounds [z], [s], [p], [n] before a soft consonant undergo assimilation by hardness-softness: wall [s't'en'nka], life [zhyz'n '], here [ z'd'es'];
• in order to correctly perform sound-letter parsing, take into account the words of the exception, when the consonant [p] is pronounced firmly in front of soft teeth and lips, as well as before [h ’], [u’]: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note: the letter "b" after a consonant unpaired in hardness / softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during letter analysis, in square brackets, a [-] dash is put in front of the letter "b".

Positional changes in paired voiced-voiceless in front of hissing consonants and their transcription during sound-letter parsing

To determine the number of sounds in a word, it is necessary to take into account their positional changes. Paired voiced-voiceless: [d-t] or [z-s] before hissing (f, w, w, h) are phonetically replaced by a hissing consonant.

• Alphabetic analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: come [pr'iye'zhzhii], rebellion [vash e'stv'iye], izzh elta [i'zhzh elta], squeeze [zh a'l'its: but].

The phenomenon when two different letters are pronounced as one is called complete assimilation in all respects. Performing sound-letter parsing of a word, you must designate one of the repetitive sounds in transcription with the longitude symbol [:].

• Combinations of letters with a hissing "szh" - "zzh" are pronounced as a double hard consonant [w:], and "ssh" - "zsh" - as [w:]: squeezed, sew, without a tire, climbed in.
• Combinations "zzh", "zzh" inside the root when parsing sound-lettering is written in transcription as a long consonant [w:]: I drive, squeal, later, reins, yeast, burnt.
• The combinations "mid", "zh" at the junction of the root and the suffix / prefix are pronounced like a long soft [ш ':]: score [ш': о´т], scribe, customer.
• At the junction of a preposition with the next word in place of "mid", "zch" is transcribed as [uch'ch ']: without number [b'esh' h 'isla´], with something [uch'ch' emta] ...
• When parsing sound-lettering, the combinations "pt", "dch" at the junction of morphemes are defined as double soft [h ':]: pilot [l'o'ch': hik], molod ik [little'h ': ik], report [ach ': o´t].

Cheat sheet for the assimilation of consonants at the place of education

• nt → [ni ':]: happiness [ni': a's't'ye], sandstone [n'isch ': a'n'ik], peddler [razno'sh': uk], cobbled, calculations, exhaust, clear;
• zch → [uch ’:]: carver [r’e’sch’: uk], loader [gr’sch ’: uk], storyteller [rask’sch’: uk];
• zh → [u ':]: defector [p'ir'ibe' u': uk], man [musch ': i'na];
• shh → [u ':]: freckled [v'isn'shch': ity];
• stch → [u ':]: tougher [jo'sh': e], whip, snap;
• zd → [u ':]: buster [abye'sh': uk], furrowed [baro'sh ': ity];
• ssch → [ny':]: split [rasch ': ip'i't'], generous [rasch ': edr'ils'a];
• vain → [h'ch ']: to split off [ach'sh' ip'it '], to snap off [ach'sh' o'lk'ivat '], in vain [ch'ch' etna], thoroughly [h ' sh 'at'el'na];
• pt → [h ’:]: report [ach’: o′t], homeland [ach ’: izna], ciliated [r'is'n'i'h’: it’s];
• dch → [h ':]: to underline [pach': o'rk'ivat '], stepdaughter [pach': ir'itsa];
• squeeze → [f:]: compress [f: a't ’];
• zzh → [f:]: get rid of [ilh: y't ’], ignite [ro'zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a't’];
• ssh → [w:]: brought [pr'in'osh: th], embroidered [rush: y'ty];
• zsh → [w:]: lower [n'ish: y'y]
• thu → [pc], in word forms with “what” and its derivatives, making a sound-letter analysis, we write [pc]: so that [pc o'by], not at all [n'e ′ zasht a], something [ piece about n'ibut '], something;
• Thu → [h't] in other cases of literal analysis: dreamer [m'ich't a't'il '], mail [po'ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't' e'n ' iye] and TP;
• chn → [shn] in words-exceptions: of course [kan'eshn a ′], boring [sku'shn a ′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, as well as in female patronymics ending in "-ichna": Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc .;
• chn → [ch'n] - literal analysis for all other options: fabulous [skazach'n], dacha [da'ch'n th], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i'ch'n th], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc .;
• ! zhd → in place of the literal combination "zhd", double pronunciation and transcription [ш ’] or [pcs’] in the word rain and in the word forms formed from it are permissible: rainy, rainy.

Unpronounceable consonants in the words of the Russian language

During the pronunciation of a whole phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the orthograms of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic parsing online, an unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in transcription. The number of sounds in such phonetic words will be less than the number of letters.

In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:

• "T" - in combinations:
  • stn → [sn]: local [m'es'n'y], reed [trans'n''i'k]. By analogy, you can perform a phonetic analysis of the words flattering, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participatory, well-known, rainy, furious and others;
  • stl → [sl]: happy ive [sch ': asl ’and'vy"], happy ive, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and post, in them the letter "T" is pronounced);
  • ntsk → [nsk]: giant [g'iga'nsk'y], agency, presidential;
  • sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o't], eat me [vzye's: a], I swear [cl'a's: a];
  • sts → [s:]: tourist cue [tour'i's: c'y], maximalist cue [max'imal'i's: c'y], racist [ras'i's: c'y] , bests yeller, propaganda, expressionist, hindu, careerist;
  • ntg → [ng]: roentgen [r'eng 'e'n];
  • “–Sat”, “–sat” → [c:] in verb endings: smile [smile'ts: a], wash [my'ts: a], looks, fits, bows, shaves, fits;
  • ts → [c] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of the root and suffix: childish [d'e'ts k'iy], brotherly [bra'tskiy];
  • ts → [ts:] / [ts]: sports men [spark: m'en'n], send [acs yyl'at '];
  • tts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic parsing online is written as a long "ts": bratz a [bra'ts: a], father to drink [ats: yp'i't '], to father u [to ac: y´];
• "D" - when parsing the sounds in the following letter combinations:
  • zdn → [zn]: late [pos'z'n 'iy], starry [z'v'o'zniy], festive ik [pra'z'n' ik], free [b'izvazm ' e'zn th];
  • ndsh → [nsh]: mouthsh tuk [munsh tu'k], landsh aft [lansh a'ft];
  • ndsk → [nsk]: Dutch [gala'nsk'ii], Thai [thaila'nsk''ii], Norman [narma'nsk''ii];
  • zdc → [ss]: under the bridle [pad usts´];
  • ndc → [nts]: Dutch [gala'ants];
  • rdc → [rts]: heart e [s'e'rts e], heart of evin [s'irtz yv'i'na];
  • rdch → [rh "]: heart ishko [s'erch 'and'shka];
  • dts → [c:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in the roots, are pronounced and, when parsing the sound, the word is written as double [c]: subtrip [pats: ep'i't '], twenty [two'ts: yt'] ;
  • ds → [c]: factory [zavats k'y], family [rats], means [sr'e'ts tva], Kislovods k [k'islavots k];
• "L" - in combinations:
  • lnts → [nts]: suns e [so'nts e], suns state;
• "B" - in combinations:
  • vstv → [st] literal parsing of words: hello [hello uyt'e], feelings about [h'stv a], feelings [ch'u'stv 'inas't'], pampering about [dances o´], virgin [d'e´stv 'in: th].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, with the accumulation of consonants "stk", "ntk", "zdk", "ndk", the dropout of the phoneme [t] is not allowed: trip [payestka], daughter-in-law, typist, agenda, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, Irish, tartan.

• Two identical letters immediately after a stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude symbol [:] when parsing literally: class, bath, mass, group, program.
• Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are denoted in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tanël ’], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform phonetic parsing of a word online according to the indicated rules, or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word under study, use the help of a reference dictionary. Literary norms of orthoepy are regulated by the publication: “Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary - reference book ". M. 1959

References:

• Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren. - Moscow State University, Moscow: 2000
• Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. - Education, M .: 1967
• Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Russian spelling rules with comments.
• Tutorial. - "Institute for Advanced Training of Educators", Tambov: 2012
• Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. Reference book on spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. - M .: CheRo, 1999

Now you know how to parse a word by sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the format of the school curriculum. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.

Oral speech is sounding speech. It is primary, since it appeared earlier. If we want, we can write something down on paper - it will already be written speech. But there is an opportunity to record and sounding speech.

Transcription - what is it?

When we record something dictation, we record not what we hear, but what we understand. That is, we write down the words not as we heard (wada), but as the word we understood (water) is written according to the rules. And this is understandable. After all, the dictator can speak indistinctly, have bad diction. But we still understand it. And we write, for example, not “ghusha”, but “pear”.

But we can write a word not only the way it is spelled, but also the way it is pronounced. This record is called “transcription”.

Why do you need transcription?

Phonetic transcription of a word performs a number of functions:

• helps in learning a foreign language;
• gives the pronunciation rate;
• required when studying dialects;
• helps to perform phonetic parsing.

From the above, it is clear that transcriptions can be different. Some convey the norm, others - the real pronunciation.

💡

Exactly in accordance with the pronunciation norm, only the speakers from the last century speak.

Schoolchildren are interested in transcription as a basis for phonetic analysis when studying a Russian language course. Sometimes the compilers of orthoepic dictionaries resort to transcription to convey the correct pronunciation.

Partial transcription

Sometimes they resort to partial transcription. This usually happens when you need to indicate the correct pronunciation of individual sounds.

For example , mo [de] l. This means that D before E is not soft.

How to record transcription

Transcription in schools in Russian lessons is performed in square brackets using letters of the modern Russian alphabet using individual special transcriptional signs: stress, apostrophe; sometimes j.

In rare cases, teachers are asked to use the signs “ъ” and “ь” to indicate vowels in the post-stressed position, the signs “and inclined to e”, “cap”, etc. However, usually such signs are used only by students of philology, while schoolchildren do not use them and denote unstressed a and o in any position with the [a] sign, a and, z and e in unstressed position anywhere in the word with the [i] sign.

The transcription is written in square brackets.

Even if a proper name is transcribed, the capital letter is not written.

You can transcribe the word “by ear” if you can read it aloud several times, stretching out each sound. Since this is rare, it is usually transcribed “by the rules”.

Basic Rules:

• there are no signs “e”, “u”, “i”, “e” in the transcription; they are indicated after the consonant [e], [y], [a], [o], and after the vowel, b and b, or at the beginning of the word [ye], [yo], [yu], [ya];
• if the consonant is soft, an apostrophe is placed next to it;
• voiced paired consonant at the end of a word is deafened, i.e. replaced by a deaf pair;
• the same happens with a voiced consonant in front of a voiceless one, and sometimes with a voiceless consonant before a voiced one (only this phenomenon is called differently by scientists: assimilation by voicedness);
• b and b are not used in transcription, because do not indicate sounds;
• in unstressed position a and o are denoted by [a], u, e and i - [and];
• unpronounceable consonants are not pronounced, which means they are not included in the transcription;
• some sounds are also likened to "neighbors", this will have to be determined by ear.

Examples of transcription of words

Train - [po'ist]

Shoot down - [zb'it ']

Drive off - [atye'khat ']

Mowing - [kaz'ba ']

Laugh - [sm'iya'tsa]

It is known - [iz'e'sna]

What have we learned?

Transcription is a sound recording of a word as it is pronounced, or as it should be pronounced. When transcribing, schoolchildren use ordinary letters of the Russian alphabet with some exceptions and special characters. There are a number of rules to follow when recording a transcription. Transcription helps to make phonetic analysis and is an obligatory part of it.

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Learn how the English numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 20, 30, 50, 100, 1000, 1,000,000 are written in words and learn to count in English.

The VoxBook audio course contains many examples of the use of numbers and numbers. So in the novel by Robert Louis Stevenson "Treasure Island" from the famous song:

Fifteen men on the dead man's chest [fifteen people per dead man's chest]
Yo-ho-ho, and a bottle of rum [yo-ho-ho, and a bottle of rum]!
Drink and the devil had done for the rest [drink and the devil will bring you to the end]
Yo-ho-ho, and a bottle of rum!

Below are the numbers in English with transcription and translation. Further, the methods of forming cardinal numbers (Cardinal Numerals) and English counting are discussed in detail.

Table: Numbers in English with transcription from 1 to 1,000,000,000.

Number	Name in Russian	Name in English	Transcription
1	one	one
2	two	two	[ˈTuː]
3	three	three	[θriː]
4	four	four
5	five	five
6	six	six
7	seven	seven	[ˈSevn̩]
8	eight	eight
9	nine	nine
10	ten	ten
11	eleven	eleven	[ɪˈlevn̩]
12	twelve	twelve
20	twenty	twenty	[ˈTwenti]
30	thirty	thirty	[ˈΘɜːti]
40	Fourty	forty	[ˈFɔːti]
50	fifty	fifty	[ˈFɪfti]
60	sixty	sixty	[ˈSɪksti]
70	seventy	seventy	[ˈSevnti]
80	eighty	eighty	[ˈEɪti]
90	ninety	ninety	[ˈNaɪnti]
100	hundred	a (one) hundred	[ə wʌn ˈhʌndrəd]
1000	thousand	a (one) thousand	[ə wʌn ˈθaʊzn̩d]
1000000	million	million / a (one) million	[ə (wʌn) ˈmɪlɪən]
1000000000	billion	milliard / a (one) milliard (BrE) billion / a (one) billion (AmE)	[ə (wʌn) ˈmɪlɪɑːd] [ə (wʌn) ˈbɪlɪəŋ]

BrE-British English, AmE-American English

The numbers in English are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12.

The numbers in English from 1 to 12 are i.e. denote the number of items and consist of one word (see table). The spelling of the English numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 must be remembered. All other English numbers are formed on the basis of their top ten.

The numbers in English are from 13 to 19.

In English, the numbers 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19 are.
To form them, the suffix -teen is added to the English digit from 1 to 10 from the third column of the table. The result is the figure required to count from 13 to 19:

13 thirteen - thir teen[ˌΘɜːˈtiːn]
14 fourteen - four teen[ˌFɔːˈtiːn]
15 fifteen - fif teen[ˌFɪfˈtiːn]
16 sixteen - six teen
17 seventeen - seven teen[ˌSevnˈtiːn]
18 eighteen - eigh teen[ˌEɪˈtiːn]
19 nineteen - nine teen[ˌNaɪnˈtiːn]

Note that in English numbers 13 and 15, the root 3 three and 5 five are mutated:
3 - 13 teen
5 - 15 teen

Accent of numbers with the -teen suffix.
In English, numbers ending in the suffix -teen have two stresses, on the first and on the second syllable (ˌ weak secondary (secondary) stress and ˈ primary stress). Take a look at the transcription in order not to miss the pronunciation:
13 - thirteen [ˌθɜːˈtiːn]
14 - fourteen [ˌfɔːˈtiːn]
15 - fifteen [ˌfɪfˈtiːn]

If a numeral with the -teen suffix is ​​not followed by a noun, then during pronunciation the main stress falls on the -teen suffix:
fifteen
sixteen

When a numeral with the suffix -teen is the definition of a noun (i.e. it is followed by a noun), then the stress in it falls not on the suffix, but only on its first syllable:
fifteen pencils [ˈfɪftiːn ˈpensl̩z]
sixteen boxes [ˈsɪkstiːn ˈbɒksɪz]

In the VoxBook audio course in the fairy tale "The Fish and the Ring" from the English Fairy Tales collection, in which you can hear a similar accent (to do this, install the audio course on your computer and listen for yourself):

English numbers 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90.

English numbers denoting whole tens of 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, are derivatives of cardinal numbers. To form them, the suffix -ty is added to the tens digit from the third column of the table. As a result, the required number of tens is obtained:

20 twenty - twen ty[ˈTwenti]
30 thirty - thir ty[ˈΘɜːti]
40 forty - for ty[ˈFɔːti]
50 fifty - fif ty[ˈFɪfti]
60 sixty - six ty[ˈSɪksti]
70 seventy - seven ty[ˈSevnti]
80 eighty - eigh ty[ˈEɪti]
90 ninety - nine ty[ˈNaɪnti]

Please note that in English numbers 20, 30, 40 and 50, the root of 2 two, 3 three, 4 four and 5 five is modified, and in the number 80 the repetition of the letter t disappears:

2 two - 20 ty [ˈtwenti]
3 three - 30 ty [ˈθɜːti]
4 four - 40 ty [ˈfɔːti]
5 five - 50 ty [ˈfɪfti]
8 eight - 80 ty [ˈeɪti]

Accent of numbers with the -ty suffix.
In English numbers ending in the suffix -ty, stress is only on the first syllable. Check out the transcription and pronunciation:
40 - forty [ˈfɔːti]
50 - fifty [ˈfɪfti]
60 - sixty [ˈsɪksti]

English numbers 100, 1000, 1,000,000.

English numbers from 100 to 1000 and 1,000,000 are presented at the end of the table (see above).

In English, before 100 hundred, 1000 thousand, 1,000,000 million, either the indefinite article a (which has the value one - one) is put, or the word one is put:

100 one hundred - a (one) hundred [ə wʌn ˈhʌndrəd] (ie a hundred or one hundred)
1000 thousand - a (one) thousand

Please note that the article is not used with the rest of the cardinal numbers:
Three pencils. Three pencils.
Two girls. Two girls.

In 100 hundred, 1000 thousand and 1,000,000 million, the endings -s are not put, including when they are preceded by another number other than one, for example:

100 one hundred (one hundred) - one hundred or a hundred
200 two hundred - two hundred
300 three hundred - three hundred
400 four hundred - four hundred
500 five hundred - five hundred
600 six hundred - six hundred
700 seven hundred - seven hundred
800 eight hundred - eight hundred
900 nine hundred - nine hundred
Further
1000 thousand (one thousand) - one thousand or a thousand
2000 two thousand - two thousand
3000 three thousand - three thousand
4000 four thousand - four thousand
5000 five thousand - five thousand
etc.
1,000,000 million (one million) - one million or a million
2,000,000 two million
3,000,000 three million - three million
4,000,000 four million
5,000,000 five million - five million
6,000,000 six million - six million
etc.

Thus, the numeral is never given the -s ending, however ...

But: the word signifying number can refer not only to a numeral (which does not need to have the ending -s), but also to a noun that may already have an ending -s. For example, 100 hundred, 1000 thousand, and 1,000,000 million end up with -s when they express an indefinite number of hundreds, thousands, or millions. In this case, they are nouns, and the following noun (if any) is used with the preposition of:
Three millions of tons of coal. Three million tons of coal.
Hundred ideas for learning. Hundreds of learning ideas.
Some birds can fly thousand kilometers. Some birds fly thousands of kilometers.
Four or five millions of specie had been lately thrown into circulation. Four, five million hard coins (for) have recently been thrown into circulation.

All of the above applies to other English numbers from 2 and above, which act as a noun:
Magnificent seven. The magnificent seven. (singular)
How many seven your have? How many sevens do you have? (plural)

In the VoxBook audio course in the novel Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson, with this example:

Here it is about gentlemen of fortune [so always with gentlemen of fortune = pirates]... They lives rough and they risk swinging [they live without comforts and risk being hanged], but they eat and drink like fighting cocks [but they eat and drink like kings: "fighting roosters" = show off], and when a cruise is done, why, it’s hundreds of pounds instead of hundreds of farthings in their pockets [and when the voyage is over = after sailing, well, they have hundreds of pounds in their pockets instead of hundreds of farthing = pennies].

(R.L. Stevenson - "TREASURE ISLAND")

Note. In addition, the -s ending can be added to million when it is preceded by two, three, etc. provided that there is no other number after it. In this case, million is followed by a noun with the preposition of:
Two millions of books. - Two million books.

English account. Composite cardinal numbers in English.

In English counting, in composite numbers from 20 to 99 (that is, consisting of two numbers - tenths and ones), a hyphen (dash) is put between tens and the units following them:
20 - twenty [ˈtwenti]
21 - twenty-one [ˈtwenti wʌn]
22 - twenty-two [ˈtwenti ˈtuː]
etc.
30 - thirty [ˈθɜːti]
31 - thirty-one [ˈθɜːti wʌn]
32 - thirty-two [ˈθɜːti ˈtuː]
etc.

In an English account with composite numbers over 100 within every three digits, before the tens (and if there are none, then before the ones) the union and is placed:
235 - two hundred thirty-five
407 - four hundred seven
2034 - two thousand thirty-four
2004 - two thousand four
5236 - five thousand two hundred thirty-six
250129 - two hundred fifty thousand, one hundred twenty-nine
4221589 - four million two hundred twenty-one thousand five hundred eighty-nine
203000000 - two hundred three million

In the American version of the English word and is omitted, for example: 235 - two hundred hirty-five.

Some rules for translating numerals into English:

1. Russian genitive case of nouns after cardinal numbers it does not follow translate into English a noun with the preposition of (a common mistake):

In the VoxBook audio course in "JACK THE GIANT-KILLER" from the English Fairy Tales, in which this case occurs:

... he is a huge and monstrous giant [he is a huge and monstrous giant] with three heads [with three heads]; he "ll fight five hundred men in armor [he will conquer / conquer five hundred men in armor], and make them fly before him [and "will" = make them run in front of him]."

(English Fairy Tales - "JACK THE GIANT-KILLER")

2. A Russian noun in the singular after compound numerals ending in one (one, one) should be translated into English by a plural noun:
twenty one day - twenty one day
three hundred fifty-one books - three hundred and fifty-one book

3. Cardinal numbers can stand as a definition after the word being defined. This especially applies to the cases of designating page numbers, paragraphs, chapters and parts of books, numbers of houses, rooms, sizes of clothes and shoes, numbers of buses and has the meaning of an ordinal number, although it is replaced by a cardinal number:
part two - the second part
chapter seven - the seventh chapter
Read lesson three. - Read the third lesson.
Open your book on page nineteen.- Open your books to page nineteen.
He live in apartment 12 (twelve).- He lives in apartment 12.

4. Combinations of my two sisters, five of your books, two of his friends, etc. translated into English two of my sisters, five of your books, two of his friends (and not: two my brothers, five your books, two his friends - a common mistake).

For example, in the VoxBook audio course in the novel Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson, with this example:

There were six of the buccaneers, all told [there were six pirates there, "all counted" = total]; not another man was left alive [no one else survived]... Five of them were on their feet, flushed and swollen [five of them were on their feet, with reddened and swollen / faces /],

(R.L. Stevenson - "TREASURE ISLAND")

1 ) Transcription of the word "five": [p❜at❜].

4 letters, 3 sound

Customization

PRACTICE RULES 1

§ 16

§ 16. Letter I denotes a struck vowel [a] after a soft consonant (except for [ч] and [Щ]; after the letters ч and Щ, a is written; see § 15): crush, fifth, sit du, pull, you.

Thus, the words tápki and týpki (pronounced [tápki] and [t❜ apki]) contain the same vowel with the preceding hard or soft consonant.

§ 66

§ 66. The following consonants are both hard and soft: [l] and [b], [f] and [c], [t] and [d], [c] and [z], [m], [ p], [l], [n]. There is a corresponding letter for each of these consonants in the Russian graphics. The softness of these consonants at the end of the word is indicated by the letter b... Wed top and swamp (pronounced [top❜]), econom and econom (pronounced [ekań m❜]), bang and bang (pronounced [bang]), was and was (pronounced [was❜]). The softness of these consonants in front of the consonants is also indicated: corner and coal (pronounced [ugal❜ ka]), bank and banku (pronounced [bá n❜ku]), rarely and redka (pronounced [ré t❜ kъ]) ...

The softness of these consonants before vowels is indicated by the letters of the following vowels: letter I(Unlike but) denotes a vowel [a] after a soft consonant; Wed small and crumpled (pronounced [m❜ al]); letter e(Unlike O) denotes a vowel [o] after a soft consonant; Wed they say and mel (pronounced [m❜ ol]); letter Yu(Unlike at) denotes a vowel [y] after a soft consonant; Wed fat and bale (pronounced [t❜ uk]). The use of letters is distributed in approximately the same way and and NS: the letter and is used after soft consonants and at the beginning of a word, and the letter NS after hard consonants that have a soft pair; Wed game, hut, clean, sew, drank and ardor, sweet and washed, pitchfork and howled, thread and whine, wear and noses.

Examples for distinguishing between hard and soft consonants: top and swamp (pronounced [top❜]), bead and hips (pronounced [б❜ о́ drъ]), graph and grafya (pronounced [graph❜ а́]), shaft and sluggish (pronounced [v❜ al]), raft and flesh (pronounced [raft]), shame and shame (pronounced [shame á]), wasp and axis (pronounced [os❜]); thunderstorm and threatening (pronounced [graz❜ á]), ox and led (pronounced [v❜ ol]), coffin and row (pronounced [gr❜ op]), steel and steel (pronounced [stal❜]), nose and carried (pronounced [n❜ os]), onion and hatch (pronounced [l❜ uk]), gorka and bitter (pronounced [gór❜ kъ]).

She is five years junior to me.
She is five years younger than me.

The bus stop is five minutes "walk from here.
The bus stop is located a five minute walk from here.

My clock is five minutes fast.
My watch is five minutes fast.

She weighs fifty five kilograms.
She weighs fifty-five kilograms.

War began five years later.
The war began five years later.

She has brought up five children.
She raised five children.

Nouns in Latin have five declensions.
Latin nouns have five declensions.

Mary raised five children.
Mary raised five children.

This book consists of five chapters.
This book is divided into five chapters.

He comes here every five days.
He comes here every five days.

I finally caught my breath five minutes after I finished the footrace.
I finally caught my breath five minutes after the race.

She has five older brothers.
She has five older brothers.

It "s been five years since we moved here.
We moved here five years ago.

The damage to five million yen.
The damage was five million yen.

She "s been absent from school for five days.
She has been away from school for five days.

Four times five is 20.
Four times five is 20.

Five days later, President Taylor died.
Five days later, President Taylor died.

They paid me five dollars for the bag.
They paid me five dollars for the package.

Be sure to come to me by five o "clock.
Be sure to come to me by five o'clock.

I "ve got no more than five hundred yen.
I have no more than five hundred yen.

My annual income five million yen.
My annual income is over five million yen.

Do you know anybody who speaks five languages?
Do you know anyone who speaks five languages?

We have five kinds of kebab.
We have five types of kebab.

Maybe in a different universe, our basic five senses are useless and we would require different senses altogether.
Perhaps in another universe, our five basic senses will be useless, and we will need completely different senses.

I lived there for five years.
I lived there for five years.

Interlingua has five older sisters.
Interlingua has five older sisters.

They have been in my employ for five years.
They worked for me for five years.

In peacetime, we worked five days a week.
In peacetime, we worked five days a week.

We have five classes every day except Saturday.
We have five lessons every day except Saturday.

It "s five to four.
It's now five minutes to four.