The language families of the world are groups of peoples. Map of language families of the world (Linguistic Map of the World). Language groups of languages
According to the 2009 census, representatives of more than 130 nations and nationalities lived on the territory of Belarus. Among them, the most represented are Belarusians (7,957,252 or 83.7%), Russians (785,084 or 8.3%), Poles (294,549 or 3.1%), Ukrainians (158,723 or 1.7%), Jews (12 926), Armenians, Tatars, Gypsies, Azerbaijanis, Lithuanians. From 1 to 3.5 thousand Moldovans, Turkmens, Germans, Georgians, Chinese, Uzbeks, Latvians, Kazakhs, Arabs and Chuvashs also live in Belarus (Table 7).
Throughout Belarusian history, it turned out that the main population of the countryside were Belarusians, in cities and towns - Jews, many Poles lived in the north-west of the country, and Russians, including Old Believers, lived in the east. Numerous nobility - the gentry - was heavily Polonized. Currently, in cities and villages there is a motley ethnic composition, although the majority of the population (more than 80%) consider themselves to be representatives of the Belarusian nation.
Table 7- Dynamics of the national composition of Belarus according to the population censuses of 1959-2009.
| Nationality | Number, pers. | Share, % |
| total Belarus | ||
| Belarusians | 83,73 | |
| Russians | 8,26 | |
| Poles | 3,10 | |
| Ukrainians | 1,67 | |
| Jews | 0,14 | |
| Armenians | 0,09 | |
| Tatars | 0,08 | |
| gypsies | 0,07 | |
| Azerbaijanis | 0,06 | |
| Lithuanians | 0,05 | |
| Moldovans | 0,04 | |
| Turkmens | 0,03 | |
| Germans | 0,03 | |
| Georgians | 0,03 | |
| Chinese | 0,02 | |
| Uzbeks | 0,02 | |
| Latvians | 0,02 | |
| Kazakhs | 0,01 | |
| Arabs | 0,01 | |
| Chuvash | 0,01 | |
| Mordva | 0,01 | |
| Bashkirs | 0,01 |
The language family is the largest unit of classification of peoples (ethnic groups) on the basis of their linguistic kinship - the common origin of their languages from the alleged base language. Language families are divided into language groups (Tables 8 - 9).
The largest in number is the Indo-European language family, which includes language groups:
Romance: French, Italians, Spaniards, Portuguese, Moldavians, Romanians, etc.;
Germanic: Germans, British, Scandinavians, etc.;
Slavic: Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats, etc.
The second largest is the Sino-Tibetan language family, with the largest Chinese language group.
The Altaic language family includes a large Turkic language group: Turks, Azerbaijanis, Tatars, Kazakhs, Turkmens, Uzbeks, Kirghiz, Yakuts, etc.
The Uralic language family includes the Finno-Ugric group: Finns, Estonians, Hungarians, Komi, etc.
The Semitic group belongs to the Semitic-Hamitic language family: Arabs, Jews, Ethiopians, etc.
The Belarusian language belongs to the Slavic group of the Indo-European language family.
Table 8- Largest language families
| Family | Number of living languages | Number of media | Main countries of use | ||
| Number | Share of the total number of languages, % | Number, million | Share of population, % | ||
| Altai | 0.93 | 2,53 | Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, Georgia, Iran, China, Russia, Mongolia, Turkey | ||
| Afro-Asian | 5,11 | 5,93 | Algeria, Afghanistan, Egypt, Israel, Somalia, UAE, Chad | ||
| Austronesian | 18,03 | 5,45 | Indonesia, Madagascar, Malaysia, New Zealand, Samoa, USA | ||
| Dravidian | 1,06 | 3,87 | India, Nepal, Pakistan | ||
| Indo-European | 6,22 | 44,78 | Austria, Armenia, Belgium, Belarus, Great Britain, Venezuela, Germany, India, Peru, Russia, USA, Ukraine, France, South Africa | ||
| Niger-Congolese | 21,63 | 6,26 | Angola, | ||
| Sino-Tibetan | 5,77 | 22,28 | Bangladesh, India, China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia | ||
| Non-Austronesian languages of New Guinea | 8,12 | 0,06 | Australia, East Timor, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea | ||
| Total | 65,94 | 91,16 | - |
Table 9- Division into language families and groups
| Family | Group | Subgroup | peoples |
| Indo-European | Slavic | East Slavic | Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians |
| West Slavic | Poles, Lusatians, Czechs, Slovaks | ||
| South Slavic | Slovenes, Croats, Muslim Slavs (Bosniaks), Serbs, Montenegrins, Macedonians, Bulgarians | ||
| Baltic | Lithuanians, Latvians | ||
| german | Germans, Austrians, Swiss Germans, Liechtensteiners, Alsatians, Luxembourgers, Flemings, Dutch, Frisians, Afrikaners, Jews of Europe and America, British, Scots, Jutlando-Irlappers, Anglo-Africans, Anglo-Australians, Anglo-New Zealanders, Anglo-Canadians, US Americans, Bahamians, Saints, Jamaicans, Grenadians, Barbadians, Trinidadians, Belizeans, Guyanese Creoles, Surinamese Creoles, Swedes, Norwegians, Icelanders, Faroese, Danes. | ||
| Celtic | Irish, Gaelic, Welsh, Breton | ||
| Romanskaya | Italians, Sardinians, Sanmarines, Italo-Swedes, Corsicans, Romansh, French, Monegasques (Monacans), Normans, Franco-Swiss, Walloons, French Canadians, Guadalupes, Martiniques, Guyanese, Haitians, Reunion Creoles, Mauritian-Creoles, Seychellois, Spaniards, Gibraltarians , Cubans, Dominicans, Puerto Ricans, Mexicans, Guatemalans, Hondurans, Salvadorans, Nicaraguans, Costa Ricans, Panamanians, Venezuelans, Colombians, Ecuadorians, Peruvians, Bolivians, Chileans, Argentines, Paraguayans, Uruguayans, Catalans, Andorrans, Portuguese, Brazilians, Brazilians , Antilles, Romanians, Moldavians, Aromans, Istro-Romanians. | ||
| Albanian | Albanians | ||
| Greek | Greeks, Greek Cypriots, Karakachans | ||
| Armenian | Armenians | ||
| Iranian | Talysh, Gilyans, Mazendarans, Kurds, Balochs, Lurs, Bakhtiars, Persians, Tats, Khazars, Charaimaks, Tajiks, Pamir peoples, Pashtuns (Afghans), Ossetians. | ||
| Nuristan | Nuristani | ||
| Indo-Aryan | Bengalis, Assamese, Oriya, Biharis, Tharu, Hindustanis, Rajasthani, Gujaratis, Parsis, Bhils, Marathas, Konkanis, Punjabis, Dogras, Sindhis, Western Paharis, Kumaoni, Garkhwali, Gujars, Nepalis, Kashmiris, Sheena, Kohistani, Kho, Pashais , Thirahs, Indo-Mauritians, Indo-Pakistani Surinamese, Indopakistani Trinidadians, Fijian Indians, Gypsies, Sinhalese, Veddas, Maldivians. | ||
| Ural-Yukaghir family | Finno-Ugric | Finns, Karelians, Vepsians, Izhors, Estonians, Livs, Sami, Mari, Mordovians, Udmurts, Komi, Komi-Permyaks, Hungarians, Khanty, Mansi | |
| samoyed | Nenets, Enets, Nganasans, Selkups | ||
| Yukagir | Yukagirs | ||
| Altai | Turkic | Turks, Turkish Cypriots, Gagauz, Azerbaijanis, Karadags, Shakhsevens, Karapapahis, Afshars, Qajars, Qashqais, Khorasan Turks, Khalajs, Turkmens, Salars, Tatars, Crimean Tatars, Karaites, Bashkirs, Karachays, Balkars, Kumyks, Nogais, Kazakhs, Karakalpaks , Kyrgyz, Uzbeks, Uighurs, Altaians, Shors, Khakasses, Tuvans, Tofalars, Uriankhais, Yugu, Dolgan Yakuts | |
| Mongolian | Khalkha Mongols, PRC Mongols, Oirats, Darhats, Kalmyks, Buryats, Daurs, Tu (Mongors), Dongxiang, Baoan, Mughals | ||
| Tungus-Manchu | Evenks, Negidals, Evens, Orochs, Udeges, Nanais, Ulchis, Oroks | ||
| Kartvelian | Georgians | ||
| Dravidian | South | Tamil, Irula, Malayali, Erawa, Erukala, Kaykadi, Kannara, Badaga, Kurumba, Toda, Kodagu, Tulu, Telugu | |
| Central | Kolami, parji, gadaba, gond, khond (kui, kuvi), konda | ||
| northeastern | Oraon (kuruh), malto | ||
| Northwestern | Bragui | ||
| Korean | Koreans | ||
| Japanese | Japanese | ||
| Eskimo-Aleutian | Eskimos (including Greenlanders), Aleuts | ||
| Sino-Tibetan | Chinese | Chinese, Hui (Dungan), Bai | |
| Tibeto-Burmese | Tibetans, Bhotia, Sherpa, Bhutanese, La Dakhi, Balti, Magar, Qiang, Myanmar (Burmese), Yizu, Tuja, Naxi, Hani, Lisu, Lahu, Chin, Kuki, Mizo (Lush), Manipur (Meithei), Naga , mikir, karens, kaya | ||
| Kachinskaya | Kachin (jingpo), sak, etc. | ||
| Bodo-garo | Garo, bodo, tripura | ||
| Miju | Miju | ||
| Digaro | Digaro, midu | ||
| Miri | Adi (abor), Miri | ||
| Dhimal | Dhimal | ||
| Lekcha | Lekcha | ||
| East Himalayan | Rai (Kirati), Limbu | ||
| Newari | Newari | ||
| Gurung | Gurung, tamang (murumi), limbu | ||
| Afroasian (Semitic-Hamitic) | Semitsk | Arabs of Southwest Asia and North Africa, Maltese, Jews of Israel, Assyrians, Amhara, Argobba, Harari, Gurage, Tigray, Tigre | |
| Berber | Kabils, Shauya, Reefs, Tamazight, Shilh (Shleh), Tuareg | ||
| Chadian | Hausa, angas, sura, ankwe, bade, boleva, bura, mandara (vandala), kotoko, masa, mubi | ||
| Cushitic | Beja, agau, afar (danakil), sakho, oromo (gal-la), somali, konso, sidamo, ometo, kaffa, gimira, maji | ||
| Niger-Kordofanian (Congo-Kardafanian) | Mande | Malinke, Bambara, Gyula, Soninke, Susu, Mende, Kpel-le, Dan | |
| niger-congo | West Atlantic | Fulbe, Tukuler, Wolof, Serer, Diola, Bolante, Temne, Kisei, Limba | |
| Central Niger-Congo | Gur: mine, gourma, somba, bobo, pears, tem, cabre, loby, bariba, kulango, senufo, dogon, etc. Kru peoples: kru, here, grebo, bahwe, bete, etc. Western peoples: akan, anyi, Baule, Guang, Ga, Adangme, Ewe, Fon, etc. Eastern peoples: Yoruba, Gegala, Nule, Gwari, Igbira, Idamo, Bini, Igbo, Jukun, Ibibio, Kambari, Katab, Tiv, Ekoi, Bamileke, Tikar, Duala , fang, makaa, teke, bobangi, ngombe, bua, mongo, tetela, konzo, rwanda (nyaruanada), rundi, ha, nyoro, nyankole, kiga, ganda, soga, haya, ziba, luhya, gishu, geese, kikuyu, meru, kamba, chaga, mijikenda, fipa, nyamwesi, gogo, shamballa, zaramo, swahili, comoros, hehe, bena, kinga, congo, ambundu, chokwe, liona, luba, lunda, conde, tonga, matengo, bemba, malavi, Yao, Makonde, Makua, Lomwe, Ovim-Bundu, Ovambo, Shona, Venda, Tswana, Pedi, Suto, Lozi, Xhosa, Zulu, Swazi, Ndebele, Matebele, Ngoni, Tsonga (Shangaan), Santomy, Pygmies, etc. Adamua - Ubangi peoples: Chamba, Mumuye, Mbum, Gbaya, Ngbandi, Mundu, Sere, Banda, Zande (Azande), Mba, Pygmies binga | ||
| Kordofanskaya | Ebang, tegali, talodi, katla, kadugli | ||
| Nilo-Saharan | East Sudanese | Nubians, Highland Nubians, Murle, Tama, Daju, Dinka, Kumam, Nuer, Shilluk, Acholi, Lango, Alur, Luo (Joluo), Kalenjin, Bari, Lotuko, Maasai, Teso, Turkana, Karamojong | |
| Central Sudanese | Kresh, Bongo, Sarah, Bagirmi, Moru, Mangbetu, Efe Pygmies and Asua | ||
| Bertha | Bertha | ||
| Kunama | Kunama | ||
| Saharan | Kanuri, tubu, zagawa | ||
| Songhai | Songhai, shit, dandy | ||
| Fur | Fur | ||
| Komuz | Coma, running | ||
| Khoisan | South African Khoisan | Hottentots, Mountain Damara, Kung Bushmen, Kham Bushmen | |
| Sandawe | Sandawe | ||
| Hadza | Hadza | ||
| North Caucasian | Abkhaz-Adyghe | Abkhazians, Abazins, Adyghes, Kabardians, Circassians | |
| Nakh-Dagestan | Avars (including Ando-Tsezes), Laks, Dargins, Lezgins, Udins, Aguls, Rutuls, Tsakhurs, Tabasarans, Chechens, Ingush | ||
| Western Himalayan | kanauri, lahuli | ||
| Austroasiatic | Mon-Khmer | Viet (throw), muong, tho, khmer, sui, sedang, kui, khre (tamre), bahnar, mnong, stieng, koho (cf), moi, wa, palaung (benlun), puteng, bulan, lamet, khmu. Ashley group. Peoples: Senoi, Semangs | |
| Nicobar | Nicobars | ||
| Khasi | Khasi | ||
| Munda | Santals, munda, ho, bhumij, kurku, kharia | ||
| miao yao | Miao, she, yao | ||
| Kadai | Thai | Siamese (Khontai), Fuan, Li (Lu), Shan, Danu, Khun, Dai, Lao (Laotian), Thai, Phutai, Tai, Nung, Santai, Zhuang | |
| Kamsuyskaya | Dong (kam), shui (sui) | ||
| Ong-be | Ong-be | ||
| Lee | Lee | ||
| Lakkya | Lakkya | ||
| Gelao | Gelao (galo), mulao (mulem), maonan | ||
| Austronesian | West Austronesian | Cham (Tyam), Raglai, Ede (Rade), Zarai, Indonesian Malays, Malaysian Malays, Malays, Minangkabau, Kerinchi, Rejang, Middle Sumatran Malays (Pasemah, Seravei), Lembak, Banjars, Iban, Kedayan, Kubu, Aceh, Madurians, Gayo, Batak, Alas, Simalurians, Nias, Abung (Lampungians), Sunds, Javanese, Tengger, Balinese, Sasak, Sumbavians, Barito-Dayaks (Maanyan, etc.), Ngaju, Otdanum, Sushi Dayaks (Clementan), Murut, Kadazan (Dusun), Kelabit, Melanau, Kayan, Punan, Kenyah, Bajao (Oranglaut), Bugis (Boogie), Makassar, Mandar, Butung, Toraja, Tomini, Mori, Lalaki, Bunglu, Loinang, Banggay, Gorontalo, Bolaang-Mongondow, Minahasa, Sangirese, Malagasy, Talaudian, Tagaly, Kapam-Pagan, Sambal, Pangasinan, Iloki, Ibanang, Bikol, Bisaya (Visaya), Tausoug, Mara-Nao, Maguindanao, Yakan, Samal, Inibaloi, Kankanai, Bontok, Ifugao, Itneg , Kalinga, Itavi, Palavegno, Davavegno, Tagakaulu, Subanon, Bukidnon, Manobo, Thirurai, Tboli, Blaan, Bogobo, Aeta, Chamorro, Belau, Yap | |
| Central Austronesian | Bima, Sumbans, Manggarai, Ende, Lio, Khavu, Sikka, Lamaholot, Rotians, Ema (Kemak), Atoni, Tetum, Mambai, Kei people | ||
| East Austronesian | Melanesian peoples: South Halmaherans, Biaknumforians, Takia, Adzera, Motu, Sinagoros, Keapara, Kilivila and other Melanesians of Papua New Guinea, Areare and other Melanesians of the Solomon Islands, Erats and other Melanesians of Vanuatu, Kanaks (Melanesians of New Caledonia), Fijians, Rotuma. Micronesian peoples: Truk, Pokhipei, Kosrae, Kiribati, Nauru, etc. Polynesian peoples: Tonga, Niue, Tuvalu, Futuna, Uwea, Samoa, Tokelau, Pukapuka, Rarotonga, Tahitians, Tubuai, Paumotu (Tuamotu), Marquesans, Mangareva, Maori , Hawaiians, Rapanui, etc. | ||
| Andaman | Onge | ||
| Trans-New Guinean | Enga, Huli^ Angal, Keva, Hagen, Wahgi, Chimbu, Kamano, Dani, Ekachi, Yagalik, Asmat, Kapau, Bunak | ||
| Sepik frame | Abelam, boyiken | ||
| Torricelli | Olo, arapesh | ||
| West Papuan | Ternatians, Tidorians, Galelas, Tobelos | ||
| East Papuan | Nation, buin | ||
| North American | Continental na-den | Athabaskans, Apaches, Navajos | |
| Haida | Haida | ||
| Almosan Quereciu | Algonquians (including Cree, Montagne, Nasca Pi, Ojibwe, etc.), Wakash, Salish, Keres, Dakota (Sioux), Caddo, Iroquois, Cherokee | ||
| Penuti | Tsimshian, Sahaptin, California Penuti, Muscogee, Totonaki, Mikhe, Huastec, Chol, Choctaw, Tzotzil, Canhobal, Mam, Maya, Quiche, Kakchi-Kel, etc. Hoka group. Peoples: Tequizlatec, Tlapanec | ||
| Central American | Uto-Aztec | Shoshone, Papago-Pima, Tepehuan, Yaqui, Mayo, Tarahumara, Nahuatl (Aztec), Pipil | |
| pano | Teva, Kiowa | ||
| Oto manga | Otomi, Masawa, Mazatec, Mixtec, Zapotec | ||
| Quechua | Quechua | ||
| Aymara | Aymara | ||
| South | Mapuche (Araucans), Puelche, Tehuelche, Selknam (She), Kawaskar (Alakaluf), Yamana | ||
| Equatorial Tucanoan | macro tucano | Tukano, maku, katukina, nambiquara | |
| equatorial | Arawaki, Guaivo, Jivaro, Tupi (including Guarani), Samuko | ||
| chibcha paez | Chibcha | Tarasca, Lenca, Miskito, Guaimi, Kuna, Yanomam, etc. Paes group. Peoples: Embera, Warao | |
| Zepano-Caribbean | caribbean | caribbean, uitoto | |
| same pano | Pano, matako, toba, same, kaingang, botokudo, bororo | ||
| Australian | Mabunag, dhuwal, jangu, gugu-yimidhirr, aranda, alya varra, varl-piri, pintupi, pitjantjajara, ngaanyatjara, valmajari, nyangumarda, images-barndi, murrinh-patha, tiwi, gunvingu, enindhilyagwa | ||
| Chukchi-Kamchatka | Chukchi, Koryaks, Itelmens |
In addition to the listed languages of the peoples of the world that are members of certain language families and groups, there are a number of languages that are not assigned to any families. These include Basque, Burishk, Ket, Nivkh, Ainu and some other languages.
Languages develop like living organisms, and languages that come from the same ancestor (called a "proto-language") are part of the same language family. A language family can be divided into subfamilies, groups, and subgroups: for example, Polish and Slovak belong to the same subgroup of West Slavic languages, which is part of the Slavic language group, which is a branch of the larger Indo-European family.
Comparative (contrastive) linguistics, as its name implies, compares languages in order to discover their historical connections. This can be done by comparing the phonetics of languages, their grammar and vocabulary, even in cases where there are no written sources of their ancestors.
The further away languages are from each other, the more difficult it is to find genetic links between them. For example, none of the linguists doubts that the Spanish and Italian languages are related, meanwhile, the existence of the Altaic language family (including the Turkish and Mongolian languages) is questioned and not recognized by all linguists. At the moment, it is simply impossible to know whether all languages come from the same ancestor. If a single human language existed, then it must have been spoken ten thousand years ago (if not more). This makes comparison extremely difficult or even impossible.
List of language families
Linguists have identified over a hundred major language families (language families that are not considered related to each other). Some of them consist of only a few languages, while others consist of more than a thousand. Here are the main language families of the world.
| language family | range | Languages |
|---|---|---|
| Indo-European | From Europe to India, modernity, by continent | Over 400 languages spoken by nearly 3 billion people. This includes Romance languages (Spanish, Italian, French...), Germanic (English, German, Swedish...), Baltic and Slavic languages (Russian, Polish...), Indo-Aryan languages (Persian, Hindi, Kurdish, Bengali and many other languages spoken from Turkey to northern India), as well as others such as Greek and Armenian. |
| Sino-Tibetan | Asia | Chinese languages, Tibetan and Burmese |
| Niger-Congolese (Niger-Kordofanian, Congo-Kordofanian) | Sub-Saharan Africa | Swahili, Yoruba, Shona, Zulu (Zulu language) |
| Afro-Asiatic (Afro-Asiatic, Semitic-Hamitic) | Middle East, North America | Semitic languages (Arabic, Hebrew...), Somali (Somali) |
| Austronesian | Southeast Asia, Taiwan, Pacific Ocean, Madagascar | Over a thousand languages including Filipino, Malagasy, Hawaiian, Fijian... |
| Ural | Central, Eastern and Northern Europe, Northern Asia | Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian, Sami, some languages of Russia (Udmurt, Mari, Komi...) |
| Altai (disputed) | from Turkey to Siberia | Turkic languages (Turkish, Kazakh...), Mongolian languages (Mongolian...), Tungus-Manchu languages, some researchers include here Japanese and Korean |
| Dravidian | South India | Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada, Telugu |
| thai kadai | Southeast Asia | Thai, Lao |
| Austroasiatic | Southeast Asia | Vietnamese, Khmer |
| Na-Dene (Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit) | North America | Tlingit, Navo |
| tupi (tupi) | South America | Guaranian languages (Guarani languages) |
| Caucasian (disputed) | Caucasus | Three language families. Among the Caucasian languages, the largest number of speakers is Georgian |
Special cases
Isolated languages (isolate languages)
An isolate language is an "orphan": a language that has not been proven to belong to any of the known language families. The best example is the Basque language spoken in Spain and France. Despite being surrounded by Indo-European languages, it is very different from them. Linguists have compared Basque with other languages spoken in Europe, with Caucasians and even with Americans, but no links have been found.
Korean is another well-known isolate, although some linguists suggest a connection with the Altaic languages or Japanese. Japanese is sometimes considered an isolate on its own, but is best described as belonging to a small Japanese family that includes several related languages such as Okinawan.
Pidgin and Creole languages
A pidgin is a simplified communication system that has developed between two or more groups that do not share a common language. It does not come directly from one language, it has absorbed the characteristics of several languages. When children begin to learn a pidgin as their first language, it develops into a full-fledged, stable language called Creole.
Most of the pidgin or creole languages spoken today are the result of colonization. They are based on English, French or Portuguese. One of the most widely spoken Creole languages is Tok Pisin, which is the official language of Papua New Guinea. It is based on English but its grammar is different, its vocabulary including many loanwords from German, Malay, Portuguese and several local languages.
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TEST RESULTS FOR FINAL OBSERVATION "POPULATION"
I am an option
2) decrease in mortality.
1) exceeds mortality;
3) with mortality.
the third
1) 12-10 = 2; 4) 26-7 = 19;
2) 13-8 = 5; 5) 43-13 = 30.
3) 19-7 = 12;
1) to all countries of the world;
sixth
1) Russia and Iran;
2) Iran and Canada;
3) Canada and Germany.
1) coastal mountainous areas;
2) coastal plains;
8. The minimum population density on these peninsulas is the peninsula:
2) Florida; 4) Arabic.
ninth
The main reason for the high population density in the countries of South and Southeast Asia is:
10. The most homogeneous regions of the world in terms of population density are:
1) North Africa;
2) foreign Europe;
3) foreign Asia;
4) North America;
5) Latin America.
11
The main indicator of the degree of urbanization is:
4) low level and speed.
13th
2) India; 4) Chad.
2) China; 4) Indonesia.
1) Russia; 3) India;
2) Japan; 4) Canada.
1) Spanish;
2) Portuguese;
3) English;
4) Brazilian.
seventeenth
1) extractive industry;
2) agriculture;
3) construction;
4) unproductive sphere.
Option 2
1) high birth rate;
2) low mortality;
second
1) Negative;
2) is equal to zero;
3) positive.
1) China; 3) India;
2) Japan; 4) Kenya.
1) 17-19 = -2; 4) 43-13 = 30;
2) 25-20 = 5; 5) 13-8 = 5.
3) 26-7 = 19;
5. The lowest rates of natural growth are typical for:
3) North America;
sixth
The age structure of the population with high doses of older people and a small proportion of children is typical for countries:
1) develop;
2) development.
7. As a rule, the lowest average population density is typical for:
1) coastal mountainous areas;
2) coastal plains;
3) continental terrestrial mountainous regions;
4) Intercontinental plains.
1) Madagascar; 3) Java;
2) Wrangel; 4) Sardinia.
ninth
1) extremely favorable natural conditions;
2) history of settlements;
10. Natural zones of the Earth - the lowest density. The characteristics of the population are:
1) arctic deserts;
2) tundra;
3) taiga;
4) desert of the temperate zone;
5) tropical deserts.
1) the number of large cities;
2) the proportion of the urban population;
3) the presence of a metropolis.
12
The process of urbanization in developed countries is characterized by:
1) low rates and rates;
I3. Divide the countries of the world as the proportion of the urban population is declining:
1) Brazil; 3) Kuwait;
2) Ethiopia; 4) Zaire.
14. The first place in the world for the absolute number of citizens is:
1) Russia; 3) United States;
2) China; 4) Brazil.
fifteenth
The countries are characterized by the most diverse national composition of the population:
1) foreign Europe;
2) foreign Asia;
3) Africa;
4) Latin America.
1) Spanish; 3) English;
2) Arabic; 4) French.
17. The structure of employment in highly developed countries is characterized by a predominance of employment in:
1) industry;
2) unproductive sphere;
3) agriculture;
4) construction.
15
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I am an option
1. The main reason for the rapid increase in the population of the Earth is:
1) a significant increase in the birth rate;
2) decrease in mortality.
2, In most countries of the world, the birth rate is:
1) exceeds mortality;
2) approximately equal to mortality;
3) with mortality.
the third
The countries with the highest birth and death rates are:
1) Africa; 3) foreign Europe;
2) foreign Asia; 4) Latin America.
4. The countries of foreign Europe are characterized by the following average population reproduction formula (in million-1):
1) 12-10 = 2; 4) 26-7 = 19;
2) 13-8 = 5; 5) 43-13 = 30.
3) 19-7 = 12;
5. The population explosion is currently characterized by:
1) to all countries of the world;
2) mostly developed countries;
3) especially in developing countries.
sixth
Male population predominates:
1) Russia and Iran;
2) Iran and Canada;
3) Canada and Germany.
7. As a rule, peak population density is characterized by:
1) coastal mountainous areas;
2) coastal plains;
3) continental terrestrial mountainous regions;
4) Intercontinental plains.
eighths
The smallest population density on these peninsulas is the peninsula:
1) Scandinavian; 3) California;
2) Florida; 4) Arabic.
9. The main reason for the high population density in the countries of South and Southeast Asia is:
1) extremely favorable natural conditions;
2) employment of the population in labor-intensive agriculture;
3) high level of industrial development.
tenths
The most homogeneous regions of the world in terms of population density are:
1) North Africa;
2) foreign Europe;
3) foreign Asia;
4) North America;
5) Latin America.
11. The main indicator of the degree of urbanization is:
1) the number of large cities;
2) the ratio between the urban and rural population;
3) the presence of urban agglomerations;
4) the presence of cities - millionaires.
12. The process of urbanization in most developing countries is characterized by:
1) high level and speed;
2) high rates and low rates;
3) low level and high level;
4) low level and speed.
13th
Divide the countries of the world as the percentage of the urban population grows:
1) the United States; 3) Kuwait;
2) India; 4) Chad.
14. The first place in the world in the absolute number of citizens is:
1) Russia; 3) United States;
2) China; 4) Indonesia.
15. The most multiethnic country in the world:
1) Russia; 3) India;
2) Japan; 4) Canada.
16. The official language of Brazil is:
1) Spanish;
2) Portuguese;
3) English;
4) Brazilian.
seventeenth
The employment structure of most developing countries is characterized by a predominance of employment in:
1) extractive industry;
2) agriculture;
3) construction;
4) unproductive sphere.
Option 2
1. The main reason for the increase in the population of the Earth is:
1) high birth rate;
2) low mortality;
3) excess birth rate is higher than mortality rate.
second
In the vast majority of countries in the world, natural population growth:
1) Negative;
2) is equal to zero;
3) positive.
3. Highest birth rate and natural increase among countries in the world:
1) China; 3) India;
2) Japan; 4) Kenya.
4. Africa is characterized by the following average population reproduction formula (in million shares):
1) 17-19 = -2; 4) 43-13 = 30;
2) 25-20 = 5; 5) 13-8 = 5.
3) 26-7 = 19;
fifth
The lowest natural growth rates are typical for:
1) Africa; 4) foreign Europe;
2) foreign Asia; 5) Latin America.
3) North America;
6. The age structure of the population with high doses of older people and a low proportion of children is typical for countries:
1) develop;
2) development.
seventh
family language
Generally, the lowest average population density is typical for:
1) coastal mountainous areas;
2) coastal plains;
3) continental terrestrial mountainous regions;
4) Intercontinental plains.
8. Highest Population Density Island - Island:
1) Madagascar; 3) Java;
2) Wrangel; 4) Sardinia.
ninth
What is the main reason for the high population density in the northeastern United States:
1) extremely favorable natural conditions;
2) history of settlements;
3) a high level of development of agriculture.
tenths
The natural regions of the Earth are the lowest density. The characteristics of the population are:
1) arctic deserts;
2) tundra;
3) taiga;
4) desert of the temperate zone;
5) tropical deserts.
11. The main indicator of the degree of urbanization is:
1) the number of large cities;
2) the proportion of the urban population;
3) the presence of a metropolis.
12. The process of urbanization in developed countries is characterized by:
1) low rates and rates;
2) low level with high levels;
3) high level with decreasing rates;
4) high speed and speed.
I3.
Divide the countries of the world as the proportion of the urban population is declining:
1) Brazil; 3) Kuwait;
2) Ethiopia; 4) Zaire.
fourteenth
First place in the world in terms of the absolute number of citizens:
1) Russia; 3) United States;
2) China; 4) Brazil.
15. The most diverse ethnic composition of the population is typical for countries:
1) foreign Europe;
2) foreign Asia;
3) Africa;
4) Latin America.
16. Language of India as national language (together with Hindi):
1) Spanish; 3) English;
2) Arabic; 4) French.
seventeenth
The structure of employment in highly developed countries is characterized by a predominance of employees in:
1) industry;
2) unproductive sphere;
3) agriculture;
4) construction.
15
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Cultural and historical features of the peoples of Russia. The main religions prevalent in the country.
Russia is a multinational country. Peoples are different in their numbers, language, settlement patterns, national traditions, customs, traditional occupations, way of life.
Russians (the largest people in Russia - 120 million people) live throughout Russia. The most important cultural and historical feature of this people is its centuries-old migration activity and the constant presence in the past of sparsely populated areas near the main places of Russian settlement.
Russian groups in the process of migration found themselves in a variety of natural-historical conditions. They adopted the labor skills of the indigenous population and at the same time brought their labor experience (in particular, agricultural) to the areas of new settlement. The Russian village is characterized by a log cabin, a Russian stove.
Since the main occupation was agriculture, the role of bread, flour, cereal dishes, vegetables is great in the national Russian cuisine. Folk art - ceramics (Gzhel), bone carving (Arkhangelsk region), woodcarving, enamel (Rostov), lacquer miniature (Palekh, Fedoskino), tray painting (Zhostovo), lace weaving (Vologda), painted clay toy (Dymkovo ).
The culture of Ukrainians and Belarusians is close to Russian, as the peoples are closely connected by the historical path of development.
Some peoples of the Altaic language family (Tuvans, Bashkirs) in the past were engaged in nomadic cattle breeding, which is associated with the nature of their places of residence. In the manufacture of portable dwellings, clothes, shoes, animal skins were used. The food was dominated by meat and dairy products (Bashkir koumiss).
The peoples living in the north of Russia (Khanty, Mansi, Chukchi) are traditionally engaged in reindeer herding, hunting and fishing.
Their culture and way of life testify that these peoples have adapted well to life in the difficult natural conditions of the North.
Fill in the table Language families and groups of peoples of Russia
The peoples of the North Caucasus are famous for their masters of weapons and jewelry (Kuba-chi).
There are several religions in Russia.
Orthodoxy is spread throughout the country. It is professed by Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians (the latter along with Catholicism) and many other peoples, including (along with the remnants of Shamaism) believers of the small peoples of the North (Nenets, Chukchi, Evenks, etc.). Islam, Buddhism (Lamaism) are widespread in the areas of residence of certain peoples of Russia.
Tatars, Bashkirs, many peoples of the North Caucasus profess Islam. Buryats, Kalmyks, Tuvans - Buddhism (Lamaism).
Russia is a multinational country, which means it is multilingual. Linguistics scientists count 150 languages - here, such a language as Russian, which is spoken by 97.72% of the population in Russia, and the language of the Negidals, a small people (only 622 people!), Living on the Amur River, are taken into account on an equal footing.
Some languages are very similar: people can speak their own language and at the same time understand each other perfectly, for example, Russian - Belarusian, Tatar - Bashkir, Kalmyk - Buryat.
In other languages, although they also have a lot in common - sounds, some words, grammar - it will still not be possible to agree: a Mari with a Mordovian, a Lezghin with an Avar. And finally, there are languages - scientists call them isolated ones - that are not like any other.
These are the languages of the Kets, Nivkhs and Yukagirs.
Most of the languages of Russia belong to one of the four language families:
- Indo-European;
- Altai;
- Ural;
- North Caucasian.
Each family has a common ancestor language - the proto-language. The ancient tribes that spoke such a parent language moved, mixed with other peoples, and the once single language fell apart into several. This is how many languages appeared on Earth.
Let's say Russian belongs to Indo-European family.
In the same family - English and German, Hindi and Farsi, Ossetian and Spanish (and many, many others). Part of a family group Slavic languages. Here, Czech and Polish, Serbo-Croatian and Bulgarian, etc., coexist with Russian.
e. And together with closely related Ukrainian and Belarusian, it is included in the subgroup East Slavic languages. More than 87% of the population speaks Indo-European languages in Russia, but only 2% of them are not Slavic. These are Germanic languages: German and Yiddish; Armenian (one makes up a group); Iranian languages: Ossetian, Tat, Kurdish and Tajik; Romance: Moldavian; and even the new Indian languages spoken by the gypsies in Russia.
Altai family in Russia it is represented by three groups: Turkic, Mongolian and Tungus-Manchu.
There are only two peoples who speak Mongolian languages - Kalmyks and Buryats, but one enumeration of Turkic languages \u200b\u200bmay surprise. These are Chuvash, Tatar, Bashkir, Karachay-Balkar, Nogai, Kumyk, Altai, Khakass, Shor, Tuva, Tofalar, Yakut, Dolgan, Azerbaijani, etc. Most of these peoples live in Russia. In our country, there are also such Turkic peoples as Kazakhs, Kirghiz, Turkmens, Uzbeks.
The Tungus-Manchu languages include Evenki, Even, Negidal, Nanai, Oroch, Orok, Udege and Ulch.
Sometimes the question arises: where is a separate language, and where are only dialects of the same language? For example, many linguists in Kazan believe that Bashkir is a dialect of Tatar, and the same number of specialists in Ufa are convinced that these are two completely independent languages.
Such disputes are not only about Tatar and Bashkir.
To the Uralic language family are Finno-Ugric and Samolian groups. The concept of "Finnish" is conditional - in this case it does not mean the official language of Finland. It’s just that the languages included in this group have related grammars, a similar sound, especially if you don’t make out the words, but listen only to the melody.
Finnish languages are spoken by Karelians, Vepsians, Izhors, Vods, Komis, Mariys, Mordovians, Udmurts, Sami. There are two Ugric languages in Russia: Khanty and Mansi (and the third Ugric is spoken by the Hungarians). Samoyedic languages are spoken by the Nenets, Nganasans, Enets, and Selkups. The Yukaghir language is genetically close to the Uralic. These peoples are very small in number, and their languages cannot be heard outside the north of Russia.
North Caucasian family- the concept is rather arbitrary.
Unless specialists-linguists understand the ancient relationship of the languages of the Caucasus. These languages have very complex grammar and phonetics of extraordinary difficulty. They contain sounds that are completely inaccessible to people who speak other dialects.
Specialists divide the North Caucasian languages into n Akh-Lagestan and Abkhaz-Adyghe groups.
On the Nakh The Vainakhs speak languages that are understandable to each other - this is the common name for the Chechens and Ingush. (The group got its name from the self-name of the Chechens - Nakhchi.)
Representatives of about 30 peoples live in Dagestan. “Approximately” - because far from all the languages of these peoples have been studied, and very often people determine their nationality precisely by language.
To the Dagestan languages include Avar, Andi, Iez, Ginukh, Gunzib, Bezhta, Khvarshinsky, Lak, Dargin, Lezghin, Tabasaran, Agul, Rutul ...
We named the largest Dagestan languages, but did not list even half. No wonder this republic was called the "mountain of languages".
Peoples (language families, groups) and religions of Russia in tables
And a "paradise for linguists": the field of activity for them is boundless here.
The Abkhazian-Adyghe languages are spoken by kindred peoples. On the Adyghes - Kabardians, Adyghes, Circassians, Shapsugs; in Abkhazian - Abkhazians and Abaza.
But not everything is so simple in this classification. Kabardians, Adyghes, Circassians and Shapsugs consider themselves a single people - Adyghes - with one language, Adyghe, and official sources name four Adyghe peoples.
There are languages in Russia that are not included in any of the four families.
These are primarily the languages of the peoples of Siberia and the Far East. All of them are few. In Chukchi-Kamchatka languages Chukchi, Koryaks and Itelmens speak; on the Eskimo-Aleutian- Eskimos and Aleuts.
The languages of the Kets on the Yenisei and the Nivkhs on Sakhalin and the Amur are not included in any language family.
There are many languages, and in order for people to agree, a common one is needed. In Russia, it has become Russian, because Russians are the most numerous people in the country and they live in all its corners.
It is the language of great literature, science and international communication.
Languages, of course, are equal, but even the richest country cannot publish, for example, books on all issues in the language of several hundred people. Or even tens of thousands. In a language spoken by millions, this is feasible.
Many peoples of Russia have lost or are losing their languages, especially representatives of small peoples. So, they almost forgot the native language of the Chu-lymys - a small Turkic-speaking people in Siberia.
The list is unfortunately long. In the cities of Russia, the Russian language becomes common for the multinational population. And most of all the only one. However, recently national cultural and educational societies have taken care of their own languages in large centers. They usually organize Sunday schools for children.
Most of the languages of Russia until the 20s.
20th century had no writing. Georgians, Armenians, Jews had their own alphabet. The Latin alphabet (Latin alphabet) was written by the Germans, Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns. Some languages do not have a written language even now.
The first attempts to create a written language for the peoples of Russia were made even before the revolution, but they seriously took up this in the 1920s: they reformed the Arabic script, adapting it to the phonetics of the Turkic languages.
It did not fit the languages of the Yarods of the Caucasus. They developed the Latin alphabet, but there were not enough letters for the exact designation of sounds in the languages of small peoples. From 1936 to 1941, the languages of the peoples of Russia (and the USSR) were translated into the Slavic alphabet (except for those that had their own, moreover, ancient), added superscript signs, tall straight sticks to indicate guttural sounds, and combinations of letters, strange for the Russian eye, like "b" and "b" after vowels.
It was believed that a single alphabet helped to better master the Russian language. Recently, some languages have begun to use the Latin alphabet again.
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Population of Russia
Peoples (language families, groups) and religion of Russia in tables
The largest language families in Russia are:
Indo-European family, which is about 120 million people.
Ethnolinguistic composition of the population of Russia
A person who includes a group of Slavic languages (Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians), German (Germans and Jews who speak Yiddish), Iranian (Ossetian), Armenian (Armenian) groups, Altai families numbering about 11 million people.
a person from Turkish (Tatar, Chuvash Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Azerbaijanis, Sakhauks, Karachays, Balkars Kumyks, Khakass, etc.) and Mongolian (Buryats and Kalmyks); Northern white family, numbering about 5 million (Avarians, Dargins, Laks, Chechen Ingush, Kabardins Adygeis, etc.). Ural family of 4,000,000 people (Mordovians, Mari, Udmurts, Karelia, Khanty, Mansis, Nentsi, etc.). People and religions of Russia
family language
Language groups
Dominant religion
Areas of compact residence
Indo-European
Slavic
orthodoxy
throughout the territory
Ukrainians
Belarusian
Deutsch
Protestantism
Orenburg, Omsk, Novosibirsk Region, Altai Territory
Jews - Yiddish
Judaism
Moscow, St. Petersburg, Jewish Autonomous Region
orthodoxy
North Ossetia Alania
Armenian Gregorian Church
Krasnodar region
Tatarstan, Bashkiria, Chuvashia, Ryazan and Tyumen, Perm Territory
Bashkiria, Chelyabinsk region
save
orthodoxy
Nogais and Kumyks
Dagestan
Balkars and Karachin
Kabardino-Balkaria
shamanism, animism
Altai Republic
Kemerovo region
Buddhism (Lamaism)
orthodoxy
Sakha (Yakutia)
duty
shamanism, animism
Northern Irkutsk region
Mongolian
Buddhism (Lamaism)
Buryatia, Transbaikalia
Kalmykia
Tungus-Manchu
Eva and Evens
shamanism, animism
North of the Irkutsk region, Yakutia, Khabarovsk Territory, Magadan region
Nanai, Orox, Orochi, Udege, Ulchi, etc.
Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories
North Caucasus
Abkhazia-Adygea
Kabardino-Balkaria
Karachay-Cherkessia
Nakh-Dagestan
Chechens and Ingush
and Ingushetia
Avars, Dargins, Laks, Lezgins
Dagestan
Finno-Ugric
orthodoxy
Mordovia, Tatarstan, Penza region
Udmurtia
Karelia, Tver region
Komi Republic
Komi-Permyaki
Perm region
Khanty and Mansi
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Murmansk region
Nenets, Selkups and NganasansMaterial from the sitehttp: //worldofschool.ru
shamanism, animism
Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Chukotka-Kamchatsky
shamanism, animism
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
Koryaks in Itelmen
Kamchatka Krai
Eskimo-Aleutian
Aleut and Eskim
Commander Islands and Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
Sakhalin region, Khabarovsk region
straw salmon
Krasnoyarsk region
I think many of us have heard the famous legend about the construction of the Tower of Babel, during which people, with their quarrels and squabbles, so angered God that he divided their single language into a great multitude, so that, not being able to communicate with each other, people could not even swear . This is how we settled all over the world, each nation with its own language, culture and traditions.
According to official figures, there are now between 2,796 and more than 7,000 languages in the world. Such a big difference comes from the fact that scientists cannot decide what exactly is considered a language, and what is a dialect or adverb. Translation agencies often face the nuances of translating from rare languages.
In 2017, there are approximately 240 language groups, or families. The largest and most numerous of them - Indo-European, to which our Russian language belongs. A language family is a set of languages that are united by the sound similarity of the roots of words and similar grammar. The basis of the Indo-European family is English and German, which form the backbone of the Germanic group. In general, this language family unites the peoples occupying the main part of Europe and Asia.
It also includes such common Romance languages as Spanish, French, Italian and others. The Russian language is part of the Slavic group of the Indo-European family along with Ukrainian, Belarusian and others. The Indo-European group is not the largest in terms of the number of languages, but they are spoken by almost half of the world's population, which makes it possible for it to bear the title of "the most numerous".
The next family of languages unites more than 250,000 people - this is afro-asian a family that includes Egyptian, Hebrew, Arabic and many other languages, including extinct ones. This group consists of more than 300 languages of Asia and Africa, and it is divided into Egyptian, Semitic, Cushitic, Omotian, Chadic and Berber-Libyan branches. However, the Afro-Asiatic family of languages does not include about 500 dialects and adverbs used in Africa, often only in oral form.
Next in terms of prevalence and complexity of study - Nilo-Saharan family of languages spoken in Sudan, Chad, Ethiopia. Since the languages of these lands have significant differences between themselves, their study is not only of great interest, but also of great difficulty for linguists.
Over a million native speakers includes Sino-Tibetan group of languages Tibeto-Burmese the branch has more than 300 languages, which are spoken by as many as 60 million people worldwide! Some of the languages of this given family still do not have their own written language and exist only in oral form. This greatly complicates their study and research.
The languages and dialects of the peoples of Russia belong to 14 language families, the main of which are Indo-European, Uralic, North Caucasian and Altaic.
- About 87% of the population of Russia belongs to the Indo-European language family, and 85% of it is occupied by the Slavic group of languages (Russians, Belarusians, Poles, Ukrainians), followed by the Iranian group (Tajiks, Kurds, Ossetians), the Romance group (Gypsies, Moldovans) and German group (Yiddish-speaking Jews, Germans).
- The Altai language family (approximately 6.8% of the population of Russia) is made up of the Turkic group (Altaians, Yakuts, Tuvans, Shors, Chuvashs, Balkars, Karachays), the Mongolian group (Kalmyks, Buryats), the Tungus-Manchu group (Evenks, Evens, Nanais) and the Paleo-Asiatic group of languages (Koryak, Chukchi). Some of these languages are currently under the threat of extinction, as their speakers are partly switching to Russian, partly to Chinese.
- The Uralic language family (2% of the population) is represented by the Finnish group of languages (Komi, Margeians, Karelians, Komi-Permyaks, Mordovians), Ugric (Khanty, Mansi) and Samoyedic groups (Nenets, Selkups). More than 50% of the Uralic language family are Hungarians and about 20% are Finns. This includes the linguistic groups of peoples living in the regions of the Ural Range.
The Caucasian language family (2%) includes the Kartvelian group (Georgians), the Dagestan group (Lezgins, Dargins, Laks, Avars), the Adyghe-Abkhazian (Abkhazians, Adyghes, Kabardians, Circassians) and the Nakh groups (Ingush, Chechens). The study of the languages of the Caucasian family is associated with great difficulties for linguists, and therefore the languages of the local population are still very little studied.
Difficulties are caused not only by grammar or the rules for constructing the language of a given family, but also by pronunciation, which is often simply inaccessible to people who do not know this type of language. Certain difficulties in terms of study are also created by the inaccessibility of some mountainous regions of the North Caucasus.
hyperfamily- association of macrofamilies, extremely hypothetical.
Macrofamily
Macrofamily- a structural unit in linguistics, which includes several families of languages. The association of several families into one large macrofamily is usually based only on hypotheses, and therefore is perceived by many linguists ambiguously. Therefore, speaking of any macrofamily, for example, Nostratic or Sino-Caucasian, it should be remembered that the term macrofamily in this case means only a possible connection between the groups of languages included in it.
Some proposed macrofamilies
Borean hyperfamily
Afroasian macrofamily
- Nostratic macrofamily (Indo-European, Altai, Kartvelian, Dravidian, Ural-Yukagir, Eskimo-Aleutian)
- Sino-Caucasian macrofamily (Basque, Dene-Yenisei, North Caucasian, Burushaski, Hurrito-Urartian, Sino-Tibetan, the inclusion of a whole group of isolates in this family is also questionable)
- Austrian macrofamily (Austroasiatic languages, Austronesian languages, Dongtaic languages, Miao-Yao languages)
- Amerindian macrofamily
Niger-Saharan hyperfamily
- Niger-Congo languages
- Nilo-Saharan languages
Khoisan languages
Indo-Pacific languages
- Andamanese languages
- Papuan languages
- Tasmanian languages
- ? isolates of India: kusunda, nihali
Australian languages (29 Australian language families)
Family
Family- the basic level on which all language systematics is based. A family is a group of distinctly but fairly distantly related languages that have at least 15% overlap in the base list (a 100-word version of the Swadesh list).
The most common language families:
1. Indo-European languages ~ 2.5 billion speakers, including Indo-Aryan languages, Germanic languages and Balto-Slavic languages;
2. Sino-Tibetan languages ~ 1.2 billion speakers, including mainstream Chinese;
3. Ural-Altaic languages (formation of the superfamily level) ~ 500 million speakers, including the main Turkic languages.
Indo-European languages
The Indo-European family includes Albanian, Armenian, and Slavic, Baltic, Germanic, Celtic, Italic, Romance, Illyrian, Greek, Anatolian (Hitto-Luvian), Iranian, Dardic, Indo-Aryan, Nuristani, and Tocharian language groups. At the same time, the Italic (if Romance is not considered Italian), Illyrian, Anatolian and Tocharian groups are represented only by dead languages.
Indo-European language family. On the left - centum languages, on the right - satem. Dead languages are marked in red.
Sino-Tibetan languages
Full composition and classification:
Chinese
Taiwanese
Cantonese
Putonghua
Mandarin
Kachin language
Burmese
Mizo
Bodo
Garo
Dungan language
bai
Dzongkha
Tibetan language
Gandu
Newar language
