Literary and historical notes of a young technician. Bonch-bruevich Mikhail Dmitrievich Bonch Bruevich Mikhail Dmitrievich biography
Our university is named after the outstanding scientist, Professor Mikhail Aleksandrovich Bonch-Bruevich. An outstanding teacher, a brilliant scientist, a talented administrator, he devoted his entire life to serving science. St. Petersburg State University of Technology staff and students are proud that the university has perpetuated the name of this wonderful person.
Mikhail Alexandrovich was born on February 21, 1888 in Orel. He graduated from the Kiev Commercial School, the St. Petersburg Nikolaev Military Engineering School, and the Officer Electrical Engineering School.
M.A. Bonch-Bruevich performed his first scientific work on the theory of spark discharge in 1907 - 1914. It was published in the form of two articles in the journal of the Russian Physical-Chemical Society.
With the support of the head of the Tver radio station, M.A. Bonch-Bruevich, in the back room of the radio station, he organized a workshop where he was able to organize the production of domestic vacuum tubes. These lamps were used to equip the radio receiver, which was produced in the workshop of the Tver radio station by order of the Main Military-Technical Directorate of the Russian Army.
In the early 20s, research into radiotelephony methods was carried out in the Nizhny Novgorod laboratory under the leadership of M.A. Bonch-Bruevich. On January 15, 1920, the first successful experiment of radiotelephone transmission from Nizhny Novgorod to Moscow was made.
In order to ensure the resolution of the Council of People's Commissars on the creation of a central telegraph station with a range of 2000 miles, M. A. Bonch-Bruevich in 1922 proposed an original design and technical solution for a powerful generator lamp.
Under his leadership, the first powerful radio broadcasting station (Shukhov Tower) was designed and built in Moscow in 1922, which began operating in August 1922 - the Moscow Central Radiotelephone Station, which had a power of 12 kW.
On May 22 and 27, 1922, M. A. Bonch-Bruevich organized test radio broadcasts of musical works from the studio of the Nizhny Novgorod Laboratory, and on September 17, 1922, the first radio broadcast concert in Europe from Moscow was organized.
In 1922, he made a laboratory model of a radio engineering device for transmitting images at a distance, which he called a radio telescope.
In the mid-1920s, M.A. Bonch-Bruevich began researching the use of short radio waves for radio communications. Having made sure that short radio waves are perfect for organizing both radiotelegraph and radiotelephone communications, the Nizhny Novgorod Radio Laboratory developed and designed equipment for this type of radio communication. In 1926, based on this equipment, a short-wave communication line between Moscow and Tashkent was put into operation.
Since 1921, he held the position of professor at the Department of Radio Engineering at Nizhny Novgorod University, and since 1922, he was a professor at the Moscow Higher Technical University. Bauman. Scientists have patented and transferred to industry about 60 inventions.
In 1931-1940 M.A. Bonch-Bruevich conducted teaching work at the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute of Communications (LEIS) as a professor in the department of theoretical radio engineering, headed the radio department, and was deputy director of the institute for academic affairs. Since 1931 he was a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and in 1934 he received the title of Doctor of Science. He died on March 7, 1940. In the same year, by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated June 8, LEIS was named after Professor M.A. Bonch-Bruevich.
Author: A year before the First World War, the three-hundredth anniversary of the Romanov dynasty was celebrated in Russia with great pomp. Four years later, the dynasty flew into the abyss prepared for it. I was a faithful servant of this dynasty, so how did it happen that I betrayed the sovereign to whom I swore allegiance in my youth? How did I, an “old regime” general who held high staff positions in the imperial army, turn out to be a supporter of Lenin, who was not very clear to me then, on the eve of October? Why did I not justify the “confidence” of the Provisional Government and went over to the Bolsheviks, who had barely emerged from the post-July semi-underground?
Content
Curriculum Vitae
To my young reader
Part one. Death of a dynasty
Chapter first
Chapter two
Chapter Three
Chapter Four
Chapter Five
Chapter Six
Chapter Seven
Chapter Eight
Chapter Nine
Chapter Ten
Chapter Eleven
Chapter Twelve
Chapter Thirteen
Chapter fourteen
Part two. Heroic years
Chapter first
Chapter two
Chapter Three
Chapter Four
Chapter Five
Chapter Six
Chapter Seven
Chapter Eight
Chapter Nine
Chapter Ten
Chapter Eleven
Chapter Twelve
Chapter Thirteen
Notes
Curriculum Vitae
Mikhail Dmitrievich Bonch-Bruevich, a famous military figure and surveyor, lieutenant general, Doctor of Military Sciences and Doctor of Technical Sciences, died in August 1956.
Despite his advanced age, M.D. Bonch-Bruevich maintained clarity of mind and a clear memory until his last days and not only did not go on vacation, but continued to conduct extensive scientific work at the Moscow Institute of Geodesy, Aerial Photography and Cartography, from which he once graduated.
Born in 1870 into the family of a topographer, M.D. Bonch-Bruevich was educated at the former Survey Institute, Moscow University and the Academy of the General Staff.
Before the revolution, he was one of the outstanding and most educated generals of the tsarist army. He held a number of staff positions up to the position of chief of staff of the armies of the Northern Front. He taught at the former Nikolaev Military Academy and collaborated for many years with the famous military theorist General M.I. Dragomirov, participating in the revision of the “Tactics Textbook” he compiled.
After the February Revolution, M.D. Bonch-Bruevich was elected a member of the Executive Committee of the Pskov Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. During the Kornilov rebellion, being the commander-in-chief of the troops of the Northern Front, he contributed to the breakdown of the rebellion.
During the October Revolution, M.D. Bonch-Bruevich firmly took the side of Soviet power, was appointed chief of staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief and worked with the first Soviet commander in chief N.V. Krylenko.
In February 1918, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin summoned M.D. Bonch-Bruevich from Headquarters and entrusted him with the defense of Petrograd from the Germans, who treacherously violated the truce. Soon he was appointed military leader of the Supreme Military Council. In the summer of 1919, M.D. Bonch-Bruevich, at the suggestion of V.I. Lenin, headed the field headquarters of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic.
Having returned to his geodetic specialty in 1920, M.D. Bonch-Bruevich was at the disposal of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic for a number of years, carrying out individual responsible assignments.
To my young reader
A year before the First World War, Russia celebrated the tercentenary of the Romanov dynasty with great fanfare. Four years later, the dynasty flew into the abyss prepared for it. I was a faithful servant of this dynasty, so how did it happen that I betrayed the sovereign to whom I swore allegiance in my youth?
How did I, an “old regime” general who held high staff positions in the imperial army, turn out to be a supporter of Lenin, who was not very clear to me then, on the eve of October? Why did I not justify the “confidence” of the Provisional Government and went over to the Bolsheviks, who had barely emerged from the post-July semi-underground?
If this abrupt change had occurred only in me, it would not be worth writing about, you never know how people’s psychology and beliefs are broken. But the fact of the matter is that I was one of many.
There is a misconception that the vast majority of former officers fought against the Soviets with arms in hand. But history tells a different story. Hardly more than two thousand officers took part in the notorious “ice” campaign of Lavr Kornilov.
Both Kolchak, Denikin, and other “leaders” of the white movement were forced to carry out forced mobilization of officers, otherwise the white armies would have been left without command personnel. At the height of the civil war, tens of thousands of former officers and military officials served in the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army.
Not only ordinary officers, but also the best generals of the tsarist army, as soon as the Germans, having treacherously stopped the Brest negotiations, launched an attack on Petrograd, were involved in the construction of the armed forces of the young Soviet Republic and, with few exceptions, selflessly served the people.
I was one of the Russian generals who immediately found myself in the camp of the Great October Revolution.
It was not without hesitation that I entered the service of the Soviets.
I was forty-eight years old, an age when a person is not inclined to make quick decisions and does not easily change his established way of life. I was in military service for about thirty years, and all these years it was instilled in me that I must give my life for “faith, king and fatherland.” And I don't feel that way at all. It was easy to come to the idea that the reigning dynasty was unnecessary and even harmful - the military environment in which I moved never tired of talking about the “adored monarch.”
I was used to a comfortable and privileged life. I was “your excellency”; they stood in front of me; I could address almost any “loyal subject” of the vast empire with the disdainful “you”.
And suddenly it all went upside down. There were neither the wide general's shoulder straps with zigzags on the golden field, nor the nobility, nor the unshakable traditions of the Life Guards of the Lithuanian Regiment, with the service in which my military career began.
It was scary to go into the revolutionary army, where everything “was presented as unusual and often incomprehensible;
Serve in the troops, abandoning ranks, red stripes and the usual drill; surround yourself with yesterday's lower ranks" and see a recent exile or convict in the role of commander in chief. Communist ideas seemed even more incomprehensible - after all, all my life I had amused myself with the idea that I lived outside of politics.
And yet I found myself in the service of the revolution. But even now, in the eighty-seventh year of my life, when I have no need to be cunning and cunning, I cannot immediately give a clear and accurate answer to the question of why I did it.
Disappointment in the dynasty did not come immediately. The cowardly abdication of Nicholas II from the throne was the last straw that overflowed the cup of my patience. Khodynka, the shamefully lost Russian-Japanese War, the fifth year, the palace camarilla and Rasputinism - all this finally freed me from the naive faith in the Tsar, which had been drilled into me since childhood.
The Kerensky regime with its unbridled talking shop seemed somehow unreal to me. I couldn’t go to the whites; everything in me rebelled against the careerism and unscrupulousness of such my classmates as generals Krasnov, Kornilov, Denikin and others.
Only the Bolsheviks remained...
I was not as far from them as it might seem. My younger brother, Vladimir Dmitrievich, sided with Lenin and went into the revolutionary Bolshevik underground at the end of the last century. My brother and I, despite the difference in worldview and political beliefs, have always been friends, and, of course, he did a lot to guide me on a new and difficult path.
The outstanding Soviet scientist, radio engineer, inventor and organizer Mikhail Aleksandrovich Bonch-Bruevich played a major role in the development of radio engineering.
M. A. Bonch-Bruevich received his radio engineering education in 1912-1914. at the Nikolaev Military Engineering School and the Officer Electrical Engineering School in Petrograd.
In 1916-1919 At the Tver military receiving radio station, M.A. Bonch-Bruevich, for the first time in Russia, organized the laboratory production of electronic tubes of his own design for radio communication equipment to replace those previously obtained from France, and manufactured regenerative radio receivers and direction-finding installations for the army.
From August 1918 to March 1929 he was the scientific director (and later director) of the well-known Nizhny Novgorod Radio Laboratory (NRL). Created on the instructions of V.I. Lenin and directed by him in its activities, the NRL played an outstanding role in the radioification of the country and was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor twice (in 1922 and 1928).
In 1922, on the instructions of V.I. Lenin, M.A. Bonch-Bruevich built in Moscow the world's first powerful (12 kW) radio broadcasting station named after. Comintern. In 1927, a 40 kW radio broadcasting station began operating in Moscow using radio tubes developed by M. A. Bonch-Bruevich and manufactured at NRL.
In 1924-1930 Bonch-Bruevich led the study of the conditions for the propagation of short waves, the development of the first short-wave directional antennas and the construction of a long-distance radio communication line on short waves.
With the abolition of the NRL and the transfer of its main staff of scientists and specialists to Leningrad to the Central Radio Laboratory (CRL) of Glavesprom NKTP, M. A. Bonch-Bruevich was appointed deputy director of the TsRL.
In 1930-1932 M.A. Bonch-Bruevich, on instructions from the USSR Academy of Sciences, conducted studies of the composition of the upper layers of the atmosphere and ionosphere using the radio echo method (sending pulses and recording their reflections).
From 1935 until his death (in March 1940), M. A. Bonch-Bruevich was the scientific director of NII-9, headed the research of a number of complex scientific problems of a defense nature, including the development of radio detection stations for anti-aircraft artillery and service INTO THE NOSE.
In 1921, M. A. Bonch-Bruevich was elected professor at Nizhny Novgorod University. Since 1922 he has been a professor at the Moscow Higher Technical School, and since 1932 a professor at the Leningrad Institute of Communications Engineers (now named after him). Since 1931, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
From the nobles. Brother V.D. Bonch-Bruevich In 1891 he graduated from the Moscow Konstantinovsky Land Survey Institute, in 1892 - the military school course of the Moscow Infantry Junker School. In 1898 - the Academy of the General Staff. Since 1913 colonel. In 1914, commander of an infantry regiment. In August - September 1914, quartermaster general of the headquarters of the 3rd Army of the South-Western Front, then of the headquarters of the North-Western Front; from January 1915 major general. From April 1915, chief of staff of the 6th Army, stationed in Petrograd and its environs, then until February 1916, chief of staff of the Northern Front. Since March 1916, he was the head of the Pskov garrison, where the Headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief of the Northern Front was located.
After the February Revolution of 1917, he established contact with the Pskov Council of the RSD and was co-opted into the executive committee of the Council, which gave rise to the nickname “Soviet general.” During the days of the speech of General L.G. Kornilov collaborated with the acting front commissar Trudovik Savitsky, trying to prevent possible conflicts between soldiers and officers. On August 29, Commander-in-Chief of the Northern Front, General V.N. Klembovsky, who took a position of cautious support for Kornilov, was removed by the Provisional Government and Bonch-Bruevich was appointed commander-in-chief. In this capacity, he detained General P.N. in Pskov. Krasnov, appointed by Kornilov as commander of the 3rd Cavalry Corps and heading to the units moving towards Petrograd. Upon taking office, Bonch-Bruevich issued an order in which he reminded the troops that “... the enemy is standing close in front of us and is preparing to deal us a decisive blow in the near future. If the armies of the Northern Front, acting together with the fleet, do not give a decisive rebuff to the enemy in this intention, our Motherland will inevitably perish" ("Orders of the Commander-in-Chief of the Armies of the Northern Front", 1917, No. 664, TsGVIA, B-ka, No. 16477). On September 9, he was replaced as commander-in-chief by General VA Cheremisov and placed at the disposal of the Commander-in-Chief. Arriving at Headquarters, he established contact with the Mogilev Council of the RSD and on September 27 was co-opted into its executive committee. At the beginning of October, he rejected the appointment as governor-general of the Southwestern Territory (with residence in Kyiv) and the Steppe Territory (in Omsk), and accepted the appointment as head of the Mogilev garrison.
After the refusal of the Commander-in-Chief General N.N. Dukhonin on November 9 to carry out the order of the Council of People's Commissars to begin negotiations with Germany. The Soviet government invited Bonch-Bruevich to take the post of Commander-in-Chief, but he refused, believing that in the current situation this post should be occupied by a politician, and N.V. was appointed Commander-in-Chief. Krylenko. When the military echelons of the new Commander-in-Chief approached Mogilev, Bonch-Bruevich, as the head of the garrison, prevented a clash between them and the troops located in the city. After the occupation of Headquarters by Soviet troops, he was appointed chief of staff of the Supreme Commander on November 20. Later he wrote: “More by instinct than by reason, I was drawn to the Bolsheviks, seeing in them the only force capable of saving Russia from collapse and complete destruction” (Bonch-Bruevich M.D., All power to the Soviets. Memoirs, M., 1957, p. 226). He tried in every possible way to preserve the combat effectiveness of the army. On November 27, in a direct wire conversation with the commander-in-chief of the Southwestern Front, General N.N. Stogov stated: “All the heads of departments at Headquarters together with me expressed a very definite decision to preserve the technical apparatus of Headquarters and to take all measures to preserve the administrative apparatus in the fronts and armies. This decision of ours stems from devotion to the common cause of saving the Fatherland, and we decided everything , taking into account the current moment, work in their places until the last opportunity,” In the same conversation, he instructed Stogov to cooperate with the Ukrainian authorities: “In relation to the Rada, it is necessary to adhere to joint work. I think that from this side there is no threat of civil war” (TsGVIA, f. 2067, op. 1, d. 2925, l. 500-502). On November 28, in connection with the increasing desertion, he called on the commanders-in-chief of the armies of the fronts “to take immediate measures to stop flight from the front at its very beginning” (ibid., f. 2003, op. 1, d, 533, l. 237). In connection with the introduction of elective command in the army, he feared “... a complete breakdown of the command and control apparatus and therefore a complete loss of the army’s combat capability” (ibid., f. 2003, op 4 D. 51, l. 54). On November 30, in a telegram to the front commanders-in-chief and their commissars, he noted that “... it is necessary to ensure that in responsible and command positions there are people who correspond to these positions in their character, abilities and knowledge” (“Military Revolutionary Committee of the current Army", M., 1977, pp. 106-107).
From the beginning of 1918, the Council of People's Commissars systematically reported on the growing incapacity of the army, strengthening the government's determination to accelerate the signing of peace with Germany. On January 4 he wrote: “The armies are completely incapable of combat and are unable to restrain the enemy not only in their occupied positions, but also when the line of defense is relegated to the deep rear” (“October Revolution and the Army. October 25, 1917 - March 1918.” Sat. doc-tov, M., 1973, p. 352). January 18: “... all the armies of the Northern and Western Fronts, as well as the Special Army of the Southwestern Front, are completely incapable of defense and are not even able to retreat in an organized manner and without losing a huge material part, not only under pressure, but also without pressure from the enemy. General the state of the armies is characterized by a complete loss of combat effectiveness and disintegration" (ibid., p. 383).
Under these conditions, he organized the evacuation of military property to the rear, which in a certain part was removed before the start of the German offensive. After the breakdown of peace negotiations in Brest-Litovsk and the German troops going on the offensive, I received a telegram from V.I. on February 19. Lenin with the demand “to immediately arrive in Petrograd with the available staff of Headquarters” (Bonch-Bruevich M.D., All power to the Soviets, p. 244). Having left Mogilev on February 20, he arrived in the capital on the evening of February 22 and immediately became involved in organizing resistance to the advancing enemy. On the same day, he signed an appeal to the command of the Northern and Western Fronts and the Councils of the RSD of the front-line cities, which said: “I ask the Soviets to assist the commanders in collecting retreating units and individual soldiers, forming them into combat-ready units that should put an end to the enemy’s offensive. To carry out the necessary sapper work, I propose to use the labor of local residents" ("October Revolution and the Army", p. 402). The appeal indicated that it was proposed to stop German troops on the line Narva - Pskov - Ostrov - Nevel - Vitebsk - Orsha - Mogilev - Zhlobin - Mozyr - Berdichev - Vapnyarka - Odessa. As subsequent events showed, this line (with the exception of the territory of Ukraine) became, with some deviations, the actual western border of Soviet Russia until November 1918.
After the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, on March 4, 1918, he joined the Supreme Military Council (VVS) as a military commander, which issued an order on March 5 to eliminate the post of Commander-in-Chief and disband his headquarters. Bonch-Bruevich was engaged in creating “curtain” units on the former front line, which was supposed to prevent further advance of German and Austro-Hungarian troops into the interior of the country. On the initiative of Bonch-Bruevich, the bulk of the command staff of the “veil” units were made up of generals and officers of the old army, for whom this service was more acceptable than in the Red Army units operating on the internal fronts. In June, the Air Force headquarters, headed by Bonch-Bruevich, moved from Moscow to Murom. On July 9-10, the city was captured by rebels acting according to the plan of the “Union for the Defense of the Motherland and Freedom”; one of their goals was to capture the headquarters and destroy Bonch-Bruevich, but on the eve of the events he left for Moscow. In the context of the unfolding Civil War, Bonch-Bruevich, feeling the impossibility of the old methods of command and control, resigned and on August 27 was relieved of his post as military commander of the Air Force. At the end of 1918 - beginning of 1919 he taught at the Land Survey Institute, then headed the work on creating the Supreme Geodetic Board. June 23 - July 22, 1919 Chief of the Field Staff of the Revolutionary Military Forces of the Republic, then in scientific and pedagogical work; Lieutenant General (1944).
Mikhail Dmitrievich Bonch-Bruevich - military man, doctor of technical and military sciences, surveyor. Took part in World War 1. Vladimir Bonch-Bruevich is a Bolshevik, his brother.
Childhood and youth
Mikhail was born in 1870. His father was a land surveyor and nobleman. He studied at the Moscow Land Surveying Institute, and in 1882 completed a course at the cadet school. He graduated with the rank of second lieutenant and served in the Astrakhan regiment.
Service in the Imperial Army
Until 1898 he studied military affairs at the Nikolaev Academy. For the next 10 years (until 1908) he served in the headquarters of military districts.
In 1913 he received the rank of colonel, in 1914 - commander of an infantry regiment, in 1914 - quartermaster general of the headquarters of the Southwestern Front.
In 1915 he became chief of staff of the Northwestern Front (6th Army). He held a very important position in the Russian army of those years. He led counter-intelligence; his subordinate was the future chief of the General Staff of the Red Army, Marshal B.M. Shapashnikov, at that time a colonel of the General Staff. In February 1918, he headed the newly created Red Army and was replaced by Krylenko.
The relationship between Mikhail Dmitrievich and his colleagues did not work out. He was uncommunicative and abrupt. Many openly expressed hostility towards him, he paid them back in the same coin. He suspected the palace nobility of complicity with Germany and intrigues against the emperor. The Tsarina repeatedly wrote harsh letters, condemning Bonch-Bruevich for enmity with her favorites at court, and advised the emperor to get rid of Mikhail Dmitrievich and prohibit him from serving.
His wife's gossip and persuasion had an effect on Nicholas II; he dismissed Bonch-Bruevich from his post and sent him to the headquarters of the Northern Front. The position of general for assignments was nominal.
In 1917, Mikhail Dmitrievich was the head of the Pskov garrison. The Headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief of the Northern Front was located here.
Service in the Red Army
The revolution of 1917 changed Mikhail Dmitrievich's career path. He went over to the side of the Provisional Government. He believed that the Bolsheviks could save Russia from falling into the abyss. Prevented conflicts between officers and ordinary soldiers in units of the active army.
Established contact with the Council of Workers' Deputies in Pskov and was elected to the council's executive committee. Later appointed acting commander-in-chief of the Northern Front. He arrested General Krasnov, who was heading to Petrograd to help Kornilov.
On September 27, 1917, he was appointed head of the Mogilev garrison and elected to the executive committee of the Mogilev Council of the RSD.
November 9, 1917 Bonch-Bruevich M.D. refused to take the post of Commander-in-Chief. He believed that this place should be occupied by a politician in order to competently negotiate with Germany.
The army in 10917-1918 seemed to Mikhail Dmitrievich to be extremely unstable and incapable of decisive action. He called on the front commanders to appoint knowledgeable and decisive people to leadership positions, to speed up the signing of peace with Germany, and to prevent desertion by any means.
On February 19, 1918, Lenin received an order to urgently come to Petrograd, due to the enemy’s advance and the breakdown of negotiations in Brest-Litovsk. Mikhail Dmitrievich gathers soldiers and urgently leaves for the capital. Participates in organizing resistance to German troops. He writes a letter to the commanders of all fronts with a request to use all available forces in defense and to involve local residents for sapper work. He proposed to build a defensive line Narva-Vitebsk-Mogilev-Berdichev-Vapnyarka-Odessa. His decisive actions were appreciated at the headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief.
Service after the signing of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty
On June 4, 1918, Bonch-Bruevich served in the Air Force as a military commander. His responsibilities included establishing order in the active army and creating defensive lines on the borders of the former front. They were supposed to prevent the advance of enemy troops deep into Russia.
The beginning of the Civil War became the reason for the report on the resignation of Mikhail Dmitrievich. He was voluntarily relieved of his post as military commander.
Scientific activity
After resigning, M.D. Bonch-Bruevich teaches at the Land Survey Institute. Engaged in scientific activities, creates the Supreme Geodetic Board. He was its leader until the beginning of 1923. Dismissed for "sabotage." F.E. Dzerzhinsky saved him from trial.
Mikhail Dmitrievich could not sit idle. In 1925 he founded the Aerial Photography Bureau.
Arrest of the “conspirator”
OGPU officers arrested Mikhail Dmitrievich in February 1931. He was accused of organizing a conspiracy with former officers against the Communist Party of the RSFSR. He was under investigation until March 1931.
The investigation found no evidence and no charges were brought. Perhaps a brother or son, who was an authorized representative of the OGPU, helped.
In 1937 he received the rank of division commander, in 1944 - lieutenant general.
He died in 1956 and was buried in Moscow. Streets in Nizhny Novgorod and Mogilev are named after him.
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