Presentation on the topic "The world of antiquity: far and near". Presentation on theme: "The Beginning of Human History. The world of antiquity, far and near" The world of antiquity, far and near
Ancient Egypt
Egypt, which means "black land", is a country of mysteries. Indeed, the Egyptian civilization arose suddenly, as if by magic, and this raises many questions. How did this country move from savagery to civilization? Quite unexpectedly, developed agriculture, a high level of writing, crafts, arts, and religion appeared here after 3500 BC. The Egyptians created a perfect mythology, unique architectural monuments. Egypt attracts close attention of scientists from all over the world.
ancient buildings
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Pantheon in Rome |
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Karnak, Egypt |
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Colosseum in Rome |
Choose the correct answer and mark it with a "+" sign
What does NOT apply to the history of ancient Egypt:
pharaoh, nile, + acropolis
Find the name of the ancient city:
+ Pompeii, Karnak, Colosseum
What is NOT an architectural structure:
Parthenon, + Vesuvius, Pantheon
Find a place name:
hieroglyph, pyramid, + Nile
Write down what system of chronology existed:
a) in ancient Egypt - a solar calendar
b) in ancient Rome - from the "foundation of Rome"
Write in Roman numerals the century in which we live: XXI century
Preview:
Topic: The world of antiquity: far and near
Target: introduce students to ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome.
Formed UUD:cognitive -consciously and voluntarily build a speech statement in oral and written form;communicative -express their thoughts with sufficient completeness and accuracy in accordance with the tasks and conditions of communication, work in a group; regulatory - formulate learning objectives, determine the sequence of intermediate goals, taking into account the result, anticipate the result, evaluate the quality and level of assimilation of the material; personal - be willing to learn more.
Equipment: media projector, textbook, additional literature, crossword puzzles, cards for group work.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment
A cheerful bell rang. Are you ready to start the lesson?
Let's listen, discuss
And help each other.
II. Updating of basic knowledge.
Solve the puzzle:
1=T
(Pages of history)
4=P
What does this phrase tell you?
(In the last lesson, we started to study the pages of history.)
What eras do scientists divide the history of mankind into?
(Primitive history, history of the Ancient world, history of the Middle Ages, history new and modern times)
What is the name of the first and longest era in human history? Primitive)
When and where did the first humans appear?About 2.5 million years ago in East Africa)
Who was man's greatest helper?(Fire)
How did primitive people live? Together)
What were these primitive groups called?human herd)
Name the main occupations of primitive people.(hunting, gathering)
What were the first tools made of?(Stone)
What was the name of the painting that appeared at this time?(rock)
What inventions of primitive people have survived to this day? A hammer)
Answers appear on the screen. The word ANTIQUE stands out.
III. Statement of the educational task.
What word came out?
What is antiquity?
lat. ant i quitas - antiquity, antiquity;
To What do you think we will talk about today at the lesson? (We will continue to talk about the ancient world).
Why do you think? (To find out how a person lived, what he did, what discoveries people made).
All right! Today we will get acquainted with the eras of Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. We learn about some of the achievements of people at this time.
IV. The solution of the educational problem. Group work.
There are three images in front of you. How do you think they can be related to the topic of today's lesson?
Today you have to visit three Ancient States and get new information. And I hope you can find the answer to my question. I suggest you work as correspondents in groups.
(The class is divided into groups. Each group receives a state to study. Students use a textbook, additional information, question cards.)
Your task is to answer the questions, and then tell the main thing about the country according to the plan. You are looking for answers in a textbook, on cards, discussing with a group. Choose a few people from the group who will talk about the country. Determine who in the group will be the timekeeper. Remember the rules of working in a group. Working time -10 minutes.
Work card 1
- Ancient Egypt (p. 8-10)
1. When and where did the Egyptian kingdom appear?
Why was life possible on the banks of the Nile?
2. Who ruled the world, according to the Egyptians? Name the Egyptian gods.
What was the name of the god of wisdom, accounts and letters? How was he portrayed? What do the Egyptians refer to the gifts of Thoth?
3. How did the Egyptians write?
4. What structures did the Egyptians build and for whom?
Work card 2
- Ancient Greece (p.10-12)
1. Where is Greece located? What was the ancient name?
Where did the ancient Greek gods live? How were they portrayed? Who was the main god?
2. Which city is the capital of Greece? Why was it named like that?
3. What is the heart of Athens? What is the Acropolis?
Name the most famous temple of the Acropolis. What sculpture was at the center of the Parthenon?
4. What were the ancient Greeks fond of? What happened in the city of Olympia?
How did the ancient Greeks change their writing?
Work card 3
- Ancient Rome (p. 12-13)
1. What is the date of the founding of Rome. How is Rome founded, according to legend?
2. How did the Romans relax? What is the Colosseum?
3. What is the Roman Forum? What is a Pantheon?
V. Group reports
Our story about one of the most ancient states on earth - Egypt . This ancient state arose on the banks of the Nile River about 5 thousand years ago. Life on the banks of the Nile was possible only because every year it overflowed - overflowed its banks. The coastal land was well saturated with water, and there was a lot of black silt in the water. This silt settled on the yellow sands of the desert, and plants grew well on it - wheat, barley. The very word Egypt” means “black land” ". For thousands of years, thanks to the floods of the Nile, a thick layer of fatty chernozem.
The ancient Egyptians believed that the gods ruled the world. supreme god Ra - God of the sun, Anubis - deity with headjackal
and the human body, the guide of the dead to the afterlife, amon - the god of air and wind, harvest, the creator of the world, Sebek - the god of water and the flood of the Nile - a man with the head of a crocodile. Thoth was the god of wisdom, writing and counting. He was depicted with the head of an ibis bird. He invented months and years, taught how to keep track of time, and also gave arithmetic calculations and writing.
An amazing plant grew on the banks of the Nile - papyrus. From its stems, people received material for writing, which was also called papyrus. Not all Egyptians could read and write. People called scribes wrote letters for them. Scribes in ancient Egypt were highly respected. They wrote with special signs - hieroglyphs. A hieroglyph could denote an object or denote several consonant sounds. There were no signs for vowel sounds.
For the gods, the Egyptians built temples: complexes in Karnak and Luxor. The gates to the temple were in the form of high walls. Inside the temple are courtyards with statues of the gods.
Egyptian rulers, called pharaohs, were revered as gods. They owned the land of Egypt. The pharaoh ordered to build for himself during his lifetime a "house of eternity" - a tomb in the form of stone pyramids.
And now live coverage of our freelance correspondents in Egypt. Attention to the screen.VIEWING A CARTOON.
The pyramids of the city of Giza are one of the recognized wonders of the world.
Pyramid of Cheops - the most famous, the largest,its height is 148 meters. Near one of the pyramids there is a statue of a fantastic creature with the body of a lion and the head of a man, carved from the rock - Great sphinx . This is the guardian of the eternal rest of the pharaohs.
Thanks for the interesting story.
What image is associated with Egypt?
CONCLUSION : The civilization of Ancient Egypt, one of the most ancient, lived for about 3000 years. She left to her descendants monuments of architecture, scientific knowledge and much more.
VI. Fizminutka for the eyes.
Let's rest a little more in Egypt, and then continue our journey.
VII. Group reports.
- What will the correspondents from the 2nd group tell us?
Much later than Ancient Egypt, the civilization of Ancient Greece arose.
Greece is a mountainous country on the Balkan Peninsula. In ancient times, this country was called Hellas, and its inhabitants were called Hellenes. It was here that the sciences and arts known today were born. There is a high mountain in the north of Greece Olympus . On top of this mountain, the ancient Greeks settled their main gods. The Greeks portrayed their gods like people. The main among the Greek gods was considered Zeus - the god of heaven and thunder, the god of the sea Poseidon, the god of the underworld Hades were subordinate to him.
Once the Greeks decided to build a new city, but could not decide what to call it. The gods knew that this city would have a long life, so Athena, the goddess of wisdom and just war, wanted to give the city her name, and Poseidon hers. Poseidon struck the rock with his trident - a source was hammered out of the rock. Greece is a hot, mountainous country, water is very needed there. The Greeks rushed to the source, and there was sea, salt water. Poseidon's gift turned out to be worthless. Athena struck the ground with her spear and an olive tree grew. The fruits of this tree - olives, the Greeks ate fresh, salted, pickled, squeezed out the oil. Athena's gift was recognized as the best and the city was named after her. Athens is still the capital of Greece.
The heart of Athens is the Acropolis - a high hill with beautiful ancient buildings. Here was the temple of the goddess Athena, the Parthenon. In antiquity inIn the center of the temple stood a 13-meter statue of Athena, made of gold and ivory. The real statue has not survived to this day. But in the museums of the world you can see copies recreated according to the descriptions.
The Greeks took sports very seriously. Every four years sports festivals were held games. The most important were the games in the city Olympia . This is where they originatedOlympic Games.
The Greeks came up with a simpler and more convenient script, for the first time letters for vowels appeared. From the Greek alphabet, Slavic writing was also formed.
Which picture is associated with Hellas? Why?
CONCLUSION: Ancient Greece is the basis of European Culture. It was here that poetry, discoveries in medicine, science and technology, theater, and the first schools developed.
We will introduce you to the history Ancient Rome.
The Romans come from that part of Europe that is now called Italy. The date of foundation of the city of Rome is considered to be 753 BC. The legend tells how this city arose as follows: the king of Long Numitor was overthrown from the throne by his younger brother Amulius and so that no one would claim the throne, he ordered his son to be killed, and his daughter was made a servant at the temple. Soon she had two sons - twins. Amulius ordered the execution of his mother, and ordered the twins to be thrown into the Tiber River. The person who carried out the order was too lazy to enter the water, and left the basket with the kids on the shore. The children were hungry and cried, the she-wolf heard the cry - she fed them. Later, the brothers were picked up by a shepherd and raised as their children. When Romulus and Remus - as the shepherd called the boys - grew up, they learned the secret of their birth. They killed Amulius and returned the throne to their grandfather Numitor, and they themselves decided to found a new city. Everyone wanted to call him by his name. The brothers quarreled, and Romulus killed Remus in anger. And then he founded the city, which he called Rome (in Latin Roma) and became its first king.
In a year, the Romans had about 120 national holidays. During these days, the Romans visited theaters. The Romans enjoyed great success in chariot races, gladiator fights, when they fought with each other or with wild animals. The Colosseum has survived to this day - an amphitheater(round theater without a roof), one of the largest arenas, an architectural monument of Ancient Rome, the construction of which was carried out over 8 years. MMultiple entrances to the Colosseum are located throughout the building, allowing the public to fill the theater in 15 minutes and leave in 5.
Roman forum - a square in the center of ancient Rome, along with adjacent buildings. Temples, bank offices, trading shops were located here. Laws were passed here, winners were awarded, money was changed. Here stood the imperial palaces with marble statues, pools and frescoes.
Pantheon - "temple of all gods" in Rome. One of the features of the Pantheon is a hole in the roof. At noon, the strongest column of light penetrates through it and illuminates the building from the inside.
How is the depiction of twins related to Ancient Rome?
Over time, the Romans created a powerful state.They conquered new cities, laid roads, built temples.The empire lasted until 476 AD, when the last Roman emperor was overthrown. ( Romulus Augustulus)
VIII. Consolidation of what has been learned.
1. I invite each group to solve the crossword puzzle and repeat what they heard.
Crossword questions:
1. King of Egypt.
2. Material for writing in ancient Egypt.
3. The river on the banks of which the Egyptian state arose.
4. Special characters for writing.
5. The tomb of the pharaoh in ancient Egypt.
6. The capital of Greece.
7. High mountain in northern Greece.
8. Greek god of the sea.
9. The main Greek god.
10. The famous temple of the Acropolis.
11. Heart of Athens.
12. An amphitheater in ancient Rome, which served for gladiator fights.
13. The capital of Italy.
14. Temple of all gods in Ancient Rome.
15. God of water and flood of the Nile in Ancient Egypt.
Read what happens? This is the name of the painting by Karl Bryullov, depictingan event that occurred in 79, when as a result of the eruption of the volcano Vesuvius, the flourishing cities of Herculaneum, Pompeii and Stabia were killed. Bryullov painted the picture for six years in Italy, after visiting the ruins of Pompeii.
Let's make a trip to this city.(SLIDE SHOW)
Vesuvius - active volcano on South Italy . Over the entire history of its existence, it has 80 major eruptions. According to geologists, Vesuvius was silent for 15 centuries until a significant date in 79. After this tragedy, the volcano fell silent again for more than 1500 years. But on August 24, 79. the inhabitants of nearby cities were doomed. Hot lava and poisonous gases hit Pompeii with rapid speed. Everything that got in the way was instantly burned.
- As determined by archaeologists, 54 inhabitants on the day when the death of Pompeii came, took refuge in the basement of a large wholesale warehouse. The shelter was secure. But people did not take into account that the air was filled with gases harmful to breathing. The people were suffocated by the hot air. Death accelerated the dust. She got into the lungs and turned into cement there. Two thousand years later, these bodies were found.
Excavations of the city began in the 19th century. During the excavations, it turned outthat in the cities everything was preserved as it was before the eruption. Under the multi-meter thicknessashes streets were found, houses with full furnishings, the remains of people and animals that did not have time to escape.Almost the entire population died. This is about 16 thousand people. Today, the once beautiful city has been turned into an open-air museum. The ruins look quite peaceful. Vesuvius also looks peaceful. While the volcano is "sleeping", and let's hope that the next activity will not come soon.
VIII. Summing up the lesson
The history of the Ancient World lasted for several thousand years and ended in the 5th century AD.
Look at the topic of the lesson and say: why the world of antiquity can be close?(Many buildings and knowledge of antiquity have survived to this day.)
What knowledge have we discovered? (Children's statements.)
IX. Reflection
Homework
1. Page 14 holes to questions 2. RT p.5-6 No. 1-5.
Plan
1. Ancient Egypt
2.Ancient Greece
3. Ancient Rome.
The history of the ancient world has several millennia. In this era, there were such states as Ancient Egypt, Ancient Rome and Ancient Greece.
1. Ancient Egypt
Egypt - one of the most ancient states on earth. This ancient state arose on the banks of the Nile River about 5 thousand years ago, which originates in the mountains of Central Africa and flows into the Mediterranean Sea.
The majority of the population were farmers who worked in the fields all year round to provide food for the city. The peasants grew wheat and barley, fruits and vegetables, as well as flax, from which linen was made.
In Egyptian cities, people could buy everything necessary for life at the bazaar. Money did not exist then, so the townspeople exchanged one product for another.
The main transport in Ancient Egypt There were ships that sailed on the Nile River. The boats were built from papyrus, a reed that grows along the banks of the Nile. They moved with the help of wooden oars or long poles. Later, the size of the ships increased, and they began to put rectangular sails on them.
Rain in the Nile Valley is so rare that 10-12-year-olds may never see rain in their lives. Life on the banks of the Nile was possible only because every year it overflowed - overflowed its banks. The coastal land was well saturated with water, and there was a lot of black silt in the water (small particles of rocks and decayed plants). This silt settled on the yellow sands of the desert, and plants grew well on it - wheat, barley. The very word "Egypt" means "black land". For thousands of years, thanks to the floods of the Nile, a thick layer of greasy black soil has formed in Egypt.
ancient egyptians did not yet know the explanation for many natural phenomena, including the floods of the Nile. They believed that the gods ruled the world. Many gods of the Egyptians looked like animals. The sun god Ra was depicted as a man with a bird's head. The god of water and flooding of the Nile, Sebek, was represented as a man with the head of a crocodile. The god Thoth was the god of wisdom, counting and writing. He was depicted as a man with the head of an ibis bird. The Egyptians believed that Thoth invented months and years and taught people to keep track of time. The miraculous gifts of Thoth also included arithmetic calculations and writing.
The Egyptians considered many animals sacred. They revered a lion, a bull, a dog, a cat, a kite, a falcon, an ibis, a crocodile, a cobra, a scorpion, a beetle.
The Egyptians wrote in special characters - hieroglyphs . In one case, the hieroglyph could depict and mean some object. But in another case, the same hieroglyph could serve to designate one or more consonants. There were no signs for vowels in Egyptian writing. Not everyone could learn such a letter. With respect, the Egyptians treated those who mastered the letter.
The ancient Egyptians were able to build grandiose buildings - temples and pyramids.
pyramids built about 4500 years ago to serve as tombs for the pharaohs. By order of the pharaoh (king of Egypt), thousands of people worked for many years to build the pyramid. The first step was to level the construction site. Each building block was then cut by hand in the quarry and transported by boat to the construction site. 2.5 million stone blocks were used to build the largest pyramid.
In Egypt, not far from Cairo, there is the largest pyramid in the world and it weighs about seven million tons. This miracle - the pyramid is tomb of Pharaoh Cheops , its height is 148 meters. Pyramids of Giza - one of the recognized wonders of the world. They were built without the help of any machines or mechanisms.
In ancient Egypt, the most famous statue of a fantastic creature with the body of a lion and the head of a man is gigantic (length - 57 m, height - 20 m) " Great sphinx ” in Giza, carved from the rock (1st half of the 3rd millennium BC) The Sphinx guarding the pyramids of Giza was one of the incarnations of the ancient Egyptian sun god. It is possible that the pharaoh Khafra served as a model for the face of this sphinx. Everything that the deceased should need in the realm of the dead was placed next to the sarcophagus inside the tomb. Then the priests withdrew, covering their tracks on the floor of the tomb.
Sarcophagus - a coffin made of wood, stone, and other materials, often in the shape of a person.The ancient Egyptians knew how to build grandiose temples in honor of the gods. The temple complex had ceremonial halls, wide processional aisles, and was attended by thousands of servants and slaves. The priests in the temples were among the most powerful people in the country. They were believed to have a special relationship with God.
The temples of Egypt are wonderful architectural monuments. Temple of Karnak - without any doubt, the largest in terms of area in the entire ancient world - was connected to the Luxor Temple on the banks of the Nile by a paved avenue of sphinxes.
Much later than Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome arose.
2 Ancient Greece
Greece is a mountainous country on the Balkan Peninsula.
In the north of Greece there is high mountain
, it is called Olympus
. On top of this mountain, the ancient Greeks settled their main gods. The Greeks imagined the life of the gods on Olympus as the life of a noble family that seized power over other gods and people. The main among the Greek gods was considered Zeus - Thunderer
, the god of the sea was subordinate to him Poseidon
, god of the underworld Hades
and others. The Greeks portrayed their gods like people. For example, god of wine Dionysus
- in the form of a beautiful young man, goddess of love Aphrodite
presented as a beautiful girl. The relationship between the gods is in many ways reminiscent of the relationship between people: they quarrel with each other, swear. And it happens - they fight and steal.
Athens
the capital of modern Greece. The heart of Athens is Temple complex on Mount Acropolis
. There used to be a paved road up the hill. On the day of the holiday in honor of the goddess Athena, the inhabitants of the city climbed up it. The main events of the holiday took place on the Acropolis.
Center of the complex Mount Acropolis
was, marble temple
Parthenon,
dedicated to the patron goddess of the city, Athena
There was a theater in every major city, and theater performances were very popular.
Greek athletes trained in preparation for the sports festival, which was held in Olympia, located in southern Greece, every 4 years. This holiday was the forerunner of the Olympic Games, which are held in our time. During the Olympics, any military action was prohibited.
Already in antiquity, a simpler and more convenient writing appeared than the writing of the ancient Egyptians. The inhabitants of Phoenicia came up with an alphabet in which each sound (letter) conveyed a certain consonant sound. The ancient Greeks created their own alphabet based on the Phoenician alphabet. Letters for vowels first appeared in Greek writing. The letters of the modern Russian alphabet originated from ancient Greek letters.
3. Ancient Rome.
Ancient Rome, Roman Empire
is the name of one of the most famous states in the history of mankind. The name of Rome is associated with the name of its founder - Romulus.
The Romans come from that part of Europe that is now called Italy. Date founding of the city of Rome counts 753 BC . Over time, the Romans created a powerful state. They conquered new cities, laid roads, built temples.
In a year, the Romans had about 120 national holidays. During these days, the Romans visited theaters, went to chariot races or to gladiator fights. Chariot racing was a very dangerous sport. Gladiators were slaves or criminals who were trained to fight to the death in front of a crowd.
Who knows on the banks of which river the state of Egypt arose? (3 slide)
Yes, that's right. Egypt is one of the most ancient states on earth. This ancient state arose on the banks of the Nile River, which originates in the mountains of Central Africa and flows into the Mediterranean Sea.
Locate the mainland Africa and the Nile River on the map
The student comes out and shows. (4 slide)
Where does the Nile River flow? -
The Nile flows through the desert, but is life possible in the desert without water?
Tell me, why was life possible on the banks of the Nile?
Well done!
- Your task now will be to read the text on pages 8-9 of the textbook, but not just read it, but pick up a pencil and underline all the gods, what were the hieroglyphs, what did they mean.
What gods did you know about Egyptian gods?
(Gods are shown on the slide) (slide 6,7,8)
Hieroglyph - ancient pictorial signs of Egyptian writing. (5 slide)
What else did you find interesting?
(The enumeration of the buildings of ancient Egypt is accompanied by a slide show.)(slide 9,10)
You may have already heard about the Egyptian pyramids. What are these pyramids?
Much later, Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome arose. (slide 11.12) Greece is a mountainous country on the Balkan Peninsula. Show on the map. (slide 13)
Once the Greeks decided to build a new city, but could not decide what to call it. The gods knew that this city would have a very long life, so Athena (slide 13) wanted to give the city its name, and Poseidon - his . (slide 14). We decided to name the city after the god who would give the townspeople the best present. Poseidon struck the rock with his trident - a spring gushed out of the rock.
Greece is a hot, mountainous country, water is very needed there. The Greeks rushed to the source - and the water is sea, salty. The gift of the god of the seas turned out to be worthless. Then Athena hit the ground with her spear - and an olive tree grew.
The fruits of this tree are olives (they are also called olives, the Greeks ate fresh, salted, pickled, squeezed oil out of them. The olive tree lives 250 years, but it gives fruits only for 16-18 years ...
The gift of the goddess Athena was recognized as the best, and the city was named in her honor, Athens.
Two birds flew
By itself small.
How they flew
All the people were watching.
How they sat down
All the people marveled
So why does the capital of Greece bear such a name?
- Find on the map the capital of Greece - the city of Athens (Children find this city on the map on their own)
Now find on the map the capital of Italy, the city of Rome.
The child goes to the map and shows it to the whole class.
- Read the text of the textbook on p. 10-13
- What kind of buildings is Rome famous for? What was the purpose of these buildings?
What is the Acropolis?
What is the Parthenon?
And who can say what the Parthenon looks like?
Ancient Rome, the Roman Empire is the name of one of the most famous states in the history of mankind. The name of Rome is connected with the name of its founder - Romulus. (slide 20).
We didn't know how the city of Rome actually came into existence, but the legend goes like this. In ancient times, a tribe of Latins lived on the territory of modern Italy.
In a small city - the state of Alta - Longa, King Numitor ruled. (slide 21)
He was overthrown from the throne by his younger brother Amulius. (slide 22) So that the descendants of Numitor could not lay claim to their legal rights to the throne, Amulius ordered the son of Numitor to be killed, and his daughter to be made a vestal. Vestals - servants of Vesta, (slide 23) Roman goddess of the hearth.
They had to live at the temple and keep the fire in the sacred hearth.
Vestals could not marry, and Amulius hoped that Numitor's daughter would not have children. But soon the Vestal Virgin had two sons - twins. She said that their father is the god Mars. (slide 24)
Amulius ordered the execution of a young woman, and ordered the twins to be thrown into the Tiber River. The person who carried out the order was too lazy to enter the water, and left the basket with the kids on the shore. The children were hungry and cried, their cry was heard by the she-wolf - she fed them.
Later, a shepherd picked them up and raised them as his children. When Romulus and Remus (slide 25)- so the shepherd called the boys - they grew up, they learned the secret of their birth, They killed Amulius and returned the throne to their grandfather Numitor.
The brothers did not stay in Alta Longa, they decided to found a new city. Each of the brothers wanted to call the city after himself, they quarreled, and Romulus killed Remus in anger.
And then he founded the city, which he called Rome (in Latin Roma) and became its first king.
What buildings tell about the past of Rome?
What is the name of the temple of all gods?
Who is Rome named after?
The world around - grade 4
Topic: "The world of antiquity: far and near"
Tasks:
- let's get acquainted with some historical data of Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Ancient Egypt (structures, discoveries, interesting facts)
- talk about the meaning of the invention of writing
- let's compare the sources of studying the Primitive system and the Ancient world
The history of the ancient world has several millennia. In this era, there were such states as Ancient Egypt, Ancient Rome and Ancient Greece.
ANCIENT EGYPT
Egypt- one of the most ancient states on earth. This ancient state arose on the shores river nile about 5 thousand years ago, which originates in the mountains of Central Africa and flows into the Mediterranean Sea.
In ancient times, the river surprised people with its character. During the flood, the river irrigated the fields of farmers and carried fertile silt ashore. The coastal land was well saturated with water, and there was a lot of black silt in the water (small particles of rocks and decayed plants). This silt settled on the yellow sands of the desert, and plants grew well on it - wheat, barley. The very word "Egypt" means "black land". For thousands of years, thanks to the floods of the Nile, a thick layer of greasy black soil has formed in Egypt.
Most of the population were farmers who worked in the fields all year round to provide food for the city. The peasants grew wheat and barley, fruits and vegetables, as well as flax, from which linen was made. In Egyptian cities, people could buy everything necessary for life at the bazaar. Money did not exist then, so the townspeople exchanged one product for another.
Main transport In ancient Egypt, there were ships that sailed on the Nile River.
Rains in the Nile Valley are so rare that 10-12-year-old children could never see rain in their lives. Life on the banks of the Nile was possible only because every year it overflowed - overflowed its banks.
The Egyptians considered many animals sacred.. They revered a lion, a bull, a dog, a cat, a kite, a falcon, an ibis, a crocodile, a cobra, a scorpion, a beetle. Many gods of the Egyptians were like animals. Sun God Ra depicted as a man with a bird's head. God of water and flood of the Nile Sebek represented as a man with the head of a crocodile. The god of wisdom, accounts and letters was god Thoth. He was depicted as a man with the head of an ibis bird.
The Egyptians wrote in hieroglyphs. In one case, the hieroglyph could depict and mean some object. But in another case, the same hieroglyph could serve to designate one or more consonants. There were no signs for vowels in Egyptian writing. Not everyone could learn such a letter. With respect, the Egyptians treated those who mastered the letter.
In ancient Egypt, the most famous statue a fantastic creature with a lion's body and a giant human head (length - 57 m, height - 20 m) "Great Sphinx" in Giza, carved from the rock (1st half of the 3rd millennium BC) the Sphinx guarding the pyramids of Giza was one of the incarnations of the ancient Egyptian sun god. It is possible that the pharaoh Khafra served as a model for the face of this sphinx. Everything that the deceased should need in the realm of the dead was placed next to the sarcophagus inside the tomb. Then the priests withdrew, covering their tracks on the floor of the tomb. Sarcophagus- a coffin made of wood, stone, and other materials, often in the shape of a person. The ancient Egyptians knew how to build grandiose temples in honor of the gods. The temple complex had ceremonial halls, wide processional aisles, and was attended by thousands of servants and slaves. The priests in the temples were among the most powerful people in the country. They were believed to have a special relationship with God.
Temples of Egypt- wonderful architectural monuments . Temple of Karnak— without any doubt, the largest in terms of area in the entire ancient world, was connected to the Luxor temple on the banks of the Nile by a paved avenue of sphinxes.
Much later than Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome arose..
ANCIENT GREECE
Greece- a mountainous country in the south of Europe, unique in beauty, culture and history, located on the Balkan Peninsula. Although Greece occupies a small territory (about 132 thousand square kilometers), and its population is only 10.3 million inhabitants, it is difficult to find equals in terms of historical and archaeological heritage. Just imagine: the capital of Greece - Athens - was founded in the seventh millennium BC!
Athens - the capital of modern Greece. The heart of Athens is the temple complex on Mount Acropolis. There used to be a paved road up the hill. On the day of the holiday in honor of the goddess Athena, the inhabitants of the city climbed up it. The main events of the holiday took place on the Acropolis.
The center of the complex on Mount Acropolis was marble temple Parthenon, dedicated to the patron goddess of the city, Athena
In the north of Greece there is a high mountain, it is called Olympus. On top of this mountain, the ancient Greeks settled their main gods. The Greeks imagined the life of the gods on Olympus as the life of a noble family that seized power over other gods and people. Zeus, the Thunderer, was considered the main among the Greek gods, the god of the sea Poseidon, the god of the underworld Hades, etc. were subordinate to him. The Greeks depicted their gods as similar to people. For example, the god of winemaking Dionysus - in the form of a beautiful young man, the goddess of love Aphrodite was represented as a beautiful girl. The relationship between the gods is in many ways reminiscent of the relationship between people: they quarrel with each other, swear. And it happens - they fight and steal.
The history of the Olympic Games is connected with Olympus. Greek athletes trained in preparation for the sports festival, which was held in Olympia, located in southern Greece, every 4 years. This holiday was the forerunner of the Olympic Games, which are held in our time. During the Olympics, any military action was prohibited.
And how were the winners of the Olympics awarded in ancient Greece?
Every major city in ancient Greece had a theater and theater productions were very popular. All ancient Greek theaters were built according to the same type - in the open air and on the slopes of the hills.
The very word "theatre" is of Greek origin. In the literal sense, it translates as "a place for spectacles." Initially, the Greek theater was associated with the celebration of the deity Dionysus.
Already in antiquity, a simpler and more convenient writing appeared. than the writing of the ancient Egyptians. The inhabitants of Phoenicia came up with an alphabet in which each sound (letter) conveyed a certain consonant sound. The ancient Greeks created their own alphabet based on the Phoenician alphabet. Letters for vowels first appeared in Greek writing. The letters of the modern Russian alphabet originated from ancient Greek letters.
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ANCIENT ROME
Ancient Rome, Roman Empire is the name of one of the most famous states in the history of mankind. The name of Rome is associated with its name founder - Romulus.
