The Urals are the stone belt of the Russian land. Ural - "stone belt" of Russian land Ural stone belt of Russian land presentation

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Ural

Ural! The supporting edge of the state,
Her breadwinner and blacksmith,
The same age as our ancient glory
And the creator of today's glory
(A.T. Tvardovsky)

The Urals have long been considered a natural border separating two parts of the world - Europe and Asia.

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Ural - geological structure

The Ural Mountains are located between different tectonic structures, which explains their formation.

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Geographical position

• The length of the Ural Mountains from south to north is 2 thousand kilometers, and from west to east from 50 to 150 kilometers.
• The Ural Mountains stretch from the coast of the Arctic Kara Sea to the steppes of Kazakhstan. In the east - the West Siberian Plain, in the west - the Russian Plain
• In ancient times, the Ural mountains were called Riphean, and until the 18th century “stone belt” (translated from Turkic “Ural” means belt).
• The Ural Mountains are relatively low: only a few peaks reach a height of 1.5 thousand meters above sea level, and the highest of them (Mount Narodnaya) is 1895 meters.

1. Direction and extent
2. Borders of the Urals
3. Mountain height
4. How does its 2000 km length from north to south affect the nature of the Urals?

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Geological structure

• The Urals are separated from the Russian Platform by the Pre-Ural trough, consisting of sedimentary rocks (clay, sand, gypsum, limestone).
• The Ural Mountains were formed in PZ, but in MZ they were almost completely destroyed.
• Separate parts of the Urals rose during the KZ (Neogene). But these folded-block Ural Mountains were also destroyed as a result of the influence of external forces (weathering and erosion).

Find Mineral Deposits:

• Iron ores: Magnitogorskoe, Kachkanarskoe, Khalilovskoe
• Copper ores: Krasnouralskoye, Gaiskoye, Sibaevskoye
• Gold: Berezovskoe
• Asbestos: Bazhenovskoe
• Oil: Ishimbay
• Coal: Pechora, Kizelovsky

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Ural

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Natural resources of the Urals

The Ural Mountains are rich in mineral resources. This is a real storehouse of minerals.

• Asbestos
• Diamonds

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Natural resources of the Urals

• Amethyst
• Emerald

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• Amethyst. “Warm edge” is a special way of processing a gem, when each edge coming from the center of the stone plays with rays.
• Rhodonite – translated from Greek means “rose”

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• Pomegranate
• Topaz
• Alexandrite

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• Coil
• cat's eye
• Eye of the Tiger
• Aquamarine
• Lapis lazuli
• Olivine

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Climate

1. The climate of the Urals is varied. Why?
2. Determine the average temperatures in January and July in the Northern (Polar) and Southern Urals.
3. Why does the western slopes of the mountains receive more precipitation than the eastern slopes?
4. How do climate conditions change with altitude?
5. In what climate zone and region are the Ural Mountains located?

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Climate of the Urals

• Despite its rather small height, the Ural Mountains have a fairly significant influence on climatic conditions.
• They are the boundary between different climatic zones: the temperate continental climate of the East European Plain and the continental climate of Western Siberia.
• Atlantic air masses reach the western slope of the Urals, trying to overcome it, rise higher and cool. As a result, more precipitation falls in the western part of the Urals than in the eastern part (about 1.5-2 times). The temperature regime also has its own characteristics. In the western part of the Urals, winter is snowier and, accordingly, milder. In the east there is less snow, and frosts reach 45-50 ºС.

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Waters of the Urals

The Ural Mountains are the watershed of rivers flowing across the West Siberian Plain and the Russian Plain. The rivers originate in the Urals, so they are low-water.

Topic: “The Urals - the stone belt of the Russian land.”

MBOU PSOSH No. 46 named after V.P. Astafiev

Teacher A.A. Tishina

Lesson objectives:

1. To form knowledge about the peculiarities of the geographical location, the history of development, to show the originality of the natural area;

2.Assess the natural resources of the Urals.

The Ural mountains were called “Riphean” (in ancient times);

Until the 18th century - “Stone Belt of the Russian Land”;

"Stone";

- “Earth Belt”;

The name “Ural” has appeared in the works of Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev, a Russian geographer and historian, since the 18th century and supplants all previous ones.

(textbook by I.I. Barinov - Geography - Nature of Russia")

1. Let's disassemble the figure. 99 – page 182 and table 7

• The Ural is the “stone belt of the Russian land”, the border between two parts of the world: Europe and Asia.
• The length from north to south is 2500 km, from west to east from 50 to 150 km.

history of the development of the Urals. Arrange as a table

Ancient inhabitants

First settlements

Residents' activities

What has been created?

Statesmen, scientists and...

According to the characteristics of nature and relief, the Urals are divided into Polar,

Subpolar, Northern, Middle, Southern.

• _-The Urals are located between two tectonic structures:
• in the west - Russian platform,
• in the east - the West Siberian plate.
• The Urals are separated from the Russian Platform by the Pre-Ural Regional
• deflection.
• The Urals are the mountains of the Herzen folding.

The mountains consist of several chains that stretch parallel to each other in the meridional direction.

“The Ural ridge represents an extraordinary phenomenon in its geographical location. This is a separate wall, long and narrow, rising in the middle of vast plains immediately adjacent to its base,” wrote one of the most famous Russian geologists in the middle of the last century.

Write in notebooks: Ural system of middle and low ranges. G. Narodnaya-1895 m.

D/ task

On the contour map:

1. Apply relief elements, rivers

2.Note the natural resources of the Urals

The relief of the Urals clearly distinguishes two strips of foothills (western and eastern) and a system of mountain ranges located between them, stretched parallel to each other in the submeridional direction.

The ridges are separated from each other by extensive depressions along which rivers flow. As a rule, ridges correspond to anticlinal folds composed of more ancient and durable rocks, and depressions correspond to synclinal folds.

The Ural mountains are not high. Only some of their peaks exceed 1500 m. The highest point of the Urals is Mt. Folk(1895 m). Along the strike of the mountains there is an alternation of high and low areas, caused by wave-like deformations Neogene-Quaternary o period. This allows us to identify several orographic areas, replacing each other when moving from north to south.

• Pai-Khoi stretches from the Yugorsky Shar Strait to the Kara River valley in a south-easterly direction. It consists of separate isolated ridges and hills with heights of up to 400-450 m (Mount Moreiz - 467 m), rising among low plains.
• The Polar Urals starts from Mount Konstantinov Kamen and ends at the headwaters of the Khulga River. The ridges here have a southwestern strike, average heights are 600-800 m, but individual peaks rise above 1000 m. The highest point is Mount Payer (1492 m)

The Subpolar Urals are located between the upper reaches of the Khulga River and the latitudinal section of the Shchugor River. This is the highest part of the Urals, a mountain node within which the mountain system changes direction from southwestern to submeridional. It is represented by large isolated massifs. Several peaks have heights of more than 1600 m: Mount Karpinsky (1662 m), Neroika (1646 m), Kolokolnya (1649 m). Here is the highest point of the Urals - Mount Narodnaya.

• The Northern Urals begins with Mount Telpoz and ends with Konzhakovsky Kamen (1569 m). The height of the ridges here is less than in the Subpolar Urals and averages up to 1000 m, but it increases in the northern and southern parts.

• Middle Urals stretches up to the mountain Yurma. This is the lowest part of the mountains. The average heights here are 500-600 m. Only Mount Oslyanka in its northern part reaches 1119 m, all other peaks are below 1000 m. The mountains here form an arc, slightly curved to the east.
• Southern Urals starts from Mount Yurma and stretches to the southern borders of Russia. This is the widest and second highest part of the mountains. The ridges in the northern part are the highest (up to 1200-1600 m) and have a southwestern strike, which changes to a meridional one to the south. To the south the mountains decline. The highest points are mountains Yamantau (1638 m) and Iremel (1582 m).

• The dominant type of morphostructures of the Urals are revived fold-block mountains on pre-Paleozoic and Paleozoic foundations. There are morphostructures transitional from folded to platform areas: plateaus(South Ural peneplain), basement ridge heights(Pai Hoi) and basement plains(Trans-Ural peneplain). Platform structures are represented by strata plains Pre-Ural foredeep and plateau (Trans-Ural plateau).

Morphological structures created under the combined influence of endogenous and exogenous processes are complicated by smaller relief forms created by exogenous relief-forming processes. The superposition of various morphosculptures on morphostructures creates all the diversity of the relief of the Urals.

• As in most mountainous regions, the Urals are dominated by erosional relief. The main erosional forms here are river valleys. The Urals are characterized by a displacement of the main watershed ridge to the east of the axial part of the mountains, which is one of the manifestations of the asymmetry of the mountain structure. The most complex hydrographic pattern and greater density of the river network are characteristic of the western slope of the mountains.

The climate of the Urals is typical mountainous; precipitation is distributed unevenly.

The West Siberian Plain is a territory with a harsh continental climate; in the meridional direction its continentality increases much less sharply than on the Russian Plain. The climate of the mountainous regions of Western Siberia is less continental than the climate of the West Siberian Plain. It is interesting that within the same zone on the plains of the Cis-Urals and Trans-Urals, the natural conditions are noticeably different. This is explained by the fact that the Ural Mountains serve as a kind of climatic barrier. To the west of them there is more precipitation, the climate is more humid and mild; to the east, that is, beyond the Urals, there is less precipitation, the climate is drier, with pronounced continental features.

• The diversity of soil, plant cover and fauna of the Urals is predetermined by the large meridional extent of the country and the relatively low altitudes of the mountains. The main pattern in the placement of soils and biocomponents is latitudinal zonation. In the mountains it is complicated altitudinal zone, and the zonal boundaries are shifted to the south. As a result of the barrier influence of mountains in the Cis-Ural region, the boundaries of natural zones lie further south than in the Trans-Ural region, and certain differences are observed in their structure.

Soils foothills are similar to the zonal soils of the adjacent plains. In the north they are represented tundra-gley loamy soils and tundra podburs on stony-crushed eluvium and colluvium of bedrock. These soils approach the foothills of the mountains on the western slope up to 65° N, and on the eastern - only to the Arctic Circle. To the south, taiga soils are widespread in a wide strip - gley-podzolic, podzolic And sod-podzolic in combination with swamps. In the Urals south of Perm they are replaced by gray forest with spots gradually increasing to the south podzolized, leached chernozems And typical. In the Trans-Urals at these latitudes, leached chernozems with areas meadow-chernozem and small patches of gray forest soils. In the Sakmara River basin in the Cis-Urals, and in the Trans-Urals south of the Uy River, i.e. 180 - 200 km to the north, dominance in the soil cover passes to southern chernozems, giving way in the southeast to southern solonetzic chernozems and dark chestnut solonetzic soils .

• Mountain soils of all types found in the Urals have some common features. They have a short profile and are saturated with clastic material. The most common and diverse mountain forest soils here are: podzolic, brown-taiga, acidic non-podzolized, gray forest And sod-carbonate. Found in the Southern Urals mountain black soils. In the north and in the upper parts of the mountains they are common mountain tundra soils And mountain podburs. The soil cover of the mountains is interrupted by rocky outcrops, and in some places by rocky placers.

• The Urals are quite monotonous. About 1,600 plant species take part in its formation. Of these, endemics account for only 5% (Kachim Ural, Helm's astragalus, carnation needle-leaved, Krasheninnikov's wood lice, Litvinov's chin, etc.). The poverty of the Urals in endemic species is explained by its middle position on the mainland, accessibility for settlement and mixing of various floras that crossed the mountains without forming isolated habitats. Thus, many Siberian tree coniferous species crossed the Urals, and the western border of their range now runs along the Russian Plain.
• In the far north, from foothill plains to mountain peaks, tundras are common. Plain tundras on the slopes give way to mountain tundras. Near the Arctic Circle, the tundra turns into a high-altitude belt, occupying the slopes and peaks of mountains, and sparse forests approach their foothills, which already in the southern part of the Polar Urals give way to closed forests and rise along the mountain slopes to 200-300 m.
• Forests are the most common type of vegetation. They stretch in a continuous strip along the mountain slopes of the Urals from the polar slope to the sublatitudinal section of the Sakmara River (south of 52° N), and along the foothills to the Ufa Plateau and the Yekaterinburg region. The forests of the Urals are diverse in composition: coniferous, broad-leaved, small-leaved. Coniferous forests of Siberian spruce and Scots pine predominate. The dark coniferous forests, most characteristic of the Urals and the western slopes of the mountains, include Siberian fir and cedar. Most widespread fir-spruce forests. More typical for the eastern slopes of the Urals pine forests. They account for about a third of all coniferous forests. Sukachev's larch is found in the northern regions, and along the eastern slopes of the mountains it reaches the southern regions of the Urals, but there are practically no pure larch forests in the Urals.
• In the southern part of the taiga of the Cis-Urals (south of 58° N), an admixture of broad-leaved species appears in the composition of coniferous forests: linden, Norway maple, elm, elm. To the south, their role increases, but they often do not enter the tree layer, remaining in the undergrowth layer, and only occasionally form the second layer of the forest stand. Real coniferous-deciduous And broadleaf forests They are distributed only on the western slopes of the mountains of the Southern Urals, and they do not occupy the bottoms of intermountain basins with their temperature inversions. Widely known fake forests of Bashkiria. Also common here oak forests. However, broad-leaved forests occupy no more than 4-5% of the forested area in the Urals. There are no such forests on the eastern slope. Of the broad-leaved species, one linden goes beyond the Urals.
• Significantly more widely represented in the Urals small-leaved birch And birch-aspen forests. They are distributed throughout the Urals, but there are especially many of them in the Southern and Middle Urals. There are primary birch forests, but there are especially many secondary ones that have arisen on the site of cut down coniferous forests.
• The upper boundary of the forest in the Northern Urals passes at an altitude of 500-800 m, the peaks of the Middle Urals practically do not extend beyond the forest belt (800-900 m), and in the Southern Urals the forest boundary rises to 1200 m. Above it there is a narrow subalpine belt, the basis of vegetation of which is formed by low-growing sparse forests combined with meadows. He is replaced mountain tundras, and in the north - and cold char deserts .

• The fauna of the Urals is not original. It is composed of tundra, forest and steppe animals common on the neighboring plains. There are no real mountain animals within the Ural mountainous country. True, the rockiness of the mountains and foothills has a certain influence on the living conditions of animals and their placement. For example, the distribution of the northern pika (hay stands) is associated with rocky screes, including in the forest belt, and with char and rocky tundra - tundra partridge (up to the Southern Urals). Almost all peregrine falcon nesting sites in the Southern Urals are located on the cliffs of transverse sections of rivers, where they flow in deep rocky gorges, and much less often among the rocks of mountain peaks.
• Lemmings are numerous in the tundra of the Urals. Among the predators, the Arctic fox, polar owl, ruffed buzzard, and peregrine falcon live here. Among the birds, the most common and most numerous are snow buntings, Lapland plantain, red-breasted pipit, and ptarmigan. Mountain tundras are poorer in animals. Among the animals and birds found here are the hoofed lemming, Middendorff's vole, tundra and white partridges, golden plover, and Lapland plantain.
• The forests are inhabited by elk, brown bear, wolverine, sable, marten, weasel, squirrel, chipmunk, mountain hare, and mole. Typical taiga birds are capercaillie, hazel grouse, black grouse, nutcracker, and crossbills. Redstart, whitethroat, cuckoo, titmouse, three-toed woodpecker, and nuthatch are common here. Birds of prey are often seen: eagle owl, sparrowhawk, hawk owl. Forest animals are best preserved in the Northern Urals, where forests have been least damaged by human activity.
• The steppes are rich in various rodents - steppe marmot or bobak, reddish and small ground squirrel, steppe pika, hamster, Eversmann's hamster, etc. There are many birds of prey here - golden eagle, steppe eagle, steppe harrier, common buzzard, kite, steppe kestrel. Of the small steppe birds, larks (up to a dozen species) and stonechat are very typical. The most common predatory animals are the wolf, the corsac fox, and the steppe polecat.
• About half of the mammals in the Urals belong to commercial species. New valuable animals are also settled here - muskrat, muskrat, beaver, deer, etc.

• Among the natural resources of the Urals, the most important are its mineral resources. The Urals have long been the country's largest mining and metallurgical base. And the Urals ranks first in the world in the extraction of some mineral ores.
• Back in the 16th century, deposits of rock salt and sandstone containing copper were known on the western outskirts of the Urals. In the 17th century, quite numerous iron deposits became known and ironworks appeared.
• Placers of gold and deposits of platinum were found in the mountains, and precious stones were found on the eastern slope. The skill of searching for ore, smelting metal, making weapons and artistic items from it, and processing gems was passed on from generation to generation.
• In the Urals there are numerous deposits of high-quality iron ores (mountains Magnitnaya, Vysokaya, Blagodat, Kachkanar), copper ores (Mednogorsk, Karabash, Sibay, Gai), rare non-ferrous metals, gold, silver, platinum, the best bauxite, rock and potassium salts in the country (Solikamsk, Berezniki, Berezovskoye, Vazhenskoye, Ilyetskoye). In the Urals there is oil (Ishimbay), natural gas (Orenburg), coal, asbestos, precious and semi-precious stones.
• The hydropower potential of the Ural rivers (Pavlovskaya, Yumaguzinskaya, Shirokovskaya, Iriklinskaya and several small hydroelectric power stations) remains a far from fully developed resource.