Tongue Twisters

How a word is divided into syllables for children. Division by syllables. So what is this - a syllable

Explaining to a preschool child how letters are combined into syllables is quite difficult due to the peculiarities of a preschooler’s thinking. Therefore, many teachers and psychologists disagree on ways to teach preschool children to read syllables.

Currently, there are two main ways: putting letters into syllables and memorizing syllables as whole reading units.

First way involves letter-by-letter naming and combining letters into a syllable. "N, O - what happens?" It is not recommended to ask: “N and O - what will happen?” - this will break the unity of the letters and prevent the child from forming the syllable correctly. Modern preschool pedagogy suggests using various auxiliary techniques when working in this version. Here are some of them.

An adult uses a pencil (pointer) to show the first letter, then moves the pencil (pointer) to the second letter, connecting them with a “path”. At the same time, he pulls out the first letter until the child “runs along the path to the second letter.” The second letter must be read so that “the track does not break.”
- An adult holds one letter in his hands, the child reads, at the same time another letter is brought from afar, and the first “falls”, and the child moves on to reading a new letter.
- An adult holds a card in his hands with letters written on both sides. The child reads the letter on one side, the adult turns the card over to the other side, and the child reads the second letter.

The chain of reasoning when reading a syllable using sound-letter analysis will look like this: “The letter I after a consonant denotes its softness, thus, in the combination VI, the letter B denotes a soft sound. It turns out VI.” And what will be the chain when reading, for example, the words CROCODILES? Can a child easily learn to read in this “long” way? Yes, there are children even of primary preschool age (three and four year olds) who are able to successfully master reading skills in this way. But for most children this method is too difficult. Often, despite the use of the auxiliary techniques outlined above, the development of reading skills is difficult, interest in classes is lost, psychological problems are formed: due to failures, self-esteem decreases, refusals to study appear.

Second way Teaching a preschool child to read syllables is close to his age-related capabilities and characteristics and is based on the use of the unique properties of the memory of a small child. Let's figure out what this method is.

Try to read any sentence and at the same time observe how words are formed from letters. You will find that you are simply reproducing different types of syllables from memory, and then making sense of their combinations! It is recollection that helps us read quickly, bypassing the stage of constructing chains of inferences about the sound-letter composition of a word.

Based on this observation, it can be understood that it is easier for a child to learn to read by memorizing a system of reading units - fusion syllables, that is, syllables consisting of a consonant letter and a subsequent vowel letter.

Another argument in favor of learning a merging syllable: our articulatory apparatus (lips, tongue, teeth, vocal cords) forms the syllable as one unit. Try to observe yourself as you pronounce the syllables. For example, say VA. You will feel that your articulatory apparatus does not pause between B and A.

You need to memorize syllables according to this method of teaching reading according to the same scheme that is used when memorizing letters: - repeated naming of the syllable by an adult (“This is MA, and this is MU”);
- searching for a syllable according to an adult’s instructions, followed by naming (“Find the syllable MU, color it in. Which syllable did you color in?”);
- independent naming and reading of a syllable.

The choice of how to teach your child to read a syllable is yours. Try both methods, choose the one that suits your child best, or combine these methods in teaching.

But in any case, use only game situations, avoid edification and coercion. Offer your child different game plots (shop, construction site, cargo transportation, etc.) using merging syllables written on cards. You will find options for such games in the article “Games with syllables”.

How to divide a word into syllables with a combination of consonants

How to divide a word into syllables if there are several consonants nearby in the middle? How to correctly break a word into syllables: cat or cat? You need to understand the principle of so-called greater sonority. It is observed in the second case. From consonant to vowel. First there is a dull sound, then a voiced consonant, and at the end a vowel - shka. The first syllable ends with a vowel (ko). Such syllables are called open. We have much more of them than those that end with consonants: table, chair (they are called closed syllables).

In the middle of a word, the syllable is usually open, that is, it ends with a vowel sound: stra-na. According to the principle of increasing sonority, all consonants move in most cases to the subsequent syllable: cat.

If several consonants are combined in the middle of a word, then all the consonants following the vowel go to the next syllable: o-flow. These can be the same consonants or simply combinations of different consonants: o-flow, sha-pka, ko-shka.

An exception to this point: only those syllables in the middle of a word that end with unpaired consonant voiced sounds (they are called very voiced, sonorant) end with a consonant: [й], [р], [р'], [л], [л '], [m], [m'], [n], [n']: may-ka, San-ka, man-ka.

If in a word several sounds merge into one sound, then they all go to one syllable: zhu-zhzh (Zh)at, distracted (CA). In these cases, one should not confuse division into syllables and morphemic division for transferring a word: for example, we divide o-teket by syllables, but for transfer we divide the same word like this - ot-techi.

Why be able to divide a word into syllables?

Isolation of syllables is important for the correct hyphenation of words; the syllabic principle is the main one in competent hyphenation, although not the only one. Both skills are important: identifying syllables in a word and the ability to find morphemes (meaningful parts of a word), because syllables and morphemes in many cases do not coincide. The syllable is not a prefix or root, or a suffix.

Division into syllables occurs when a word is pronounced. And dividing a word into parts is necessary for writing a word, that is, for writing letters in prefixes, roots, and suffixes.

Isolation of morphemes (prefixes, suffixes, roots) and syllables are two different actions, two different principles on the basis of which competent transfer of words is carried out.

For example, when transferring a word syllable by syllable, you need to simultaneously see the root and prefix, so that, for example, you do not tear off the first and last letter of the root or break a monosyllabic prefix.

There are a number of transfer rules that rely on the ability to divide a word into syllables and morphemes at the same time. Therefore, you need to be able to do one and the other.

The problem of dividing words into syllables in the Russian language is one of the most complex in modern linguistics and has not been fully resolved. This is due to the lack of a common understanding of the essence of a syllable. The inability to record the characteristics of a syllable as a single whole, the phonetic lack of expression of the boundary between syllables leads some linguists to the idea that syllable divisions do not exist in the Russian language at all.

Now there are two main theories of syllables: R. I. Avanesova (Moscow Phonological School) and L. V. Shcherba (Leningrad Phonological School). The rules for dividing into syllables in these two theories are slightly different. The Leningrad school divides into syllables in a way that is familiar to the ear of a Soviet citizen and as was previously taught in all Russian schools (and therefore its rules are popularly called “old”), and the Moscow school is completely different (“new rules”).

But since at the moment none of these schools has refuted the other, in different textbooks the rules of syllabification may be formulated differently, depending on the position of which phonological school the author of the textbook shares.

If earlier we divided words into syllables and transferred these words according to the same rule, we adhered to Shcherba’s theory. In Avanesov’s theory, these processes are governed by 2 different rules, and the division of a word into syllables often does not coincide with the division into parts of the word (prefix, root, suffix, ending) and with the division of the word for hyphenation. So, the word cat should be divided into syllables according to Shcherba’s theory like this: cat, according to Avanesov’s theory like this: cat.

For example, the word calculated divided into morphemes calculated(ras - prefix, count - root; a, nn - suffixes; й - ending).

When transferred, the same word is divided as follows: calculated.

According to Avanesov, the word is divided into syllables as follows: calculated.

"Old" rules of division into syllables. Leningrad school Shcherba L.V.

1. Words are divided into syllables. There are as many syllables in a word as there are vowel sounds.

2. The sound th does not form a syllable; it cannot be separated from the preceding vowel. Example: pour, sing, sing, build.

3. The letters ь and ъ cannot be separated from the preceding consonant. Example: sit down, strong, porch, driveway.

4. You cannot separate a consonant from the vowel that follows it. It is necessary to divide words into syllables like this: kar-tin-ka, re-bya-ta, ka-lit-ka, la-ger.

5. If a word contains 2 consonants in a row, the syllable division passes between them. If there are more than 2 consonants in a row, the syllable division actually goes as it is more convenient to pronounce. Examples: holiday, sunshine.

“New” rules for dividing words into syllables in the Russian language (Moscow school. Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: A short theoretical course for schoolchildren. M., 2006)

1. There are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels; two vowels cannot be within the same syllable.

A syllable is one sound or several sounds pronounced with one exhalation push of air: vo-da, na-u-ka. Consonant sounds are non-syllabic. When pronouncing a word, the consonant sounds “stretch” towards the vowels, forming a syllable together with the vowels.

2. A syllable can consist of one sound (and then it must be a vowel) or several sounds (in this case, in addition to the vowel, the syllable contains a consonant or a group of consonants): rim - o-bo-dok; country - country; night light - night light; miniature - mi-ni-a-tyu-ra.

3. Syllables can be open or closed.

An open syllable ends with a vowel sound: vo-da, country.

A closed syllable ends with a consonant sound: sleep, lay-ner.

There are more open syllables in Russian. Closed syllables are usually observed at the end of a word: no-chnik (the first syllable is open, the second is closed), o-bo-dok (the first two syllables are open, the third is closed).

In the middle of a word, a syllable, as a rule, ends with a vowel sound, and a consonant or group of consonants coming after a vowel usually goes to the subsequent syllable: no-chnik, di-ktor.

In the middle of a word, closed syllables can only form unpaired voiced consonants [th], [r], [r'], [l], [l'], [m], [m'], [n], [n'] (sonorant): may-ka, Sony-ka, so-lom-ka.

4. Sometimes two consonants can be written in a word, but sound one, for example: get rid of [izh:yt’]. Therefore, in this case, two syllables stand out: i-zhit. The division into parts corresponds to the rules of word transfer, and not division into syllables.

The same can be seen in the example of the verb to leave, in which the combination of consonants zzh sounds like one sound [zh:]; therefore, dividing into syllables will be - u-e-zhat, and dividing a word for transfer - leave-zhat.

Errors are especially common when highlighting syllables in verb forms ending in -tsya, -tsya. The division vit-sya, zhets-sya is a division into parts for transfer, and not a division into syllables, since in such forms the combination of letters ts, ts sounds like one sound [ts]. When dividing into syllables, combinations of letters ts, ts go entirely to the next syllable: vi-tsya, zhmy-tsya.

5. When combining several consonants in the middle of a word:

Two identical consonants necessarily go to the next syllable: o-flow, yes-ny;

Two or more consonants usually go to the next syllable: sha-pka, equal.
The exception is combinations of consonants in which the first is an unpaired voiced (sonorant): letters p, r', l, l, m, m, n, n: mark-ka, dawn-ka, bul-ka, stel-ka, dam- ka, ban-ka, ban-ka. That is, if after a sonorant consonant there is a consonant paired in deafness/voicing, the syllable boundary passes between them. Example: Spar-tak.

If any other consonant follows th, the syllable boundary passes between them: lai-ka, lai-ner.

To summarize the rule more clearly:

Words are “cut” into syllables after each vowel. How many vowels, so many syllables.

BUT: if after a vowel there are r, r, l, l, m, m, n, n and behind them there is another paired consonant, they (sonorant and sonorant with ь) go to the previous syllable; if there is any other consonant after y, y goes to the previous syllable.

If these consonants are 2 identical (nn, mm, ll..., 2 any sonorant, paired, first paired then unpaired), they go to the next syllable.

To avoid confusion, refresh your mind about the transfer rules >>

How to determine how many syllables are in a word? There are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels

Examples of words with one syllable: sound, wolf, class, goose, hedgehog, elephant, beetle, spruce, beast, snake, table, mushroom, leaf, door, chair, house, elk, speech, stump, bison, cat, edge.
Examples of words with two syllables: answer, vowel, bear, pit, stork, lesson, language, hare, hares, anchor, hedgehog, autumn, spinning top, nut, snake, fox, hawk, friends, teapot, squirrel, wasp, long, blow, Russian, window, Yura, watermelon, seagull, iron, willow, tree, notebook, carrot, fire, duck, skates, ear, school, bee, fly, June, box, blizzard, frost, boy, glass, days, fairy tale, blizzard, Julia, Yasha, deer, sun, family.
Words with 3 syllables: teacher, cucumber, harvest, berry, which, apple, vegetables, sparrow, consonant, parrot, student, percussion, trees, pencil, Maria, alphabet, butterfly, line, pan, Russia, large, copybook, alley, Christmas tree.
Words with four syllables: monkey, bicycle, acacia.
Words with 5 syllables: stress, mathematics, literature, white-headed.

Let's practice dividing into syllables?

How many syllables are in the word SOUND? 1 vowel means 1 syllable sound.

How many syllables are in the word CUCUMBER? 3 vowels means 3 syllables: o|gu|rets, the word is divided into syllables equally according to the “old” and “new” rules.

How many syllables are in the word TEACHER? 3 vowels means 3 syllables: teacher, the word is divided into syllables equally according to the “old” and “new” rules.

How many syllables are in the word ANSWER? 2 vowels means 2 syllables. According to Shcherba's theory, we divide into syllables as an answer, according to Avanesov, as an answer.

How many syllables are in the word VOWEL? 2 vowels means 2 syllables. According to Shcherba we divide the vowel, according to Avanesov the vowel.

We will be happy to help you divide any word into syllables. Ask your questions in the comments.

Recently, various early development methods have become increasingly popular. In principle, there is nothing wrong with them, but each case must be approached wisely. First of all, children must be prepared for what you are planning to teach them.

Secondly, not every method is good; you should trust only options that have been proven over the years and generations. At the same time, we should not forget that learning is a kind of ladder, climbing one step leads to the need to overcome the next one, the chain cannot be interrupted and the acquisition of one skill must follow the acquisition of the previous one. Anyone who wants to engage in early reading with children is wondering how to teach a child to divide words into syllables.

From this article you will learn

The necessary conditions

If you think that syllables are what we feel intuitively when pronouncing any words, you are very much mistaken. Firstly, not every adult is able to identify syllables correctly. Secondly, we acquire this skill by diligently studying with a teacher until we bring it to automatism.

Therefore, you should not demand outstanding results from children from the very first lesson. It will be a great success if you even manage to explain to them what you are talking about.

To start learning syllables, you first need to become familiar with the alphabet. And not just learn the names of letters, but figure out which of them are vowels and which are consonants, what are their differences.

First steps

Many parents make the mistake of forcing their children to memorize the names of letters, and not how they are actually pronounced. Not a single teacher will say “thank you” for such preschool preparation. The fact is that most often children with such knowledge are much better than even those who have never been acquainted with the alphabet.

The next step is learning to connect letters into syllables. Here it is necessary to immediately demonstrate how to pronounce a bunch, and not individual sounds. Let the child feel how the air is exhaled, what effect it produces, how different the syllables can be: they consist of one letter, others of several.

How to explain to a child what a syllable is? It's quite difficult. Try to convey to him that this is one or a combination of sounds, the pronunciation of which requires one push of air, that is, a kind of exhalation through the mouth.

The best explanation is your own example. Try to use active articulation so that children can observe the movements of their lips and repeat them after you. Say the syllables together, come up with or find interesting rhymes from the syllables or songs. Let learning be a fun game.

We divide into syllables ourselves

Independent division into syllables is a very difficult task. Do not rush your child and let him understand what is required of him. There is no way to do without a game here. Let's look at several ways to identify syllables in a word.

First of all, let us remind adults that there is always only one vowel in a syllable. However, it will be difficult for the child to build on this information when dividing. Therefore, let’s look at the methods that teachers use.

Palms

The easiest way to identify syllables involves using your own palm. It must be placed under the chin parallel to the floor. The idea is that when pronouncing a word, the chin will touch the hand exactly as many times as there are syllables in it.

Don't demand too much from your child at once. Start with the simplest words: ma-ma, pa-pa, etc. Then you can move on to three-syllable words, for example, so-ba-ka. If the child makes a mistake, invite him to try again, let him determine where he was wrong.

Candle

This method is suitable specifically for homeschooling, because it is difficult to imagine a whole class sitting in front of lit candles.

The point of the exercise is that when pronouncing a syllable, you exhale. If you say it towards the candle, the flame will flicker exactly as many times as there are exhalations, that is, syllables.

Don't forget about safety precautions! Leaning too close to the fire is prohibited!

Claps and steps

If your kids don't like to sit still, these exercises are just for them. The challenge is to step or clap each time a syllable is said. At first, do everything together with your children, then ask them to act independently. Surely they will really like it.

Sound effects

Don't limit yourself to just the sounds described above. You can invite children, for example, to tap syllables with small hammers, and equip them with simple musical instruments. The main task is for them to catch the sound rhythm and learn to understand what is required of them.

Written assignments

Older children can actively work not only by hearing, but also with written words. First, explain to them that the number of vowels in a word equals the number of sounds. Suggest that you highlight all the vowels and count the syllables. If everything works out, you can move on to dividing the word.

Remember that here excellent results are achieved by regular exercise. Children should bring division into syllables to the point of automaticity, then it will not cause them any difficulties.

If your child doesn’t succeed in something, try not to scold him and simply change the activity or even postpone mastering a new topic for another time. Perhaps the baby is not yet ready to acquire new knowledge and skills.

A syllable is the minimum pronunciation unit in the Russian language. It may consist of one or more sounds.

Schoolchildren and students of philology often face tasks like: “Divide the words into syllables.” It would seem that it is very easy to cope with such a task. However, people often have the question: “How to correctly divide words into syllables?”

In the article you will find the answer to this question. Get acquainted with the basic rules and learn words into syllables.

Difficulties of the syllable division

Usually there are no problems with breaking simple words into syllables. Any of us can cope with the syllable division of the noun “water”. But how to divide a word into syllables if it is complex in composition?

Let’s take the participle “considered” as an example. How to correctly carry out the syllable division: “rassmo-tren-ny”, “ra-ssmo-tren-ny”, “ra-ssmo-tren-ny”? The correct answer is the third option, but why? In order to figure it out, let's get acquainted with the basic rules for dividing a word into syllables.

Basic rules of syllable division

The first thing to remember is that the number of syllables in a word is equal to the sum of the vowels that are part of it. The boundaries of the syllable division often do not coincide with the morphemic division, therefore, when doing analysis, it is necessary to rely on the following rules:

syllabic-forming sounds in the Russian language are vowels;
a syllable cannot contain more than one vowel;
a syllable can consist of one vowel sound (o-vod) or a combination of vowels and consonants. A syllable consisting of two or more sounds always begins with a consonant;
All syllables in the Russian language tend to be open.

Open and closed syllables

In order to determine how to divide a word into syllables correctly, you need to be able to distinguish them by type. All syllables in modern Russian are divided into two types: open and closed.

An open syllable always ends in (pro-vo-da, go-lo-va, pe-le-na). It can occur at the beginning, middle or end of a word.

A closed syllable ends with a consonant. Most often it appears at the end of a word (onion, smog, hunger). Also, a closed syllable can be formed if there is (sil-ki, wolves, tank-ki) in the middle of the word.

If a group of several consonants occurs in the middle of a word, they usually move to the beginning of the syllable, leaving the previous one open (di-who-phone, na-name-ni-e, re-da-kti-ro-va-ni-e).

Features of the syllable division

The syllable division in the Russian language obeys not only the law of the open syllable, but also the law of ascending sonority. The point is that the syllables in a word are arranged in ascending order: from less sonorous to more sonorous. Several rules follow from this. They will tell you how to correctly divide words into syllables:

If a word contains a consonant that stands between two vowels, it goes to the next syllable (to-pot, pu-le-met, vy-vod, i-ko-na, ka-li-na);
The combination of several noisy ones (all consonants, except sonorant ones) is classified as the next syllable (e-zda, ruk-chka, mo-li-tva, ka-li-tka);
A group of noisy and sonorant consonant sounds is assigned to the second syllable (important, so-pro-ti-vle-ni-e, o-smy-sle-ni-e);
Several sonorant consonants located in one word between vowels are assigned to the next syllable (a-lmaz, a-rmi-ya, in my opinion);
In combinations of sonorant and noisy ones between vowels, the first sound goes to the syllable in front of it (ne-zya, half-ka, nor-ka, mer-tsa-ni-e, vor-si-nka);
Repeated consonants go to the syllable following them (vo-zhi, Ro-ssi-ya, ko-lo-nna, a-lle-ya);
If a word contains a “th” that comes before a sonorant or noisy syllable, it is included in the previous syllable (moi-va, lei-ka, ka-na-rey-ka, te-lo-gray-ka).

Remembering these rules is not difficult, but they will help you easily determine how to divide a word into syllables correctly.

Algorithm for performing syllable division

We have analyzed a theory that will help us divide words into syllables. Now let's move on to the practical part. A simple plan will help us successfully determine how many syllables are in a word:

Write down the word given in the task on a separate sheet of paper.
Determine how many vowel sounds it contains.
Draw an initial syllable division after each vowel sound.
See if there are any difficult places in the word: groups of consonants, sonorants or double sounds.
If there is, change the syllable boundary according to the rules.

It should be remembered that syllable transfer and syllable separation are not equal to each other. carried out based on the morphemic We cannot separate the letter from the prefix or suffix.

Dividing a word into syllables allows you to split entire morphemes into parts in accordance with the rules of syllable division. For example, consider the verb “to raise.” For transfer, it will be divided as follows: “underneath.” The division by syllables will be different: “by day.”

syllable by syllable

Nowadays, many mothers are trying to teach their children to read as early as possible. One of the most effective ways in this matter is to read syllables. You cannot explain to a child how to divide a word into syllables using complex rules. Therefore, gaming techniques are used.

You can start working with your child as early as one year. Exercises aimed at developing reading skills help improve memory and develop abstract thinking. They teach the child to think logically and make comparisons. In addition, classes can be turned into a fun game.

First, teach your child the alphabet. Books with bright pictures and cubes will help with this. Boards on which you can attach multi-colored letters.

Then explain that there are vowels and Vowels are pronounced long and loudly. Consonants are short and dull. Tell your child that the stressed syllable lasts the longest.

Say a few simple words out loud and ask your child to determine which sound is stressed. Choose nouns that your child is familiar with. The following words are suitable for training: “soap”, “water”, “hand”, “leg”, “face”, “body”.

Explain that the number of vowels corresponds to the number of syllables. If your child already knows how to count, try to figure out with him how many vowels are in these words: “carrot”, “onion”, “plate”, “cabbage”, “toy”, “TV”.

After introducing your child to the basics, move on to play exercises.

Make cards on which the syllables for each consonant letter of the alphabet will be written. In order to systematize the technique, place combinations of consonants and vowels in the same order on each card. For example: “ma, me, we, mi, mo, my, mu, mu.”

Give your child a card, have him look at the syllables while you read them out loud, and repeat. This exercise will help develop visual memory. Over time, the child will be able to recognize syllables and pronounce them without your help.

Make signs with letter combinations written on them. Ask your child to make a word out of them and read it. To begin, offer him cards with the syllables “ma”, “pa”. Let the baby make up words that are well known to him: “mom” and “dad”.

Try to come up with different games for your baby to spark interest. For example, invite him to send one letter to visit another and see what happens.

Moving from simple to complex

When the child masters the basics, begin to complicate the tasks. At the same time, continue to conduct classes in a playful way.

Offer your child several words that differ in only one letter. Let him determine what the difference is between them. For example, the words: “soap” and “cute”, “house” and “smoke”.

Choose a dozen words consisting of two syllables. You will need one card for each syllable. Mix the leaves and ask the child to make words from them. Suitable nouns are “frame”, “mom”, “dad”, “dacha”, “arm”, “leg”, “face”, “soap”, “body”, “meat”.

Teach your child to carry over syllables. To do this, write down several two-syllable words in a column on a piece of paper. Have your child draw a line after each vowel and then say it out loud, pausing briefly at the syllable break.

Take two sheets of paper with the same text. Let it be a fairy tale or a short nursery rhyme. Ask your child to follow the words as you read. After a while, pause and ask your child where you stopped.

Read short stories with your child based on roles.

For activities of any kind, choose funny children's texts that arouse the child's interest. These could be poems, fairy tales, short articles about animals. Ask them to retell what they read. This will help develop the baby's memory and speech.

Before you begin, make sure your child is ready to learn. He has developed speech and can write short stories. There are no pronunciation defects.

Start with simple things, gradually move on to complex ones. At each new lesson, repeat the material from the previous one.

Stick to the gaming method. It will help you instill in your child a love of reading and a desire to learn.

Start studying syllables with the simplest combinations. Use words that are familiar to the child. Gradually make your workouts more difficult.

Don't expect quick results from your child. He will learn to read gradually. First, let him master one- and two-syllable words. Select tasks with them until the baby begins to cope perfectly.

When you are done with easy words, try to practice reading entire sentences syllable by syllable. Gradually increase your reading volume.

The simple tips in this article will help you easily and effectively teach your child to read syllables. At the same time, the baby will spend time with pleasure, completing game tasks.

In addition to reading skills, memory, attentiveness, logical and abstract thinking will develop, and the child’s horizons will expand.